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  • 101 provocar

    v.
    1 to provoke.
    El golpe provocó su muerte The blow brought about her death.
    Sus comentarios provocaron al borracho His comments provoked the drunk.
    2 to cause, to bring about (causar) (accidente, muerte).
    provocar las iras de alguien to anger somebody
    provocó las risas de todos he made everyone laugh
    el polvo me provoca estornudos dust makes me sneeze
    3 to lead on (excitar sexualmente).
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 to provoke
    \
    provocar el parto to induce birth
    provocar un incendio (con intención) to commit arson 2 (sin intención) to cause a fire
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=causar) [+ protesta, explosión] to cause, spark off; [+ fuego] to cause, start (deliberately); [+ cambio] to bring about, lead to; [+ proceso] to promote
    2) [+ parto] to induce, bring on
    3) [+ persona] [gen] to provoke; (=incitar) to rouse, stir up (to anger); (=tentar) to tempt, invite

    ¡no me provoques! — don't start me!

    provocar a algn a cólera o indignación — to rouse sb to fury

    4) [sexualmente] to rouse
    2. VI
    1) LAm (=gustar, apetecer)

    ¿te provoca un café? — would you like a coffee?, do you fancy a coffee?

    ¿qué le provoca? — what would you like?, what do you fancy?

    no me provoca la idea — the idea doesn't appeal to me, I don't fancy the idea

    -¿por qué no vas? -no me provoca — "why aren't you going?" - "I don't feel like it"

    no me provoca estudiar hoy — I'm not in the mood for studying today, I don't feel like studying today

    2) * (=vomitar) to be sick, throw up *
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < explosión> to cause; < incendio> to start; < polémica> to spark off, prompt
    b) (Med)

    provocar el parto — to induce labor*

    2) < persona> ( al enfado) to provoke; ( sexualmente) to lead... on
    2.
    provocar vi (Andes) ( apetecer)

    ¿le provoca un traguito? — do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

    * * *
    = provoke, spark off, trigger, induce, bring on, elicit, instigate, tease, evoke, titillate, ignite, rouse, stir up, spark, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], touch off, set off, hit + a (raw) nerve, strike + a nerve, bring about, precipitate, incite, touch + a (raw) nerve, give + rise to, give + cause to, give + occasion to.
    Ex. 3 different kinds of paper were deacidified by different aqueous and nonaqueous methods, and then treated to provoke accelerated attack of air pollutants.
    Ex. Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.
    Ex. Nevertheless, the fact that these general lists cannot serve for every application has triggered a search for more consistent approaches.
    Ex. Then, the reference librarian has better justification to buy and perhaps to induce others to contribute to the purchase.
    Ex. In frequent cases, unionization is brought on by the inept or irresponsible action of management.
    Ex. This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.
    Ex. The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.
    Ex. I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex. It is known that in ancient Rome the complexity of the administrative job evoked considerable development of management techniques.
    Ex. However, some of the central premises of the film are flawed, and the risqué touches, whether racial or erotic innuendo, are primarily there to titillate and make the film seem hot and controversial.
    Ex. In turn, that change ignited a body of literature that discussed those cataloguers' future roles.
    Ex. The spirit, if not the content, of Marx can be the joust to rouse the sleepy theory of academic sociology.
    Ex. The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.
    Ex. The nineteenth century was, quite rightly, fearful of any system of spreading knowledge which might spark the tinder box of unrest.
    Ex. Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex. The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex. He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex. This decision touched off a battle of wills between the library and the government as well as a blitz of media publicity.
    Ex. The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.
    Ex. Based on their account, it seems obvious that Beauperthuy hit a raw nerve among some of the medical research leaders of the day.
    Ex. His plethoric prose produced by a prodigious placement of words struck a nerve.
    Ex. Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.
    Ex. What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex. It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    Ex. Obama's election seems to have touched a raw nerve in conservative white America, unleashing a torrent of right-wing rage unseen in this country.
    Ex. The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.
    Ex. That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.
    Ex. Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders.
    ----
    * provocar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * provocar controversia = arouse + controversy.
    * provocar el debate = prompt + discussion, spark + debate, stir + debate.
    * provocar escarnio = evoke + response.
    * provocar estragos = create + havoc, wreak + havoc, cause + havoc.
    * provocar estragos en = play + havoc with.
    * provocar la controversia = court + controversy.
    * provocar la ira de Alguien = incur + Posesivo + wrath.
    * provocar menosprecio = evoke + scorn.
    * provocar sospechas = stir + suspicion.
    * provocar una crisis = precipitate + crisis.
    * provocar una guerra = ignite + war, precipitate + war.
    * provocar una protesta = call forth + protest.
    * provocar una reacción = cause + reaction, provoke + reaction.
    * provocar un ataque = provoke + attack.
    * provocar un cambio = bring about + change.
    * provocar un debate = ignite + debate.
    * provocar un diálogo = elicit + dialogue.
    * provocar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.
    * provocar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < explosión> to cause; < incendio> to start; < polémica> to spark off, prompt
    b) (Med)

    provocar el parto — to induce labor*

    2) < persona> ( al enfado) to provoke; ( sexualmente) to lead... on
    2.
    provocar vi (Andes) ( apetecer)

    ¿le provoca un traguito? — do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

    * * *
    = provoke, spark off, trigger, induce, bring on, elicit, instigate, tease, evoke, titillate, ignite, rouse, stir up, spark, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], touch off, set off, hit + a (raw) nerve, strike + a nerve, bring about, precipitate, incite, touch + a (raw) nerve, give + rise to, give + cause to, give + occasion to.

    Ex: 3 different kinds of paper were deacidified by different aqueous and nonaqueous methods, and then treated to provoke accelerated attack of air pollutants.

    Ex: Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.
    Ex: Nevertheless, the fact that these general lists cannot serve for every application has triggered a search for more consistent approaches.
    Ex: Then, the reference librarian has better justification to buy and perhaps to induce others to contribute to the purchase.
    Ex: In frequent cases, unionization is brought on by the inept or irresponsible action of management.
    Ex: This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.
    Ex: The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.
    Ex: I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex: It is known that in ancient Rome the complexity of the administrative job evoked considerable development of management techniques.
    Ex: However, some of the central premises of the film are flawed, and the risqué touches, whether racial or erotic innuendo, are primarily there to titillate and make the film seem hot and controversial.
    Ex: In turn, that change ignited a body of literature that discussed those cataloguers' future roles.
    Ex: The spirit, if not the content, of Marx can be the joust to rouse the sleepy theory of academic sociology.
    Ex: The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.
    Ex: The nineteenth century was, quite rightly, fearful of any system of spreading knowledge which might spark the tinder box of unrest.
    Ex: Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex: The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex: He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex: This decision touched off a battle of wills between the library and the government as well as a blitz of media publicity.
    Ex: The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.
    Ex: Based on their account, it seems obvious that Beauperthuy hit a raw nerve among some of the medical research leaders of the day.
    Ex: His plethoric prose produced by a prodigious placement of words struck a nerve.
    Ex: Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.
    Ex: What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex: It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    Ex: Obama's election seems to have touched a raw nerve in conservative white America, unleashing a torrent of right-wing rage unseen in this country.
    Ex: The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.
    Ex: That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.
    Ex: Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders.
    * provocar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * provocar controversia = arouse + controversy.
    * provocar el debate = prompt + discussion, spark + debate, stir + debate.
    * provocar escarnio = evoke + response.
    * provocar estragos = create + havoc, wreak + havoc, cause + havoc.
    * provocar estragos en = play + havoc with.
    * provocar la controversia = court + controversy.
    * provocar la ira de Alguien = incur + Posesivo + wrath.
    * provocar menosprecio = evoke + scorn.
    * provocar sospechas = stir + suspicion.
    * provocar una crisis = precipitate + crisis.
    * provocar una guerra = ignite + war, precipitate + war.
    * provocar una protesta = call forth + protest.
    * provocar una reacción = cause + reaction, provoke + reaction.
    * provocar un ataque = provoke + attack.
    * provocar un cambio = bring about + change.
    * provocar un debate = ignite + debate.
    * provocar un diálogo = elicit + dialogue.
    * provocar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.
    * provocar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.

