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81 knock

I n infml
1)

He will have to take a lot of knocks — Ему придется выслушать много нелестных слов в свой адрес

She likes praise but can't stand the knocks — Она любит, когда ее хвалят, и не выносит критики

The American space program has taken some hard knocks recently — В последнее время американская космическая программа подвергалась серьезным нападкам

2)

Her confidence took a knock — Ее уверенность была поколеблена

His pride took a knock — Это был удар по его самолюбию

3)

He's taken quite a few knocks lately — В последнее время ему просто не везет

He's taken a bad knock — Его финансы здорово пошатнулись

You must be able to take hard knocks in this business — В этом деле очень легко набить себе шишки, и ты должен быть к этому готов

She has taken some hard knocks in her life — Жизнь ее тоже поломала в свое время

4)

It's a big knock to the family to have him hanging around — Для всей семьи большое неудобство, что он здесь крутится

5) AmE

They love to sing so much that they get their knocks that way — Они так любят петь, что получают от этого истинное удовольствие
II vt
1) infml

He was always knocking those in authority — Он всегда критиковал власти

Why must you always knock my behaviour? — Почему ты всегда придираешься к тому, как я себя веду?

If you don't know it, don't knock it — Если ты не знаешь, то зря не говори

Why knock our goods, you ought to boost them — Зачем критиковать нашу продукцию - ты должен ее рекламировать

2) AmE infml

Knock me a kiss — Поцелуй меня

3) BrE sl

His remarks really knocked me — Его слова меня ошеломили

Her impudence knocked me completely — Я офонарел от такого ее нахальства

What knocks me most is her ignorance — Меня больше всего поражает ее невежество

The new dictionary of modern spoken language > knock
82 control

1. n управление, руководство

the teacher has good control over his class — учитель держит класс в руках

under government control — контролируемый правительством

circumstances beyond our control — не зависящие от нас обстоятельства

cruise control — управление в крейсерском режиме

engine control room — пост управления двигателем

failsoft control — управление с "мягким отказом"

file control system — система управления файлами

flight control center — центр управления полетом

2. n полит. контроль, власть; обладание

islands under British control — острова, управляемые Великобританией

work time control — контроль рабочего времени

counter control — контроль с помощью счетчиков

depth control stop — упор для контроля глубины

fluoroscopic control — контроль рентгеноскопии

foot control jack — гнездо педального контроля

3. n контроль, проверка; надзор

selective control — выборочный контроль

quality control — контроль, проверка качества

statistical control — статистический контроль

stock-level control — контроль уровня засыпки

geometry control — контроль размеров элементов

group control exit — выход группового контроля

4. n регулировка, управление

traffic control — регулирование уличного движения

birth control — регулирование рождаемости

control of fire — управление огнём

remote control — управление на расстоянии; телеуправление, дистанционное управление

