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['windëus] n. ( informatikë ) sistem operativ grafik që bazohet në mënyrën vizuele të bashkëveprimit me kompjuter duke përdorur artikuj siç janë dritaret dhe ikonat, i krijuar dhe zhvilluar nga kompania e Microsoft-it. (Windows është sistem operativ, i cili e drejton dhe e kontrollon kompjuterin duke i përkthyer instrukcionet tuaja në gjuhën të cilën e kupton ai, sikurse që është edhe sistemi operativ DOS, Linux apo UNIX)Sistemi operativ Microsoft Windows- Sistemi operativ Windows është sistem operativ grafik dhe veprimet e ndryshme në te kryhen nëpërmjet fotografive të vogla te cilat quhen ikona dhe dritareve te cilat pasqyrojnë ndonjë aplikacion ose fasikël (follder). Ikonat janë fotografi të vogla pas së cilave mshefen veprime të ndryshme të kompjuterit si p-sh. thirja e ndonjë aplikacioni ose hapja e ndonjë fasikle. Ikonat mund të jenë ikona programore ose ikona të fasiklave (folderëve). Dritaret jane forma kryesore për paraqitjen e të dhënave në sistemin operativ Windows. Dritaret mund të jene dritare të programeve, dritare të fasiklave (foldereve) ose dritare komunikuese (korniza për dialog).Zhvillimi histonk i sistemit operativ Windows- Programi Windows për herë të parë u paraqit në vitin 1983 si sistem operativ grafik, mirëpo në punën e tij ishte i mvarur prej sistemit operativ DOS (Disk operating system) i cili daton nga viti 1981. Në vazhdim pasuan disa versione të sistemit operativ Windows por pa ndonjë dallim të dukshëm. Në vitin 1990 u paraqit versioni Windows 3.0 i cili bëri një dallim të dukshëm nga versionet e me parshme si edhe nga sistemi operativ DOS. Dallimi ishte lejimi i përpunimit të njëhershëm të më tepër punëve (detyrave) duke kaluar prej njërës detyrë në tjetrë, e cila veti njihet me emrin Multitasking. Në vitin 1992 u paraqit versioni Windows 3.1 i cili cilësohet me plotesimin me objekte dhe përdorimin e fonteve (shenjave) TrueType. Paralel me këtë version u paraqit edhe versioni Windows.3.11 I cili nga versioni i mëparshëm dallohej në elementet për kyçjen e komjuterit në rjetë, si versioni i specializuar për udhëheqje të rrjetës kompjuterike u paraqit versioni Windows for Workgroops.- Me 24 gusht 1995 u bë promovimi i sistemit operativ grafik plotësisht i pavarur nga sistemi operativ DOS, me emrin Windows 95. Ky sistem operativ grafik kryhet në modin e mbrojtur (protected mod) të procesorit, është program me bërthamën 32 bitësh (posedon edhe pjesën 16 bitëshe ku do të mund të ekzekutoheshin programet e vjetra), e ka më të përparuar teknikën multitasking, etj. Me paraqitjen e Windows 95 në përdorimin dhe hulumtimin e kompjuterëve filloi një gjeneratë e re (epokë e re). Në pranverë të viti 1998 u promovua sistemi operativ Windows 98 i cili ka disa përmirësime dhe zbukurime nga vëllau më i madh i tij (Windows 95).- Ne gjysmën e dytë të vitit 1999 u paraqitën versionet Windows Me dhe Windows 2000. Sistemi operativ Windows Me ishte vazhdim i sistemit operativ Windows 98 ndërsa Windows 2000 ishte si vazhdim i sistemit operativ Windows NT 4.0 (system operativ i dedikuar për rrjeta kompjuterike). Sistemi operativ Windows 2000 është' ne disa versione si Professional, Server, Advanced Server dhe DataCenter Server. Sistemi operativ Windows 2000 është më stabil, përmban përveç standardit FAT32 (standard për regjistrimin e të dhënave në disk, Windows'98 dhe Me përdorin këtë standard) edhe standardin NTFS i cili garanton një siguri më të madhe të të dhënave.- Në vitin 2001 u paraqit versioni i ri i sistemit operativ Windows i quajtur Windows XP.- Në vitin 2007 u paraqit edhe versioni i ri i sistemit operativ Windows i quajtur Windows Vista.* * *dritare -
3 History of volleyball
________________________________________William G. Morgan (1870-1942) inventor of the game of volleyball________________________________________William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the State of New York, has gone down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the summer of 1896, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became Director of Physical Education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop, and direct a vast programme of exercises and sports classes for male adults.His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came to realise that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his programme. Basketball, which sport was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older members.________________________________________________________________________________In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!The sport originated in the United States, and is now just achieving the type of popularity in the U.S. that it has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind only soccer among participation sports.Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. There are 800 million players worldwide who play Volleyball at least once a week.In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the game of Volleyball (at that time called mintonette). Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man's head.During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and perhaps "volleyball" would be a more descriptive name for the sport.On July 7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of "volleyball" was played.In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.1900 - YMCA spread volleyball to Canada, the Orient, and the Southern Hemisphere.1905 - YMCA spread volleyball to Cuba1907 Volleyball was presented at the Playground of America convention as one of the most popular sports1909 - YMCA spread volleyball to Puerto Rico1912 - YMCA spread volleyball to Uruguay1913 - Volleyball competition held in Far Eastern Games1917 - YMCA spread volleyball to BrazilIn 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced. The Filipinos developed the "bomba" or kill, and called the hitter a "bomberino".1916 - The NCAA was invited by the YMCA to aid in editing the rules and in promoting the sport. Volleyball was added to school and college physical education and intramural programs.In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.1919 American Expeditionary Forces distributed 16,000 volleyballs to it's troops and allies. This provided a stimulus for the growth of volleyball in foreign lands.In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams from 11 states were represented.In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.1930's Recreational sports programs became an important part of American lifeIn 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.In 1934, the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.Late 1940s Forearm pass introduced to the game (as a desperation play) Most balls played with overhand pass1946 A study of recreation in the United States showed that volleyball ranked fifth among team sports being promoted and organizedIn 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded in Paris.In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.In 1949, the first World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.1949 USVBA added a collegiate division, for competitive college teams. For the first ten years collegiate competition was sparse. Teams formed only through the efforts of interested students and instructors. Many teams dissolved when the interested individuals left the college. Competitive teams were scattered, with no collegiate governing bodies providing leadership in the sport.1951 - Volleyball was played by over 50 million people each year in over 60 countries1955 - Pan American Games included volleyball1957 - The International Olympic Committee (IOC) designated volleyball as an Olympic team sport, to be included in the 1964 Olympic Games.1959 - International University Sports Federation (FISU) held the first University Games in Turin, Italy. Volleyball was one of the eight competitions held.1960 Seven midwestern institutions formed the Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA)1964Southern California Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (SCVIA) was formed in California1960's new techniques added to the game included - the soft spike (dink), forearm pass (bump), blocking across the net, and defensive diving and rolling.In 1964, Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.The Japanese volleyball used in the 1964 Olympics, consisted of a rubber carcass with leather panelling. A similarly constructed ball is used in most modern competition.In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.1968 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) made volleyball their fifteenth competitive sport.1969 The Executive Committee of the NCAA proposed addition of volleyball to its program.In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.In 1975, the US National Women's team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA in 1980, and San Diego, CA in 1985).In 1977, the US National Men's team began a year-round training regime in Dayton, Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA in 1981).In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.In 1984, the US won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The Men won the Gold, and the Women the Silver.In 1986, the Women's Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.In 1987, the FIVB added a Beach Volleyball World Championship Series.In 1988, the US Men repeated the Gold in the Olympics in Korea.In 1989, the FIVB Sports Aid Program was created.In 1990, the World League was created.In 1992, the Four Person Pro Beach League was started in the United States.In 1994, Volleyball World Wide, created.In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!In 1996, 2-person beach volleyball was added to the OlympicsThere is a good book, "Volleyball Centennial: The First 100 Years", available on the history of the sport.________________________________________Copyright (c)Volleyball World WideVolleyball World Wide on the Computer Internet/WWWhttp://www.Volleyball.ORG/
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professional — ► ADJECTIVE 1) relating to or belonging to a profession. 2) engaged in an activity as a paid occupation rather than as an amateur. 3) worthy of or appropriate to a professional person; competent. ► NOUN 1) a professional person. 2) a person… … English terms dictionary
Professional — Pro*fes sion*al, n. A person who prosecutes anything professionally, or for a livelihood, and not in the character of an amateur; a professional worker. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
professional — [adj] skilled, trained able, ace, acknowledged, adept, competent, crackerjack*, efficient, experienced, expert, finished, knowing one’s stuff*, known, learned, licensed, on the ball*, polished, practiced, proficient, qualified, sharp, skillful,… … New thesaurus
Professional — (engl.) wird in der Turfsprache ein jeder genannt, der im Rennsport entweder als Trainer, Reiter, Fahrer oder Stallmann eine berufsmäßige und besoldete Stellung bekleidet … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
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professional — ▪ I. professional pro‧fes‧sion‧al 1 [prəˈfeʆnəl] adjective [only before a noun] 1. connected with a job requiring advanced education and special training: • professional qualifications • professional trade associations • providers of business… … Financial and business terms
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professional — pro|fes|sion|al1 W1S2 [prəˈfeʃənəl] adj ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(job)¦ 2¦(well trained)¦ 3¦(paid)¦ 4¦(team/event)¦ 5 professional person/man/woman etc 6 professional liar/complainer etc ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1.) ¦(JOB)¦ [only before noun] … Dictionary of contemporary English