    * * *
    provocar [A2 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (causar, ocasionar) to cause
    un cigarrillo pudo provocar la explosión the explosion may have been caused by a cigarette
    una decisión que ha provocado violentas polémicas a decision which has sparked off o prompted violent controversy
    no se sabe qué provocó el incendio it is not known what started the fire
    2 ( Med):
    provocar el parto to induce labor*
    las pastillas le provocaron una reacción cutánea the pills caused o brought on a skin reaction
    el antígeno provoca la formación de anticuerpos the antigen stimulates the production of antibodies
    B ‹persona›
    1 (al enfado) to provoke
    2 (en sentido sexual) to lead … on
    ■ provocar
    vi
    ( Andes) (apetecer): ¿le provoca un traguito? do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? ( BrE colloq)
    ( refl):
    se disparó un tiro provocándose la muerte he shot (and killed) himself
    * * *

     

    provocar ( conjugate provocar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ explosión› to cause;

    ‹ incendio› to start;
    ‹ polémica› to spark off, prompt;
    ‹ reacción› to cause
    b) (Med) ‹ parto› to induce

    2 ‹ persona› ( al enfado) to provoke;
    ( sexualmente) to lead … on
    verbo intransitivo (Andes) ( apetecer):
    ◊ ¿le provoca un traguito? do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

    provocar verbo transitivo
    1 (causar) to cause: su decisión fue provocada por..., his decision was prompted by..., provocar un incendio, to start a fire
    2 (un parto, etc) to induce: tuvieron que provocarle el vómito, they had to make her vomit
    3 (irritar, enfadar) to provoke: no lo provoques, don't provoke him
    4 (la ira, etc) to rouse
    (un aplauso) to provoke
    5 (excitar el deseo sexual) to arouse, provoke

    ' provocar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    campanada
    - desatar
    - engendrar
    - hacer
    - motivar
    - organizar
    - pinchar
    - chulear
    - dar
    - meter
    - parto
    - reclamo
    - torear
    English:
    bait
    - bring
    - bring about
    - bring on
    - cause
    - excite
    - fight
    - incur
    - induce
    - instigate
    - invite
    - prompt
    - provoke
    - raise
    - rouse
    - roust
    - short-circuit
    - spark off
    - start
    - stir up
    - tease
    - trigger
    - disturbance
    - draw
    - elicit
    - evoke
    - short
    - spark
    - stir
    - taunt
    - whip
    - wreck
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [incitar] to provoke;
    ¡no me provoques! don't provoke me!
    2. [causar] [accidente, muerte] to cause;
    [incendio, rebelión] to start; [sonrisa, burla] to elicit;
    una placa de hielo provocó el accidente the accident was caused by a sheet of black ice;
    provocó las risas de todos he made everyone laugh;
    el polvo me provoca estornudos dust makes me sneeze;
    su actitud me provoca más lástima que otra cosa her attitude makes me pity her more than anything else
    3. [excitar sexualmente] to lead on;
    le gusta provocar a los chicos con su ropa she likes to tease the boys with her clothes
    ♦ vi
    Carib, Col, Méx Fam [apetecer]
    ¿te provoca ir al cine? would you like to go to the movies?, Br do you fancy going to the cinema?;
    ¿te provoca un vaso de vino? would you like a glass of wine?, Br do you fancy a glass of wine?;
    ¿qué te provoca? what would you like to do?, Br what do you fancy doing?
    * * *
    v/t
    1 cause
    2 el enfado provoke
    3 sexualmente lead on
    4 parto induce
    5
    :
    ¿te provoca un café? S.Am. how about a coffee?
    * * *
    provocar {72} vt
    1) causar: to provoke, to cause
    2) irritar: to provoke, to pique
    * * *
    1. (en general) to cause
    2. (incendio) to start
    3. (una persona) to provoke

    Spanish-English dictionary > provocar

  • 102 versión

    f.
    1 version, translation, variation.
    2 turning.
    * * *
    1 (gen) version, account
    2 (traducción) translation
    3 (adaptación) adaptation
    \
    en versión original in the original language
    en versión española dubbed into Spanish
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF (gen) version; (=traducción) translation; (=adaptación) adaptation
    * * *
    a) (de obra, suceso) version
    b) ( traducción) translation
    c) ( modelo) model
    * * *
    = release, reinterpretation [re-interpretation], version.
    Nota: Forma de un documento que se ha modificado pero sin cambiar la identidad del mismo.
    Ex. New releases of existing products should often be considered to be unproven.
    Ex. But influence of the gauche Aldine greek of the 1490s, and then of the superb reinterpretations of Garamont (1540s) and Granjon (1560s), was irresistible.
    Ex. Version is used to refer to a form of a document which has been modified without changing the identity of the document.
    ----
    * compatible con versiones anteriores = backward compatible.
    * derivado de la versión impresaimpresa = print-derived.
    * explicar + Posesivo + versión del incidente = explain + Posesivo + side of the incident.
    * explicar + Posesivo + versión de los hechos = explain + Posesivo + side of the story.
    * nueva versión = upgrade, remake.
    * obtenido de la versión impresa = print-derived.
    * versión abreviada = abbreviated version, abridged version, shortened version.
    * versión alfa = alpha version.
    * versión ampliada = extended version.
    * versión aumentada = enlarged version.
    * versión beta = beta version.
    * versión concisa = concise version.
    * versión de prueba = test drive, trial version.
    * versión grabada = recorded version.
    * versión modificada = modified version.
    * versión oficial, la = official story, the.
    * versión reducida = scaled-down version.
    * versión revisada = revised version.
    * versión simplificada = simplified version.
    * * *
    a) (de obra, suceso) version
    b) ( traducción) translation
    c) ( modelo) model
    * * *
    = release, reinterpretation [re-interpretation], version.
    Nota: Forma de un documento que se ha modificado pero sin cambiar la identidad del mismo.

    Ex: New releases of existing products should often be considered to be unproven.

    Ex: But influence of the gauche Aldine greek of the 1490s, and then of the superb reinterpretations of Garamont (1540s) and Granjon (1560s), was irresistible.
    Ex: Version is used to refer to a form of a document which has been modified without changing the identity of the document.
    * compatible con versiones anteriores = backward compatible.
    * derivado de la versión impresaimpresa = print-derived.
    * explicar + Posesivo + versión del incidente = explain + Posesivo + side of the incident.
    * explicar + Posesivo + versión de los hechos = explain + Posesivo + side of the story.
    * nueva versión = upgrade, remake.
    * obtenido de la versión impresa = print-derived.
    * versión abreviada = abbreviated version, abridged version, shortened version.
    * versión alfa = alpha version.
    * versión ampliada = extended version.
    * versión aumentada = enlarged version.
    * versión beta = beta version.
    * versión concisa = concise version.
    * versión de prueba = test drive, trial version.
    * versión grabada = recorded version.
    * versión modificada = modified version.
    * versión oficial, la = official story, the.
    * versión reducida = scaled-down version.
    * versión revisada = revised version.
    * versión simplificada = simplified version.

    * * *
    1 (de una obra) version
    la misma canción en versión de otro cantante the same song done by someone else, a version of the song by someone else
    versión corregida y aumentada revised and expanded version
    2
    (de un suceso): según la versión oficial de los hechos according to the official version of events
    quisiera oír tu versión de lo que pasó I'd like to hear your side of the story o your version of events
    3 (traducción) translation
    4 (modelo) model
    Compuestos:
    ● versión alfa/beta
    alpha/beta version
    la vi en versión original I saw it in (the original) French ( o Russian etc)
    * * *

     

    versión sustantivo femenino
    a) (de obra, suceso) version;




    versión sustantivo femenino
    1 (variante, punto de vista) version
    2 (traducción) translation
    3 (de una obra, película, canción, etc) version
    una película en versión original, a film in the original language
    ' versión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    descafeinada
    - descafeinado
    - opuesta
    - opuesto
    - subtítulo
    - v.s.
    - VO
    - adaptación
    - concordar
    - íntegro
    - mejor
    - regar
    - respaldar
    - subtitular
    - verosímil
    English:
    conflict
    - corroborate
    - final
    - fudge
    - one-sided
    - paperback
    - remake
    - unabridged
    - version
    - account
    - draft
    - mark
    - odds
    - one
    - potted
    - production
    - sanitize
    * * *
    1. [de hecho, obra] version;
    [en música pop] cover (version);
    ¿cuál es su versión de lo ocurrido? what is his version of what happened?
    Informát versión alfa alpha version; Informát versión beta beta version; Informát versión impresa hard copy
    2. [traducción] translation, version
    Cine versión original original language version; Cine versión original subtitulada original language version with subtitles;
    en ese cine ponen películas en versión original subtituladas at that cinema they show movies (in their original language) with subtitles
    * * *
    f version;
    en versión original película original language version
    * * *
    1) : version
    2) : translation
    * * *
    versión n version