contactor-type control — контакторное управление

control key — кнопка управления; ключ управления

control layout — расположение органов управления

control line — шина управления; линия управления

control parts list — перечень деталей управления

5. n регулирование; ограничение

rent control — регулирование квартирной или арендной платы

single lever control — регулирование с помощью одного рычага

ratio flow control — регулирование пропорциональности потока

proportional-integral-derivative control — ПИД регулирование

exchange control — валютный контроль; валютное регулирование

apparent velocity control — регулирование кажущейся скорости

6. n борьба

control of epidemics — борьба с эпидемическими заболеваниями

pest control chemicals — средства для борьбы с вредителями

pest control — борьба с сельскохозяйственными вредителями

shipboard damage control — борьба за живучесть корабля

formation pressure control — борьба с давлением пласта

ship-damage control — борьба за живучесть корабля

7. n сдержанность, самообладание

to speak without control — говорить не стесняясь

8. n тех. органы управления

voter control circuitry — цепь управления схемой голосования

trouble-free control system — безотказная система управления

supply control office — управление по контролю за поставками

program execution control — управление выполнением программы

process control technology — технология управления процессом

9. n топ. сеть опорных пунктов

identification of control points — опознавание опорных точек

approach control tower — пункт управления заходом на посадку

transportation control point — пункт регулирования движения

coordinates of control points — координаты опорных точек

aerodrome control tower — аэродромный диспетчерский пункт

10. n пробный удар

11. n радио регулировка, модуляция

phase control — регулировка фазы

audio control — регулировка звука

choke control — анодная модуляция

fine control — точная регулировка

plate control — анодная модуляция

12. n «хозяин», дух, который вещает устами медиума

«хозяин», шеф, руководящий деятельностью агента, шпиона

ink control zone — зона, в которой контролируется подача краски

13. a контрольный

control experiment — контрольный опыт

control bar — контрольная шкала

control post — контрольный пост

control beam — контрольный пучок

control patch — контрольное поле

control well — контрольная лунка

14. a относящийся к управлению

control station — пост управления

control board — приборный щиток, панель или пульт управления

control flight — управляемый полёт

control airport — аэродром с регулируемым воздушным движением

control surface — плоскость управления

control wheel — штурвал

control level — рычаг управления

control of — управление

control act — акт о контроле

control windows — управление

control arm — рычаг управления

control code — управляющий код

15. v управлять, руководить

he knows how to control his horse — он умеет управлять лошадью

be in control of — управлять

control an operation — руководить операцией

take control of — управлять; контролировать

have control over — контролировать; управлять

hold control over — контролировать; управлять

16. v контролировать, владеть

who controls these islands? — кому принадлежат эти острова?

be in control — контролировать

control swing — контролировать мах

keep control over — контролировать; управлять

be given control over — получать право контролировать

control food — контролировать качество продовольствия

17. v контролировать, проверять

to control expenditure — проверять расходы

control balance — контролировать сохранение равновесия

exercise control — осуществлять контроль; контролировать

to control crime — контролировать, сдерживать преступность

18. v регулировать, контролировать; ограничивать

to control prices — регулировать цены

control prices — регулировать цены

control traffic — регулировать движение

19. v радио настраивать

wireless control — управление по радио

radio control board — пульт управления по радио

radio control — дистанционное управление по радио

radio control system — система с управлением по радио

20. v сдерживать

to control emotions — сдерживать чувства

to control nature — сдерживать инстинкты; владеть собой

21. v делать пробный удар

Синонимический ряд:

1. aplomb (noun) aplomb; composure; self-control

2. check (noun) check; curb; restraint; suppressant

3. direction (noun) authority; charge; command; direction; disposition; domination; dominion; hold; jurisdiction; might; power; prerogative; strings

4. discipline (noun) discipline; limitation; mastery; poise; qualification; regulation; restriction; subordination

5. monopoly (noun) corner; dominance; holding the reins; manipulation; monopoly; strategy

6. political power (noun) administration; ascendancy; governance; government; political power; regimentation; reign; rule; sovereignty; subjugation; sway

7. reserve (noun) reserve; reticence; self-restraint; taciturnity

8. compose (verb) check; collect; compose; contain; cool; hinder; re-collect; reduce; rein; repress; restrain; restrict; simmer down; smother; suppress

9. direct (verb) command; direct; govern; guide; handle; lead; manage; oversee; regulate; rule; subject; supervise

10. dominate (verb) dominate; domineer; master; overpower

11. steer (verb) drive; navigate; pilot; steer

12. subdue (verb) bully; intimidate; manipulate; monopolise; monopolize; subdue; tame; whip

13. verify (verb) establish; experiment; prove; test; validate; verify

Антонимический ряд:

encouragement; forsake; free; give up; ignore; leave; liberate; misconduct; mismanage; neglect; obey; quit; renounce

English-Russian base dictionary > control
83 policy

1. n политика, линия поведения, курс; установка; стратегия

policy authority — директивный орган

their policy is to satisfy the customers — их цель — удовлетворить клиентов

stocking policy — политика создания запасов

accomodating policy — компромиссная политика

austerity policy — политика жесткой экономии

departmental policy — ведомственная политика

medical policy — политика в области медицины

2. n система; методика; правила

all-in and all-out policy — система использования с однократным заполнением и последующей однократной реализацией птицы

easier-money policy — кредитная система с послаблением

policy making system — система формирования политики

acceptable use policy — принятые правила пользования

competing policy — правило отношений с конкурентами

3. n политичность, благоразумие

the policy of such a course is doubtful — разумность подобного курса сомнительна

4. n хитрость, ловкость

5. n проницательность; дальновидность; практичность; предусмотрительность

he was actuated by policy rather than sentiment — он больше руководствовался практическими соображениями, нежели чувствами