    Spanish-English dictionary > versión

  • 103 prova

    "test;
    Probe;
    prova"
    * * *
    f ( esame) test
    ( tentativo) attempt
    ( testimonianza) proof
    di abito fitting
    sports heat
    theatre prove pl rehearsal sg
    theatre prove pl generali dress rehearsal sg
    banco m di prova test bench
    a prova di bomba bombproof
    salvo prova contraria unless otherwise stated
    per insufficienza di prove for lack of evidence
    mettere alla prova put to the test
    * * *
    prova s.f.
    1 ( dimostrazione) proof; ( elemento, mezzo di prova) evidence [U]: ne abbiamo le prove, we have evidence of it; diede prova di essere un vero amico, he proved to be a real friend; è una prova della sua innocenza, this is a proof of (o this proves) his innocence; voglio la prova di quanto hai detto, I want proof of what you said // dare prova di, to give proof of: ha dato prova di eccellente preparazione, he showed excellent preparation // (dir.): prova diretta, direct evidence; prova indiziaria, indiretta, circumstantial (o indirect) evidence; prova a carico, a discarico, evidence for the prosecution, for the defence; prova per sentito dire, de auditu, hearsay evidence; prova illecita, illegally obtained evidence; prova reale, tangible evidence; prova non rilevante, irrelevant evidence; regole di prova, rules of evidence; il valore ( probante) della prova, the weight of evidence; prova in contrario, evidence to the contrary; la prova riguarda..., the evidence relates to... // fino a prova contraria, until one has proof to the contrary
    2 ( controllo, esperimento) test; trial; ( di dipendente) probation: superare una prova, to pass a test; mettere qlcu. alla prova, to put s.o. to the test (o to test s.o.); sembra buono ma bisogna vederlo alla prova, it looks good on paper but we'll need to see it tested // assumere qlcu. in prova, to take s.o. on for a trial period; il periodo di prova è di tre mesi, the trial period is three months; il nuovo impiegato è ancora in prova, the new clerk is still on probation // (comm.): prova del prodotto, product test; prova di vendita, sales test // (econ.): prova di mercato, market test; prova su zona, area test; prova di produzione, production test
    3 (tecn.) test, trial: prova a fatica, fatigue test; prova all'urto, shock (o impact) test; prova a trazione, tensile test; prova conclusiva, crucial test; prova di affidabilità, reliability test; prova di collaudo, acceptance test; prova di durata, endurance (o life) test; prova di durezza, hardness test; prova di elasticità, elasticity test; prova di laboratorio, laboratory test; prova di pressione, pressure test; prova di sicurezza, safety test; apparecchiatura di prova, test set; banco di prova, testing bench; mettere una macchina in prova, to test a machine // (mecc.): prova al banco, bench test; prova al freno, brake test // (elettr.): prova ad alta tensione, high-voltage test; prova di isolamento, insulation test; prova di rigidità dielettrica, electric strength test // (chim.) prova alla fiamma, flame test // (tess.) prova dei filati, yarn testing // (mar.): prova agli ormeggi, quay trial; prova a tutta forza, full-power trial // (aer.): prova a terra, ground test; prova di volo, flight trial; volo di prova, trial flight // (aut.): prova di consumo, fuel consumption test; prova di velocità, speed test; prova su strada, road test; targa di prova, temporary plate // (mil.) prova di tiro, range trial // (sport) prova di durata, long-distance trial // (inform.): prova del programma, programme checkout; prova automatica, self-test
    4 a prova di, proof (attr.): a prova di bomba, bombproof; a prova di cannone, shellproof; a prova di ruggine, rustproof; a prova di umidità, wetproof
    5 ( scolastica) test, examination: prova orale, oral test (o examination); prova scritta, written test (o examination); sostenere una prova, to take (o to do o to sit for) an examination
    6 (fig.) trial, ordeal: fu una dura prova, it was a severe trial (o ordeal); la sua vita fu piena di prove, his life was full of trials
    7 ( tentativo) try: farò una prova, I shall try; prima di cambiarlo facciamo un'ultima prova, before changing it let's have another try
    8 ( risultato, riuscita) result: dare una buona prova, to give good results
    9 (di abito, durante la confezione) fitting: ho fatto tre prove per questo abito, I've had three fittings for this dress; mettere in prova un abito, to make a dress ready for a fitting
    10 (teatr., mus.) rehearsal: prova generale, dress rehearsal, (mus.) final rehearsal; ogni giorno facciamo tre ore di prova, every day we rehearse for three hours
    11 (tip.) proof: foglio di prova, ( di stampa) specimen page; prima prova, foul (o flat) proof; seconda prova, revise; terza prova, second revise; prova in colonna, galley proof; correggere una prova, to correct a proof; tirare una prova, to pull a proof
    12 (mat.) proof: fa' la prova di questa addizione, check this sum; prova del nove, casting out nines: fare la prova del nove, to cast out nines
    13 ( sportiva) trials (pl.): la prova dei 100 metri, the 100 metres trials; le prove del Gran Premio inizieranno alle 13, the Grand Prix trials will begin at 1 p.m.
    * * *
    ['prɔva]
    sostantivo femminile
    1) (dimostrazione) proof U, evidence U

    dare prova di — to show [fermezza, coraggio]

    essere la prova di — to testify to, to bear testimony to [fatto, ostilità]

    dare buona prova di sé — to give a good account of oneself, to acquit oneself well

    2) dir. evidence U, proof; (documento) exhibit
    4) aut. ind. tecn. (collaudo) trial (run)

    prova su strada — road test, test drive

    volo, giro di prova — test flight, run

    fare delle -e — to do o run tests, to test

    6) (verifica) test; (di persona) trial, test

    assumere qcn. in prova — to give sb. a trial, to try sb. (out)

    periodo di prova — trial o probational period

    essere all'altezza della prova — to rise to o meet the challenge

    "uno, due, tre, prova" — "one, two, three, testing"

    mettere alla prova — to (put to the) test, to try [persona, capacità, resistenza]

    mettere a dura prova — to put a strain on, to strain o try [sth.] to the limit [pazienza, rapporto]

    "mettimi alla prova!" — "try me!"

    8) (esame) test, exam(ination)

    - e scritte — written proof o examinations

    9) tip.
    10) (momento difficile) ordeal, hardship
    12) sport event; (prestazione) performance

    prova di velocità, a cronometro — speed, time trial

    13) teatr. mus. rehearsal

    fare le -e — to rehearse, to practise

    14) sart. fitting

    a prova di bomba — [ rifugio] shell-proof; fig. [pazienza, solidità] bombproof

    a prova di scasso — burglar-proof, tamper-proof

    •

    prova a carico — dir. evidence for the prosecution

    prova a discarico — dir. evidence for the defence

    prova d'esame — examination o exam paper

    prova generale — teatr. dress rehearsal, trial run

    prova del nove — mat. casting out nines; fig. litmus test, acid test

    prova di resistenza — sport mil. endurance test

    ••

    a tutta prova — [ coraggio] unflinching

    * * *
    prova
    /'prɔva/
    sostantivo f.
     1 (dimostrazione) proof U, evidence U; dare prova di to show [fermezza, coraggio]; essere la prova di to testify to, to bear testimony to [fatto, ostilità]; è la prova che it's a sure sign that; dare buona prova di sé to give a good account of oneself, to acquit oneself well; fino a prova contraria until proved otherwise
     2 dir. evidence U, proof; (documento) exhibit; una prova a piece of evidence; insufficienza di -e insufficient evidence
     3 mat. (operazione di verifica) proof
     4 aut. ind. tecn. (collaudo) trial (run); fare delle -e to run trials; il nuovo modello è in prova the new model is undergoing trials; prova su strada road test, test drive; volo, giro di prova test flight, run
     5 (esperimento) test; fare delle -e to do o run tests, to test; prova di laboratorio laboratory test
     6 (verifica) test; (di persona) trial, test; assumere qcn. in prova to give sb. a trial, to try sb. (out); periodo di prova trial o probational period; essere all'altezza della prova to rise to o meet the challenge; "uno, due, tre, prova" "one, two, three, testing"; mettere alla prova to (put to the) test, to try [persona, capacità, resistenza]; mettere a dura prova to put a strain on, to strain o try [sth.] to the limit [pazienza, rapporto]; ho bisogno di un lavoro che mi metta alla prova I need a job that stretches o challenges me; "mettimi alla prova!" "try me!"
     7 (tentativo) try; fare una prova to have a try
     8 (esame) test, exam(ination); prova orale oral examination; - e scritte written proof o examinations
     9 tip. prova di stampa proof
     10 (momento difficile) ordeal, hardship; superare una prova to go through an ordeal
     11 (manifestazione) prova d'amore demonstration of love; come prova della sua amicizia as a pledge of her friendship
     12 sport event; (prestazione) performance; - e eliminatorie heats; prova di velocità, a cronometro speed, time trial
     13 teatr. mus. rehearsal; fare le -e to rehearse, to practise
     14 sart. fitting; cabina o camerino di prova changing o fitting room
     15 a prova di a prova di bomba [ rifugio] shell-proof; fig. [pazienza, solidità] bombproof; a prova di scasso burglar-proof, tamper-proof
    a tutta prova [ coraggio] unflinching
    \
    prova d'acquisto proof of purchase; prova a carico dir. evidence for the prosecution; prova a discarico dir. evidence for the defence; prova d'esame examination o exam paper; prova generale teatr. dress rehearsal, trial run; prova del nove mat. casting out nines; fig. litmus test, acid test; prova di resistenza sport mil. endurance test.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > prova

  • 104 на ... приходится

    •

    It is found that most of the mass is accounted for by particles whose radius is between 0.1 micron and 10 microns.

    •

    The more developed countries account for most of the world's environmental pollution.

    •

    The four types of hydrogenation account for the production of billions of pounds of...

    •

    The cobra is responsible for the majority of the 25,000 deaths occurring each year from snake bite in India.

    •

    For every 100 grams of molecular hydrogen there is a gram of dust.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > на ... приходится

  • 105 Bakewell, Robert

    [br]
    b. 23 May 1725 Loughborough, England
    d. 1 October 1795 Loughborough, England
    [br]
    English livestock breeder who pioneered the practice of progeny testing for selecting breeding stock; he is particularly associated with the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep.
    [br]
    Robert Bakewell was the son of the tenant farming the 500-acre (200 hectare) Dishley Grange Farm, near Loughborough, where he was born. The family was sufficiently wealthy to allow Robert to travel, which he began to do at an early age, exploring the farming methods of the West Country, Norfolk, Ireland and Holland. On taking over the farm he continued the development of the irrigation scheme begun by his father. Arthur Young visited the farm during his tour of east England in 1771. At that time it consisted of 440 acres (178 hectares), 110 acres (45 hectares) of which were arable, and carried a stock of 60 horses, 400 sheep and 150 other assorted beasts. Of the arable land, 30 acres (12 hectares) were under root crops, mainly turnips.
    Bakewell was not the first to pioneer selective breeding, but he was the first successfully to apply selection to both the efficiency with which an animal utilized its food, and its physical appearance. He always had a clear idea of the animal he wanted, travelled extensively to collect a range of animals possessing the characteristics he sought, and then bred from these towards his goal. He was aware of the dangers of inbreeding, but would often use it to gain the qualities he wanted. His early experiments were with Longhorn cattle, which he developed as a meat rather than a draught animal, but his most famous achievement was the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep. He set out to produce an animal that would put on the most meat in the least time and with the least feeding. As his base he chose the Old Leicester, but there is still doubt as to which other breeds he may have introduced to produce the desired results. The Improved Leicester was smaller than its ancestor, with poorer wool quality but with greatly improved meat-production capacity.
    Bakewell let out his sires to other farms and was therefore able to study their development under differing conditions. However, he made stringent rules for those who hired these animals, requiring the exclusive use of his rams on the farms concerned and requiring particular dietary conditions to be met. To achieve this control he established the Dishley Society in 1783. Although his policies led to accusations of closed access to his stock, they enabled him to keep a close control of all offspring. He thereby pioneered the process now recognized as "progeny testing".
    Bakewell's fame and that of his farm spread throughout the country and overseas. He engaged in an extensive correspondence and acted as host to all of influence in British and overseas agriculture, but it would appear that he was an over-generous host, since he is known to have been in financial difficulties in about 1789. He was saved from bankruptcy by a public subscription raised to allow him to continue with his breeding experiments; this experience may well have been the reason why he was such a staunch advocate of State funding of agricultural research.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    William Houseman, 1894, biography, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society. 1–31. H.C.Parsons, 1957, Robert Bakewell (contains a more detailed account).
    R.Trow Smith, 1957, A History of British Livestock Husbandry to 1700, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.
    —A History of British Livestock Husbandry 1700 to 1900 (places Bakewell within the context of overall developments).
    M.L.Ryder, 1983, Sheep and Man, Duckworth (a scientifically detailed account which deals with Bakewell within the context of its particular subject).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Bakewell, Robert

  • 106 Caxton, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. c.1422 Kent, England
    d. 1491 Westminster, England
    [br]
    English printer who produced the first book to be printed in English.
    [br]
    According to his own account, Caxton was born in Kent and received a schooling before entering the Mercers' Company, one of the most influential of the London guilds and engaged in the wholesale export trade in woollen goods and other wares, principally with the Low Countries. Around 1445, Caxton moved to Bruges, where he engaged in trade with such success that in 1462 he was appointed Governor of the English Nation in Bruges. He was entrusted with diplomatic missions, and his dealings with the court of Burgundy brought him into contact with the Duchess, Margaret of York, sister of the English King Edward IV. Caxton embarked on the production of fine manuscripts, making his own translations from the French for the Duchess and other noble patrons with a taste for this kind of literature. This trend became more marked after 1470–1 when Caxton lost his post in Bruges, probably due to the temporary overthrow of King Edward. Perhaps to satisfy an increasing demand for his texts, Caxton travelled to Cologne in 1471 to learn the art of printing. He set up a printing business in Bruges, in partnership with the copyist and bookseller Colard Mansion. There, late in 1474 or early the following year, Caxton produced the first book to be printed in English, and the first by an English printer, The Recuyell of the Histories of Troy, which he had translated from the French.
    In 1476 Caxton returned to England and set up his printing and publishing business "at the sign of the Red Pale" within the precincts of Westminster Abbey. This was more conveniently placed than the City of London for the likely customers among the court and Members of Parliament for the courtly romances and devotional works he aimed to produce. Other printers followed but survived only a few years, whereas Caxton remained successful for fifteen years and then bequeathed a flourishing concern to his assistant Wynkyn de Worde. During that time, 107 printed works, including seventy-four books, issued from Caxton's press. Of these, some twenty were his own translations. As printer and publisher, he did much to promote English literature, above all by producing the first editions of the literary masterpieces of the Middle Ages, such as the works of Chaucer, Gower and Lydgate and Malory's Morte d'Arthur. Among the various dialects of spoken English in use at the time, Caxton adopted the language of London and the court and so did much to fix a permanent standard for written English.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.Blades, 1877, The Biography and Typography of William Caxton, England's First Printer, London; reprinted 1971 (the classic life of Caxton, superseded in detail by modern scholarship but still indispensable).
    G.D.Painter, 1976, William Caxton: A Quincentenary Biography of England's First
    Printer, London: Chatto \& Windus (the most thorough recent biography, describing every known Caxton document and edition, with corrected and new interpretations based on the latest scholarship).
    N.F.Blake, 1969, Caxton and His World, London (a reliable account, set against the background of English late-medieval life).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Caxton, William

  • 107 Guinand, Pierre Louis

    [br]
    b. 20 April 1748 Brenets, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
    d. 13 February 1824 Brenets, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
    [br]
    Swiss optical glassmaker.
    [br]
    Guinand received little formal education and followed his father's trade of joiner. He specialized in making clock cases, but after learning how to cast metals he took up the more lucrative work of making watch cases. When he was about 20 years old, in a customer's house he caught sight of an English telescope, a rarity in a Swiss mountain village. Intrigued, he obtained permission to examine it. This aroused his interest in optical matters and he began making spectacles and small telescopes.
    Achromatic lenses were becoming known, their use being to remove the defect of chromatic aberration or coloured optical images, but there remained defects due to imperfections in the glass itself. Stimulated by offers of prizes by scientific bodies, including the Royal Society of London, for removing these defects, Guinand set out to remedy them. He embarked in 1784 on a long and arduous series of experiments, varying the materials and techniques for making glass. The even more lucrative trade of making bells for repeaters provided the funds for a furnace capable of holding 2 cwt (102 kg) of molten glass. By 1798 or so he had succeeded in making discs of homogeneous glass. He impressed the famous Parisian astronomer de Lalande with them and his glass became well enough known for scientists to visit him. In 1805 Fraunhofer persuaded Guinand to join his optical-instrument works at Benediktheurn, in Bavaria, to make lenses. After nine years, Guinand returned to Brenets with a pension, on condition he made no more glass and disclosed no details of his methods. After two years these conditions had become irksome and he relinquished the pension. On 19 February 1823 Guinand described his discoveries in his classic "Memoir on the making of optical glass, more particularly of glass of high refractive index for use in the production of achromatic lenses", presented to the Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève. This gives details of his experiments and investigations and discusses a suitable pot-clay stirrer and stirring mechanism for the molten glass, with temperature control, to overcome optical-glass defects such as bubbles, seeds, cords and colours. Guinand was hailed as the man in Europe who had achieved this and has thus rightly been called the founder of the era of optical glassmaking.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    The fullest account in English of Guinand's life and work is 'Some account of the late M. Guinand and of the discovery made by him in the manufacture of flint glass for large telescopes by F.R., extracted from the Bibliothèque Universelle des Sciences, trans.
    C.F.de B.', Quart.J.Sci.Roy.Instn.Lond. (1825) 19: 244–58.
    M.von Rohr, 1924, "Pierre Louis Guinand", Zeitschrift für Instr., 46:121, 139, with an English summary in J.Glass. Tech., (1926) 10: abs. 150–1.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Guinand, Pierre Louis