6. n шотл. часто парк

policy station — полицейский участок

7. n редк. правление; правительство

attack against the policy of government in the House of Commons — критика политики правительства в палате общин

8. n страховой полис

open policy — невалютированный полис

floating policy — генеральный полис

comprehensive policy — полис комбинированного страхования

accident policy — полис страхования от несчастных случаев

general insurance policy — генеральный полис страхования

policy of marine insurance — полис морского страхования

insurance policy — договор страхования, страховой полис

9. n амер. род азартной игры

policy shop — место, где делаются ставки в этой игре

gambling policy — азартный полис

Синонимический ряд:

1. course (noun) course; line; mode; operation; polity; practice; process; program; programme; tactics

2. design (noun) design; scheme; strategy

3. method (noun) method; routine; style

4. procedure (noun) administration; approach; expediency; handling; order; plan; procedure

English-Russian base dictionary > policy
84 weight

1. n единица веса; мера веса

a table of weights — таблица мер веса

uniform weight distribution — равномерное распределение веса

to gain in weight — прибавлять в весе, набирать вес, полнеть

maximum weight matching — паросочетание с максимальным весом

bit weight — нагрузка на долото; общий вес алмазов в коронке

allowable gross weight — максимально допустимый полетный вес

2. n правильный, полный, нужный вес

to be under weight — весить слишком мало

gross vehicle weight — стартовый вес средства передвижения

diaphragm of the weight indicator — датчик индикатора веса

curb weight — вес, масса полностью снаряжённого автомобиля

to lower the weight at the press — опустить вес при жиме

pouring weight — вес отливки вместе с литниковой системой

3. n тяжесть; груз, нагрузка, давление

dead weight — собственный вес

under its own weight — под собственной тяжестью

keep the papers down with a weight — прижмите бумаги чем-нибудь тяжёлым

weight on the bit — нагрузка на долото

balancing weight — балансировочный груз

provisional weight — временная нагрузка

weight control — регулирование нагрузки

added weight method — способ приема груза

4. n бремя

he felt the weight of years — годы давали себя знать

5. n грузило

6. n значение, важность; ценность

to give weight to — придавать значение, признавать важность

to lay weight on — ценить, придавать значение

7. n влияние, авторитет

men of weight — влиятельные люди

carry weight — иметь вес; иметь влияние

8. n сила

to throw the main weight — направлять главный удар

weight - training program — программа развития силы

9. n нажим

line weight — толщина линии

10. n гиря

a pound weight — фунтовая гиря

driving weight — заводная гиря

weight clock — часы с гирями; ходики

infeed weight — гиря грузового рулонного тормоза

11. n гири; разновес

rewind weight — гиря грузового рулонного тормоза перемоточного устройства

12. n спорт. вес

weight throwing — метание веса

gross weight — вес брутто; вес товара с тарой и упаковкой

weight and balance sheet — сводка по весам и центровкам

to be worth its weight in gold — цениться на вес золота

radical weight — сумма атомных весов элементов радикала

building up the weight — с наращиванием веса отягощения

13. n штанга

весовая категория

14. n текст. вес ткани; ткань определённого веса, толщины

a suit of summer weight — лёгкий летний костюм

weight reduction — снижение веса

bold weight — вес жирного шрифта

lean body weight — сухой вес тела

micellar weight — мицеллярный вес

per unit weight — на единицу веса

Синонимический ряд:

1. albatross (noun) albatross; cross; millstone

2. bulk (noun) bulk; mass; preponderance

3. counterbalance (noun) anchor; ballast; counterbalance; sinker; stone

4. heaviness (noun) density; heaviness; heft; heftiness; mass; massiveness; ponderousness; poundage; tonnage; weightiness

5. importance (noun) concern; consequence; emphasis; force; import; importance; magnitude; moment; momentousness; muscle; pith; power; significance

6. influence (noun) authority; credit; influence; leverage; prestige; sway

7. load (noun) burden; charge; deadweight; duty; load; onus; pressure; strain; stress; task; tax

8. adulterate (verb) adulterate; debase; doctor; dope up; load; sophisticate

9. burden (verb) burden; charge; clog; cumber; encumber; freight; lade; lumber; saddle; task; tax; weigh; weigh down

Антонимический ряд:

levity; lightness; unimportance; weakness; worthlessness

English-Russian base dictionary > weight
85 Chronology

15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.