  • 108 Harris, Alanson

    [br]
    b. 1816 Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada
    d. 1894 Canada
    [br]
    Canadian manufacturer of agricultural machinery and co-founder of the Massey Harris Company (later Massey Ferguson).
    [br]
    Alanson Harris was the first often children born to the wife of a circuit rider and preacher. His father's wanderings left Alanson at an early age in charge of the running of the family farm on the Grand River in Canada; also, his father's preference was for tinkering with machines rather than for farming. However, when he was 13 Alanson had to go out to work in order to bring badly needed cash to augment the family income. He worked at a sawmill in the small village of Boston, becoming Boss Sawyer and then Foreman after ten years. In 1839 the family moved to Mount Pleasant, and the following year Alanson married Mary Morgan, the daughter of a well-to-do pioneer Welsh farmer. He entered into a brief partnership with his father to build a sawmill at Whiteman's Creek, but within a few months his father returned to preaching and Alanson became the sole proprietor. After a successful early period Alanson recognized the signs of decline in the timber market, and in 1857 he sold the mill, moved to Beamsville, Niagara, and bought a small factory from which he produced the flop-over hay rake invented by his father. In 1863 he took his eldest son into partnership; the latter returned from a visit to the United States with the sole rights to produce the Kirby mower and reaper. The Crimean War created a market for corn, which gave a great boost to North American farming and, in its turn, to machinery production. This was reinforced by the tariff agreements between the United States and Canada. By the 1880s Harris and Massey between them accounted for two thirds of the harvesting machines sold in Canada, and they also supplied machines abroad. By the end of the decade the mutual benefits of joining forces were apparent and by 1891 an agreement was reached, with Alanson Harris and A.H.Massey on the first board.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    G.Quick and W.Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (refers to Harris and Massey Harris Company in its account of the development of harvest machinery).
    M.Denison, 1949, Harvest Triumphant: The Story of Massey Harris, London (gives a more detailed account of Massey Harris Company).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Harris, Alanson

  • 109 Judson, Whitcomb L.

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. 1891–1905 USA
    [br]
    American inventor of the zip fastener.
    [br]
    Whitcomb Judson was a mechanical engineer by profession. He filed his first patent application for a zip fastener in 1891 and took out a fifth in 1905. His invention was originally designed for shoes and consisted of separate fasteners with two interlocking parts which could be fastened either by hand or by a movable guide. In his last patent, he clamped the fastening elements to the edge of a fabric tape and patented a machine for manufacturing this. Through an earlier exploit, the Judson Pneumatic Street Railway Company, Judson knew Colonel Lewis Walker, who helped him to organize the Universal Fastener Company of Chicago to manufacture these fasteners, which at first were made by hand. One machine invented by Judson proved to be too complicated, but Judson's later fasteners were easier to adapt to machine production. The original company was reorganized as the Automatic Hook and Eye Company of Hoboken, New Jersey, and the new fasteners were sold under the name "C-curity". However, the garment manufacturers would not use them at first because the fasteners had defects, such as springing open at unexpected moments. The Automatic Hook and Eye Company brought in Gideon Sundback, who improved Judson's work and made the zip fastener successful.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Jewkes, D.Sawyers and R.Stillerman, 1969, The Sources of Invention, 2nd edn, London (for an account of the invention).
    I.McNeil (ed.), 1990, An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology, London: Routledge, pp. 852–3 (provides a brief account of fastenings).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Judson, Whitcomb L.

  • 110 Laval, Carl Gustaf Patrik de

    [br]
    b. 9 May 1845 Orsa, Sweden
    d. 2 February 1913 Stockholm, Sweden
    [br]
    Swedish inventor of an advanced cream separator and a steam turbine.
    [br]
    Gustaf de Laval was educated at the Stockholm Technical Institute and Uppsala University. He proved to have an unfailing vigour and variety in his inventive talent, for his interests ranged from electric lighting and electrometallurgy to aerodynamics. In the 1890s he employed over one hundred engineers to develop his inventions, but he was best known for two: the cream separator and a steam turbine. In 1877 he invented the high-speed centrifugal cream separator, which was probably the greatest advance in butter-making up to that time. By 1880 the separators were being successfully marketed all over the world, for they were quickly adopted in larger dairies where they effected enormous savings in labour and space. He followed this with various devices for the dairy industry, including a vacuum milking machine perfected in 1913. In c. 1882, de Laval invented a turbine on the principle of Hero's engine, but he quickly turned his attention to the impulse type, which was like Branca's, with a jet of steam impinging on a set of blades around the periphery of a wheel. He applied for a British patent in 1889. The steam was expanded in a single stage from the initial to the final pressure: to secure economy with the steam issuing at high velocity, the blades also had to rotate at high velocity. An early 5 hp (3.7 kW) turbine rotated at 30,000 rpm, so reduction gearing had to be introduced. Production started in Sweden in 1893 and in other countries at about the same time. In 1892 de Laval proposed employing one of his turbines of 15 hp (11 kW) in an experimental launch, but there is no evidence that it was ever actually installed in a vessel. However, his turbines were popular for powering electric generating sets for lighting textile mills and ships, and by 1900 were available in sizes up to 300 bhp (224 kW).
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1889, British patent no. 7,143 (steam turbine).
    Further Reading
    T.Althin, 1943, Life of de Laval, Stockholm (a full biography).
    T.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C. Black (contains a brief biography).
    R.M.Neilson, 1902, The Steam Turbine, London: Longmans, Green \& Co. (fully covers the development of de Laval's steam turbine).
    H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (contains a short account of the development of the steam turbine).
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (contains a short account).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Laval, Carl Gustaf Patrik de

  • 111 Levers (Leavers), John

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. 1812–21 England
    d. after 1821 Rouen, France
    [br]
    English improver of lace-making machines that formed the basis for many later developments.
    [br]
    John Heathcote had shown that it was possible to make lace by machine with his patents of 1808 and 1809. His machines were developed and improved by John Levers. Levers was originally a hosiery frame-smith and setter-up at Sutton-in-Ashfield but moved to Nottingham, where he extended his operations to the construction of point-net and warp-lace machinery. In the years 1812 and 1813 he more or less isolated himself in the garret of a house in Derby Road, where he assembled his lacemaking machine by himself. He was helped by two brothers and a nephew who made parts, but they saw it only when it was completed. Financial help for making production machines came from the firm of John Stevenson \& Skipwith, lace manufacturers in Nottingham. Levers never sought a patent, as he was under the mistaken impression that additions or improvements to an existing patented machine could not be protected. An early example of the machine survives at the Castle Museum in Nottingham. Although his prospects must have seemed good, for some reason Levers dissolved his partnership with Stevenson \& Co. and continued to work on improving his machine. In 1817 he altered it from the horizontal to the upright position, building many of the machines each year. He was a friendly, kind-hearted man, but he seems to have been unable to apply himself to his business, preferring the company of musicians—he was a bandmaster of the local militia—and was soon frequently without money, even to buy food for his family. He emigrated in 1821 to Rouen, France, where he set up his lace machines and where he subsequently died; when or in what circumstances is unknown. His machine continued to be improved and was adapted to work with the Jacquard mechanism to select the pattern.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867) (the main account of the Levers machine).
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a brief account of the Levers lace machine).
    D.M.Smith, 1965, Industrial Archaeology of the East Midlands, Dawlish (includes an illustration of Levers's machine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Levers (Leavers), John

  • 112 Macintosh, Charles

    [br]
    b. 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 25 July 1843 Dunchattan, near Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor of rubberized waterproof clothing.
    [br]
    As the son of the well-known and inventive dyer George Macintosh, Charles had an early interest in chemistry. At the age of 19 he gave up his work as a clerk with a Glasgow merchant to manufacture sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and developed new processes in dyeing. In 1797 he started the first Scottish alum works, finding the alum in waste shale from coal mines. His first works was at Hurlet, Renfrewshire, and was followed later by others. He then formed a partnership with Charles Tennant, the proprietor of a chemical works at St Rollox, near Glasgow, and sold "lime bleaching liquor" made with chlorine and milk of lime from their bleach works at Darnley. A year later the use of dry lime to make bleaching powder, a process worked out by Macintosh, was patented. Macintosh remained associated with Tennant's St Rollox chemical works until 1814. During this time, in 1809, he had set up a yeast factory, but it failed because of opposition from the London brewers.
    There was a steady demand for the ammonia that gas works produced, but the tar was often looked upon as an inconvenient waste product. Macintosh bought all the ammonia and tar that the Glasgow works produced, using the ammonia in his establishment to produce cudbear, a dyestuff extracted from various lichens. Cudbear could be used with appropriate mordants to make shades from pink to blue. The tar could be distilled to produce naphtha, which was used as a flare. Macintosh also became interested in ironmaking. In 1825 he took out a patent for converting malleable iron into steel by taking it to white heat in a current of gas with a carbon content, such as coal gas. However, the process was not commercially successful because of the difficulty keeping the furnace gas-tight. In 1828 he assisted J.B. Neilson in bringing hot blast into use in blast furnaces; Neilson assigned Macintosh a share in the patent, which was of dubious benefit as it involved him in the tortuous litigation that surrounded the patent until 1843.
    In June 1823, as a result of experiments into the possible uses of naphtha obtained as a by-product of the distillation of coal tar, Macintosh patented his process for waterproofing fabric. This comprised dissolving rubber in naphtha and applying the solution to two pieces of cloth which were afterwards pressed together to form an impermeable compound fabric. After an experimental period in Glasgow, Macintosh commenced manufacture in Manchester, where he formed a partnership with H.H.Birley, B.Kirk and R.W.Barton. Birley was a cotton spinner and weaver and was looking for ways to extend the output of his cloth. He was amongst the first to light his mills with gas, so he shared a common interest with Macintosh.
    New buildings were erected for the production of waterproof cloth in 1824–5, but there were considerable teething troubles with the process, particularly in the spreading of the rubber solution onto the cloth. Peter Ewart helped to install the machinery, including a steam engine supplied by Boulton \& Watt, and the naphtha was supplied from Macintosh's works in Glasgow. It seems that the process was still giving difficulties when Thomas Hancock, the foremost rubber technologist of that time, became involved in 1830 and was made a partner in 1834. By 1836 the waterproof coat was being called a "mackintosh" [sic] and was gaining such popularity that the Manchester business was expanded with additional premises. Macintosh's business was gradually enlarged to include many other kinds of indiarubber products, such as rubber shoes and cushions.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1823.
    Further Reading
    G.Macintosh, 1847, Memoir of Charles Macintosh, London (the fullest account of Charles Macintosh's life).
    H.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87 (an account of the invention of the mackintosh).
    RLH / LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Macintosh, Charles

  • 113 Riley, James

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1840 Halifax, England
    d. 15 July 1910 Harrogate, England
    [br]
    English steelmaker who promoted the manufacture of low-carbon bulk steel by the open-hearth process for tin plate and shipbuilding; pioneer of nickel steels.
    [br]
    After working as a millwright in Halifax, Riley found employment at the Ormesby Ironworks in Middlesbrough until, in 1869, he became manager of the Askam Ironworks in Cumberland. Three years later, in 1872, he was appointed Blast-furnace Manager at the pioneering Siemens Steel Company's works at Landore, near Swansea in South Wales. Using Spanish ore, he produced the manganese-rich iron (spiegeleisen) required as an additive to make satisfactory steel. Riley was promoted in 1874 to be General Manager at Landore, and he worked with William Siemens to develop the use of the latter's regenerative furnace for the production of open-hearth steel. He persuaded Welsh makers of tin plate to use sheets rolled from lowcarbon (mild) steel instead of from charcoal iron and, partly by publishing some test results, he was instrumental in influencing the Admiralty to build two naval vessels of mild steel, the Mercury and the Iris.
    In 1878 Riley moved north on his appointment as General Manager of the Steel Company of Scotland, a firm closely associated with Charles Tennant that was formed in 1872 to make steel by the Siemens process. Already by 1878, fourteen Siemens melting furnaces had been erected, and in that year 42,000 long tons of ingots were produced at the company's Hallside (Newton) Works, situated 8 km (5 miles) south-east of Glasgow. Under Riley's leadership, steelmaking in open-hearth furnaces was initiated at a second plant situated at Blochairn. Plates and sections for all aspects of shipbuilding, including boilers, formed the main products; the company also supplied the greater part of the steel for the Forth (Railway) Bridge. Riley was associated with technical modifications which improved the performance of steelmaking furnaces using Siemens's principles. He built a gasfired cupola for melting pig-iron, and constructed the first British "universal" plate mill using three-high rolls (Lauth mill).
    At the request of French interests, Riley investigated the properties of steels containing various proportions of nickel; the report that he read before the Iron and Steel Institute in 1889 successfully brought to the notice of potential users the greatly enhanced strength that nickel could impart and its ability to yield alloys possessing substantially lower corrodibility.
    The Steel Company of Scotland paid dividends in the years to 1890, but then came a lean period. In 1895, at the age of 54, Riley moved once more to another employer, becoming General Manager of the Glasgow Iron and Steel Company, which had just laid out a new steelmaking plant at Wishaw, 25 km (15 miles) south-east of Glasgow, where it already had blast furnaces. Still the technical innovator, in 1900 Riley presented an account of his experiences in introducing molten blast-furnace metal as feed for the open-hearth steel furnaces. In the early 1890s it was largely through Riley's efforts that a West of Scotland Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the Manufactured Steel Trade came into being; he was its first Chairman and then its President.
    In 1899 James Riley resigned from his Scottish employment to move back to his native Yorkshire, where he became his own master by acquiring the small Richmond Ironworks situated at Stockton-on-Tees. Although Riley's 1900 account to the Iron and Steel Institute was the last of the many of which he was author, he continued to contribute to the discussion of papers written by others.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, West of Scotland Iron and Steel Institute 1893–5. Vice-President, Iron and Steel Institute, 1893–1910. Iron and Steel Institute (London) Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.
    Bibliography
    1876, "On steel for shipbuilding as supplied to the Royal Navy", Transactions of the Institute of Naval Architects 17:135–55.
    1884, "On recent improvements in the method of manufacture of open-hearth steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 2:43–52 plus plates 27–31.
    1887, "Some investigations as to the effects of different methods of treatment of mild steel in the manufacture of plates", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:121–30 (plus sheets II and III and plates XI and XII).
    27 February 1888, "Improvements in basichearth steel making furnaces", British patent no. 2,896.
    27 February 1888, "Improvements in regenerative furnaces for steel-making and analogous operations", British patent no. 2,899.
    1889, "Alloys of nickel and steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:45–55.
    Further Reading
    A.Slaven, 1986, "James Riley", in Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography 1860–1960, Volume 1: The Staple Industries (ed. A.Slaven and S. Checkland), Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 136–8.
    "Men you know", The Bailie (Glasgow) 23 January 1884, series no. 588 (a brief biography, with portrait).
    J.C.Carr and W.Taplin, 1962, History of the British Steel Industry, Harvard University Press (contains an excellent summary of salient events).
    JKA

    Biographical history of technology > Riley, James

  • 114 considerado

    adj.
    1 considerate, heedful, mindful, considered.
    2 considered, thought-of, looked-on, looked-upon.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: considerar.
    * * *
    1→ link=considerar considerar
    1 (atento) considerate, thoughtful
    2 (apreciado) respected
    \
    estar bien considerado,-a to be well thought of, be highly regarded
    estar mal considerado,-a to be badly thought of
    * * *
    (f. - considerada)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=atento) considerate
    2) (=estimado)

    estar mal considerado — (=no aceptado) to be frowned upon; (=menospreciado) to be undervalued

    * * *
    - da adjetivo [ser] considerate
    * * *
    = thoughtful, considerate.
    Ex. Production quotas, I believe, are antithetical to careful, thoughtful cataloging.
    Ex. Library users fall into 4 groups: (1) patrons, who are considerate, grateful and undemanding; (2) 'pests' -- the in considerate; (3) 'pirates' who steal, deface and mutilate library property and materials; (4) 'vampires' whose enquiries make excessive demands upon the librarian's time.
    ----
    * considerado desde hace mucho tiempo = long considered.
    * mal considerado = poorly-regarded.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo [ser] considerate
    * * *
    = thoughtful, considerate.