400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.

202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.

137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.

410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.

714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.

1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.

1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.

1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.

1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.

1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).

1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.

1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.

1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.

1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.

1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.

1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.

1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.

1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.

1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.

1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.

1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.

1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.

1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.

1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.

1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.

1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.

1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).

1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.

1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.

1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.

1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.

   King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.

   King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.

1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.

1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.

1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.

   Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.

   Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.

   Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.

1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.

1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.

1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.

1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.

1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.

1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.

1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.

1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.

1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.

1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.

1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.

1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.

1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.

1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.

1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.

1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.

1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.

1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.

1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.

1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.

1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.

1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.

1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.

1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.

1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.

   Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.

   King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.

1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of

   Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.

   Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.

   King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.

1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.

1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.

1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.

1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.

1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.

1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.

   January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.

   Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.

1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.

1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.

1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.

1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.

1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.

   May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.

   March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.

   Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.

1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.

1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January

1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.

1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."

   28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.

   February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.

   April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.

1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.

1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."

1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.

   6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.

   8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.

1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.

1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.

1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

   January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.

1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.

1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.

1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.

   March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.

   March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.

1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July

1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.

1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).

1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.

1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.

   January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.

   January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.

   November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.

   October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.

   January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.

   May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.

   October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.

   January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).

   United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.

   January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.

   1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).

   May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.

   June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.

   February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.

   January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.

   July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.

2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology
86 Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves

(19061980)

   Marcello Caetano, as the last prime minister of the Estado Novo, was both the heir and successor of Antônio de Oliveira Salazar. In a sense, Caetano was one of the founders and sustainers of this unusual regime and, at various crucial stages of its long life, Caetano's contribution was as important as Salazar's.

   Born in Lisbon in 1906 to a middle-class family, Caetano was a member of the student generation that rebelled against the unstable parliamentary First Republic and sought answers to Portugal's legion of troubles in conservative ideologies such as integralism, Catholic reformism, and the Italian Fascist model. One of the most brilliant students at the University of Lisbon's Law School, Caetano soon became directly involved in government service in various ministries, including Salazar's Ministry of Finance. When Caetano was not teaching full-time at the law school in Lisbon and influencing new generations of students who became critical of the regime he helped construct, Caetano was in important government posts and working on challenging assignments. In the 1930s, he participated in reforms in the Ministry of Finance, in the writing of the 1933 Constitution, in the formation of the new civil code, of which he was in part the author, and in the construction of corporativism, which sought to control labor-management relations and other aspects of social engineering. In a regime largely directed by academics from the law faculties of Coimbra University and the University of Lisbon, Caetano was the leading expert on constitutional law, administrative law, political science, and colonial law. A prolific writer as both a political scientist and historian, Caetano was the author of the standard political science, administrative law, and history of law textbooks, works that remained in print and in use among students long after his exile and death.

   After his apprenticeship service in a number of ministries, Caetano rose steadily in the system. At age 38, he was named minister for the colonies (1944 47), and unlike many predecessors, he "went to see for himself" and made important research visits to Portugal's African territories. In 1955-58, Caetano served in the number-three position in the regime in the Ministry of the Presidency of the Council (premier's office); he left office for full-time academic work in part because of his disagreements with Salazar and others on regime policy and failures to reform at the desired pace. In 1956 and 1957, Caetano briefly served as interim minister of communications and of foreign affairs.

   Caetano's opportunity to take Salazar's place and to challenge even more conservative forces in the system came in the 1960s. Portugal's most prominent law professor had a public falling out with the regime in March 1962, when he resigned as rector of Lisbon University following a clash between rebellious students and the PIDE, the political police. When students opposing the regime organized strikes on the University of Lisbon campus, Caetano resigned his rectorship after the police invaded the campus and beat and arrested some students, without asking permission to enter university premises from university authorities.