    Ex: Production quotas, I believe, are antithetical to careful, thoughtful cataloging.

    Ex: Library users fall into 4 groups: (1) patrons, who are considerate, grateful and undemanding; (2) 'pests' -- the in considerate; (3) 'pirates' who steal, deface and mutilate library property and materials; (4) 'vampires' whose enquiries make excessive demands upon the librarian's time.
    * considerado desde hace mucho tiempo = long considered.
    * mal considerado = poorly-regarded.

    * * *
    [ SER] considerate
    es muy considerado con sus empleados he's very considerate toward(s) his employees
    * * *

    Del verbo considerar: ( conjugate considerar)

    considerado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    considerado    
    considerar
    considerado
    ◊ -da adjetivo [ser] considerate;

    ser considerado con algn to be considerate toward(s) sb
    considerar ( conjugate considerar) verbo transitivo ‹asunto/posibilidad/oferta› to consider;

    ‹ventajas/consecuencias› to weigh up, consider;

    tenemos que considerado que … we must take into account that …;
    eso se considera de mala educación that's considered bad manners;
    está muy bien considerado he is very highly regarded
    considerarse verbo pronominal [ persona] ( juzgarse) to consider oneself;
    se considera afortunado he considers himself (to be) lucky
    considerado,-a adjetivo
    1 (educado) considerate, thoughtful
    2 (estimado, respetado) está muy bien considerada entre sus colegas, her colleagues hold her in high regard
    considerar verbo transitivo to consider: lo considera un genio, she thinks he's a genius ➣ Ver nota en consider

    ' considerado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    considerada
    - vista
    - visto
    - considerar
    - cumplido
    - mirado
    English:
    considerate
    - reputed
    - thoughtful
    - well-thought-of
    - consider
    - consideration
    - regard
    * * *
    considerado, -a adj
    1. [atento] considerate, thoughtful;
    es muy considerado con sus padres he is very considerate to his parents
    2. [respetado] respected, highly regarded;
    está muy bien considerada entre sus colegas she is very highly regarded by her colleagues
    * * *
    adj considerate
    * * *
    considerado, -da adj
    1) : considerate, thoughtful
    2) : respected
    * * *
    considerado adj thoughtful

    Spanish-English dictionary > considerado

  • 115 transferencia

    f.
    1 transference, transfer, remittal, dispatch.
    2 transference, blot.
    * * *
    1 (gen) transference
    2 FINANZAS transfer
    \
    transferencia bancaria banker's order
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Jur, Dep) transfer

    transferencia bancaria — banker's order, bank transfer

    2) (Psic) transference
    * * *
    1) (de propiedad, derecho) transfer, handing over; ( de jugador) transfer
    2) (Psic) transference
    * * *
    = downloading, transfer, conveyance, transference, handover [hand-over], transposition, transferability.
    Ex. This article outlines the downloading of statistics to an IBM PS2/50 and dBase 3 Plus, the processing of the files, and the production of the report.
    Ex. When the record transfer is complete, the catalog summary screen is shown for the new record so that the user can review and update it.
    Ex. In these circumstances the book is primarily a medium for the conveyance of information of one sort or another = En estas circunstancias el libro es principalmente un medio para la transmisión de información de diverso tipo.
    Ex. The library does not regard its principal function the transference of printed information from fragile hardcopy to archival microform.
    Ex. The author assesses the prospects of Hong Kong after the handover of the colony to China in 1997 when it will once again be competing with Shanghai as the publishing hub of the Orient.
    Ex. Transposition of digits in a number is usually invisible to editors.
    Ex. The project aims for maximum transferability.
    ----
    * crédito de transferencia = transfer credit.
    * hacer una transferencia bancaria a nombre de = make out + bank transfer to.
    * proceso de transferencia de la información = information transfer process.
    * servicio de transferencia de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * sistema de transferencia de documentos = document delivery system.
    * transferencia bancaria = bank transfer, wire transfer, telegraphic transfer, credit transfer.
    * transferencia de conocimiento = transfer of knowledge, knowledge transfer.
    * transferencia de créditos = credit transfer.
    * transferencia de dinero = money transfer.
    * transferencia de documentos = document delivery.
    * transferencia de ficheros = file transfer.
    * transferencia de información = information transfer.
    * transferencia de información entre países = transborder data flow (TBDF).
    * transferencia de la tecnología = technology transfer.
    * transferencia electrónica de información = electronic transfer of information.
    * * *
    1) (de propiedad, derecho) transfer, handing over; ( de jugador) transfer
    2) (Psic) transference
    * * *
    = downloading, transfer, conveyance, transference, handover [hand-over], transposition, transferability.

    Ex: This article outlines the downloading of statistics to an IBM PS2/50 and dBase 3 Plus, the processing of the files, and the production of the report.

    Ex: When the record transfer is complete, the catalog summary screen is shown for the new record so that the user can review and update it.
    Ex: In these circumstances the book is primarily a medium for the conveyance of information of one sort or another = En estas circunstancias el libro es principalmente un medio para la transmisión de información de diverso tipo.
    Ex: The library does not regard its principal function the transference of printed information from fragile hardcopy to archival microform.
    Ex: The author assesses the prospects of Hong Kong after the handover of the colony to China in 1997 when it will once again be competing with Shanghai as the publishing hub of the Orient.
    Ex: Transposition of digits in a number is usually invisible to editors.
    Ex: The project aims for maximum transferability.
    * crédito de transferencia = transfer credit.
    * hacer una transferencia bancaria a nombre de = make out + bank transfer to.
    * proceso de transferencia de la información = information transfer process.
    * servicio de transferencia de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * sistema de transferencia de documentos = document delivery system.
    * transferencia bancaria = bank transfer, wire transfer, telegraphic transfer, credit transfer.
    * transferencia de conocimiento = transfer of knowledge, knowledge transfer.
    * transferencia de créditos = credit transfer.
    * transferencia de dinero = money transfer.
    * transferencia de documentos = document delivery.
    * transferencia de ficheros = file transfer.
    * transferencia de información = information transfer.
    * transferencia de información entre países = transborder data flow (TBDF).
    * transferencia de la tecnología = technology transfer.
    * transferencia electrónica de información = electronic transfer of information.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de una propiedad, un derecho) transfer, handing over
    la transferencia de competencias a las autonomías the transfer of powers to the autonomous regions
    2 (de un jugador) transfer
    Compuestos:
    credit transfer, bank transfer
    technology transfer
    B ( Psic) transference
    * * *

     

    transferencia sustantivo femenino
    transfer;
    ◊ transferencia bancaria credit o bank transfer

    transferencia sustantivo femenino
    1 (de bienes, negocios) transfer, transference
    (de dinero) transfer
    transferencia bancaria, bank transfer
    2 Dep transfer

    ' transferencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    trasferencia
    - destinatario
    - FTP
    - giro
    English:
    transfer
    - devolution
    - giro
    * * *
    transferencia, trasferencia nf
    1. [de datos, recursos, poderes] transfer
    Informát transferencia de ficheros file transfer
    2. [de dinero] transfer;
    quiero hacer una transferencia de 1.000 euros a esta cuenta I'd like to transfer 1,000 euros to this account
    transferencia bancaria credit transfer, Br giro transfer;
    transferencia electrónica (de fondos) electronic (funds) transfer
    3. Psi transference
    * * *
    f COM transfer;
    transferencia de datos data transfer
    * * *
    : transfer, transference
    * * *
    transferencia n transfer