   When Salazar became incapacitated in September 1968, President Américo Tomás named Caetano prime minister. His tasks were formidable: in the midst of remarkable economic growth in Portugal, continued heavy immigration of Portuguese to France and other countries, and the costly colonial wars in three African colonies, namely Angola, Guinea- Bissau, and Mozambique, the regime struggled to engineer essential social and political reforms, win the wars in Africa, and move toward meaningful political reforms. Caetano supported moderately important reforms in his first two years in office (1968-70), as well as the drafting of constitutional revisions in 1971 that allowed a slight liberalization of the Dictatorship, gave the opposition more room for activity, and decentrali zed authority in the overseas provinces (colonies). Always aware of the complexity of Portugal's colonial problems and of the ongoing wars, Caetano made several visits to Africa as premier, and he sought to implement reforms in social and economic affairs while maintaining the expensive, divisive military effort, Portugal's largest armed forces mobilization in her history.

   Opposed by intransigent right-wing forces in various sectors in both Portugal and Africa, Caetano's modest "opening" of 1968-70 soon narrowed. Conservative forces in the military, police, civil service, and private sectors opposed key political reforms, including greater democratization, while pursuing the military solution to the African crisis and personal wealth. A significant perspective on Caetano's failed program of reforms, which could not prevent the advent of a creeping revolution in society, is a key development in the 1961-74 era of colonial wars: despite Lisbon's efforts, the greater part of Portuguese emigration and capital investment during this period were directed not to the African colonies but to Europe, North America, and Brazil.

   Prime Minister Caetano, discouraged by events and by opposition to his reforms from the so-called "Rheumatic Brigade" of superannuated regime loyalists, attempted to resign his office, but President Américo Tomás convinced him to remain. The publication and public reception of African hero General Antônio Spinola's best-selling book Portugal e Futuro (Portugal and the Future) in February 1974 convinced the surprised Caetano that a coup and revolution were imminent. When the virtually bloodless, smoothly operating military coup was successful in what became known as the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Caetano surrendered to the Armed Forces Movement in Lisbon and was flown to Madeira Island and later to exile in Brazil, where he remained for the rest of his life. In his Brazilian exile, Caetano was active writing important memoirs and histories of the Estado Novo from his vantage point, teaching law at a private university in Rio de Janeiro, and carrying on a lively correspondence with persons in Portugal. He died at age 74, in 1980, in Brazil.

    See also Empire, Portuguese overseas.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves
87 AA

усл военнослужащая женской вспомогательной службы ВВС
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, absolute address

абсолютный [истинный] адрес
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, access authorization

разрешение на доступ; допуск (напр. к информации)
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, achieved availability

достигнутая степень боеготовности [оснащенности]
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, acting appointment

временное исполнение обязанностей
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, activation analysis

анализ процесса формирования [ввода в строй]
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, administrative assistant

помощник по административным вопросам
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, aerosol analyzer

аэрозольный индикатор; газоопределитель; газоанализатор
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, affected area

район поражения [заражения]
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, Air Almanac

авиационный альманах
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, air ambulance

санитарная авиация; санитарный ЛА
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, air armament

авиационное вооружение
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, Air (Force) Attach(

военно-воздушный атташе
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, airborne alert

(боевое) дежурство в воздухе
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, Alcoholics Anonymous

разг "анонимные алкоголики" (условное название 82-й воздушно-десантной дивизии)
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, All American

разг "Полностью американская" (условное название 82-й воздушно-десантной дивизии)
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, Allied Command, Atlantic

командование ОВС НАТО на Атлантике
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, Almost Airborne

разг "Почти воздушно-десантная" (условное название 82-й воздушно-десантной дивизии)
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, American Army

американская армия, сухопутные войска США, СВ США
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, amphibious assault

высадка морского десанта
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, Anglo-American

англо-американский
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, antiaircraft artillery

зенитная артиллерия, ЗА
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, approving authority

утверждающий орган [инстанция]
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, armament artificer

оружейный мастер; техник по вооружению
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, arming assembly

устройство взведения (взрывателя)
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, Army Act

закон о прохождении службы в СВ
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, Army Air (Operations)

отдел АА (на полигоне Уайт-Сэнд)
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, army artillery

армейская артиллерия
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, arrival angle

угол прихода (сигнала)
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, arrival approved

ав "посадка разрешена"
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, artificial aerial

условный воздушный (о цели)
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, assembly area

район сосредоточения; район сбора
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, Assistant Adjutant

помощник начальника отдела [отделения] генерал-адъютантской службы
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, Atlantic area

район Атлантики
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, Atlantic Assembly

Североатлантическая ассамблея (НАТО)
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, atmospheric applications (program)

программа разработки методов и средств изменения погоды (в военных целях)
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, attack assessment

оценка результатов удара [атаки]; оценка угрозы нападения
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, Australian Army

австралийская армия, СВ Австралии
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, authorized allowance

установленная норма снабжения [расхода]
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, autoacquisition

автоматический захват цели и переход на сопровождение
————————
[lang name="English"]AA, Aviation Annex

приложение по авиации
————————
[lang name="English"]AA; A-A; A/A, air-to-air

ркт класса "воздух - воздух"; св (в звене) "ЛА - ЛА"
————————
[lang name="English"]AA; A\\A, acting assistant

исполняющий обязанности помощника
————————
[lang name="English"]AA; A\\A, antiaircraft

зенитный; противовоздушный; противосамолетный

English-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > AA
88 airworthiness

airworthiness n
летная годность
affect airworthiness
влиять на летную годность
airworthiness authority
орган контроля летной годности
airworthiness calibration
проверка летной годности
airworthiness certificate
сертификат летной годности
airworthiness codes
нормы летной годности
airworthiness control system
система контроля за летной годностью
airworthiness division
служба безопасности полетов
airworthiness expert
эксперт по летной годности
airworthiness inspector
инспектор по летной годности
airworthiness limitations
ограничения по летной годности
airworthiness matters
вопросы летной годности
airworthiness program
программа обеспечения летной годности
airworthiness requirements
нормы летной годности
airworthiness standards
нормы летной годности
arrangement for airworthiness
соглашение по вопросам летной годности
compliance with airworthiness standards
соответствие нормам летной годности
comply with airworthiness standards
соответствовать нормам летной годности
continue airworthiness
поддерживать летную годность
international airworthiness
международные нормы летной годности
international collaboration in airworthiness
международное сотрудничество по вопросам летной годности
involve matters on airworthiness
затрагивать вопросы летной годности
level of airworthiness
уровень летной годности
meet the airworthiness standards
удовлетворять нормам летной годности
reflect on airworthiness
подвергать сомнению соответствие характеристик нормам летной годности

English-Russian aviation dictionary > airworthiness
89 Philosophy

   1) There Are Ideas That Have Their Own True and Immutable Nature

   And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)

   2) Examine What Is within Our Reach

   Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)

   3) Modern Philosophy Starts with the Cartesian Catastrophe

   As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)

   4) The Rightful Claims of Philosophy

   It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the inﬂuence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic inﬂuences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)

   5) The Philosophy of Philosophy

   Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)

   6) Philosophy Is a Field Which Has Certain Central Questions

   I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)

   7) The Central Task of Philosophy

   What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.

   This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).

   The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....

   Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)

   8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science

   In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)

   9) The Enduring Value of Philosophy

   Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....

   Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)

    10) The Distinction between Dionysian Man and Apollonian Man, between Art and Creativity and Reason and Self- Control

   In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy
90 IPC governing board (GB)
1. Руководящий совет МПК
Руководящий совет МПК
Орган власти, представляющий МПК. В его обязанности входят утверждение политики и дальнейшая разработка и контроль стратегического направления и целей, определенных Генеральной ассамблеей. В число ключевых ролей Правления входят:
• утверждение программы Паралимпийских игр (видов спорта, дисциплин и мероприятий);
• утверждение ключевых принципов или стратегий, разработанных ОКОИ (например, сервисных уровней и т.п.);
• решение вопросов, связанных с Играми, имеющих политический характер и влияющих на имидж, финансы или правила Паралимпийского движения.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

EN

IPC governing board (GB)
IPC Governing Board has the authority to represent the IPC. Its responsibilities include the approval of policies and the further development and supervision of the strategic direction and goals defined by the General Assembly. Some of the key roles of the Governing Board are to:
• approve the Paralympic program (sports, disciplines and events)
• approve key policies or strategies proposed by the OCOG (e.g. service levels, etc.)
• address the Games issues of political nature impacting on the image, finances or rules of the Paralympic Movement.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

Тематики
- спорт (управление Играми)
EN
- IPC governing board (GB)
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > IPC governing board (GB)

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