    Spanish-English dictionary > transferencia

  • 116 Ebener, Erasmus

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 21 December 1511 Nuremberg, Germany
    d. 24 November 1577 Helmstedt, Germany
    [br]
    German mining entrepreneur who introduced a new method ofbrassmaking.
    [br]
    A descendant of Nuremberg nobility, Ebener became recognized as a statesman in his native city and was employed also by foreign dignitaries. His appointment as Privy Councillor to the Dukes of Brunswick involved him in mining and metallurgical affairs at the great Rammelsberg mixed-ore mine at Goslar in the Harz mountains. About 1550, at Rammelsberg, Ebener is believed to have made brass by incorporating accretions of zinc formed in crevices of local lead-smelting furnaces. This small-scale production of impure zinc, formerly discarded as waste, could be used to replace calamine, the carbonate ore of zinc, which by tradition had been combined with copper in European brassmaking. Ercker, writing in 1574, mentions the accretions at Goslar obtained by removing furnace sections to make this material available for brass. The true nature of the zinc ore, calamine, and zinc metal compared with these accretions was determined only much later, but variation in quality with respect to impurities made the material most suitable for cast brassware rather than beaten goods. As quantities were small and much valued, distribution from Goslar was limited, not normally reaching Britain, where production of brasses continued to rely on calamine or expensive zinc imports from the East. Rammelsberg profited from the waste material accumulating over the years and its use at Bundheim brassworks east of Goslar. Ebener partnered Duke Henry the Younger of Brunswick in financing a new drainage adit at Rammelsberg, and was later granted several iron mines and smelting works. From 1556 he was granted rights to market calamine from the Lower Harz and copper sulphate from Rammelsberg. Ebener later had an important role at the court of Duke Julius, son of Henry, advising him on the founding of Helmstedt University.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1572, "Sundry expositions on mines, metals and other useful things found in the Harz and especially at the Rammelsberg", reproduced and annotated by F.J.F.Meyer and J.F.L.Hausmann, 1805 Hercynian Archive.
    Further Reading
    Beckmann, 1846, History of Inventions, Vol. II, trans. William Johnston, London (the most concise account).
    W.Bornhardt, 1989, "The History of Rammelsberg Mine", trans. T.A.Morrison, The Mining Journal (has additional brief references to Ebener in the context of Rammelsberg).
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Ebener, Erasmus

  • 117 Eisler, Paul

    [br]
    b. 1907 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Austrian engineer responsible for the invention of the printed circuit.
    [br]
    At the age of 23, Eisler obtained a Diploma in Engineering from the Technical University of Vienna. Because of the growing Nazi influence in Austria, he then accepted a post with the His Master's Voice (HMV) agents in Belgrade, where he worked on the problems of radio reception and sound transmission in railway trains. However, he soon returned to Vienna to found a weekly radio journal and file patents on graphical sound recording (for which he received a doctorate) and on a system of stereoscopic television based on lenticular vertical scanning.
    In 1936 he moved to England and sold the TV patent to Marconi for £250. Unable to find a job, he carried out experiments in his rooms in a Hampstead boarding-house; after making circuits using strip wires mounted on bakelite sheet, he filed his first printed-circuit patent that year. He then tried to find ways of printing the circuits, but without success. Obtaining a post with Odeon Theatres, he invented a sound-level control for films and devised a mirror-drum continuous-film projector, but with the outbreak of war in 1939, when the company was evacuated, he chose to stay in London and was interned for a while. Released in 1941, he began work with Henderson and Spalding, a firm of lithographic printers, to whom he unwittingly assigned all future patents for the paltry sum of £1. In due course he perfected a means of printing conducting circuits and on 3 February 1943 he filed three patents covering the process. The British Ministry of Defence rejected the idea, considering it of no use for military equipment, but after he had demonstrated the technique to American visitors it was enthusiastically taken up in the US for making proximity fuses, of which many millions were produced and used for the war effort. Subsequently the US Government ruled that all air-borne electronic circuits should be printed.
    In the late 1940s the Instrument Department of Henderson and Spalding was split off as Technograph Printed Circuits Ltd, with Eisler as Technical Director. In 1949 he filed a further patent covering a multilayer system; this was licensed to Pye and the Telegraph Condenser Company. A further refinement, patented in the 1950s, the use of the technique for telephone exchange equipment, but this was subsequently widely infringed and although he negotiated licences in the USA he found it difficult to license his ideas in Europe. In the UK he obtained finance from the National Research and Development Corporation, but they interfered and refused money for further development, and he eventually resigned from Technograph. Faced with litigation in the USA and open infringement in the UK, he found it difficult to establish his claims, but their validity was finally agreed by the Court of Appeal (1969) and the House of Lords (1971).
    As a freelance inventor he filed many other printed-circuit patents, including foil heating films and batteries. When his Patent Agents proved unwilling to fund the cost of filing and prosecuting Complete Specifications he set up his own company, Eisler Consultants Ltd, to promote food and space heating, including the use of heated cans and wallpaper! As Foil Heating Ltd he went into the production of heating films, the process subsequently being licensed to Thermal Technology Inc. in California.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1953, "Printed circuits: some general principles and applications of the foil technique", Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers 13: 523.
    1959, The Technology of Printed Circuits: The Foil Technique in Electronic Production.
    1984–5, "Reflections of my life as an inventor", Circuit World 11:1–3 (a personal account of the development of the printed circuit).
    1989, My Life with the Printed Circuit, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Eisler, Paul

  • 118 Halske, Johann Georg

    [br]
    b. 30 July 1814 Hamburg, Germany
    d. 18 March 1890 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    German engineer who introduced precision methods into the manufacture of electrical equipment; co-founder of Siemens \& Halske.
    [br]
    Halske moved to Berlin when he was a young man, and in 1844 was working for the university, at first independently and then jointly with F. Bötticher, developing and building electric medical appliances. In 1845 he met Werner von Siemens and together they became founder members of the Berlin Physics Society. It was in Halske's workshop that Siemens, assisted by the skill of the former, was able to work out his inventions in telegraphy. In 1847 the two men entered into partnership to manufacture telegraph equipment, laying the foundations of the successful firm of Siemens \& Halske. At the outset, before Werner von Siemens gave up his army career, Halske acted as the sole manager of the firm and was also involved in testing the products. Inventions they developed included electric measuring instruments and railway signalling equipment, and they installed many telegraph lines, notably those for the Russian Government. When gutta-percha became available on the market, the two men soon developed an extrusion process for applying this new material to copper conductors. To the disappointment of Halske, who was opposed to mass production, the firm introduced series production and piece wages in 1857. The expansion of the business, particularly into submarine cable laying, caused some anxiety to Halske, who left the firm on amicable terms in 1867. He then worked for a few years developing the Arts and Crafts Museum in Berlin and became a town councillor.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    S. von Weihr and H.Götzeler, 1983, The Siemens Company. Its Historical Role in the Progress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1983, Berlin (provides a full account).
    Neue Deutsche Biographie, 1966, Vol. 7, Berlin, pp. 572–3.
    S.von Weiher, 1972–3, "The Siemens brothers, pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45:1–11.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Halske, Johann Georg

  • 119 Holt, Benjamin

    [br]
    b. 1 January 1849 Concord, New Hampshire, USA
    d. 5 December 1924 Stockton, California, USA
    [br]
    American machinery manufacturer responsible for the development of the Caterpillar tractor and for early developments in combine harvesters.
    [br]
    In 1864 Charles Henry Holt led three other brothers to California in response to the gold rush. In 1868 he founded C.H.Holt \& Co. in San Francisco with the help of his brothers Williams and Ames. The company dealt in timber as well as wagon and carriage materials, as did the business they had left behind in Concord in the care of their youngest brother, Benjamin. In 1883 Benjamin joined the others in California and together they formed the Stockton Wheel Company with offices in San Francisco and Stockton. The brothers recognized the potential of combine harvesters and purchased a number of patents, enlarged their works and began to experiment. Their first combine was produced in 1886, and worked for forty-six days that year. With the stimulus of Benjamin Holt the company produced the first hillside combine in 1891 and introduced the concept of belt drive. The Holt harvesting machine produced in 1904 was the first to use an auxiliary gas engine. By 1889 Benjamin was sole family executive. In 1890 the company produced its first traction engine. He began experimenting with track-laying machines, building his first in 1904. It was this machine which earned the nickname "Caterpillar", which has remained the company trade name to the present day. In 1906 thecompany produced its first gasoline-engined Caterpillar, and the first production model was introduced two years later. The development of Caterpillar tractors had a significant impact on the transport potential of the Allies during the First World War, and the Holt production of track-laying traction engines was of immense importance to the supply of the armed forces. In 1918 Benjamin Holt was still actively involved in the company, but he died in Stockton in 1920.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.A.Payne (ed.), 1982, Benjamin Holt: The Story of the Caterpillar Tractor, Stockton, Calif: University of the Pacific (provides an illustrated account of the life of Holt and the company he formed).
    R.Jones, "Benjamin Holt and the Caterpillar tractor", Vintage Tractor Magazine 1st special vol.
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Holt, Benjamin

  • 120 Poniatoff, Alexander Mathew

    [br]
    b. 25 March 1892 Kazan District, Russia
    d. 24 October 1980
    [br]
    Russian (naturalized American in 1932) electrical engineer responsible for the development of the professional tape recorder and the first commercially-successful video tape recorder (VTR).
    [br]
    Poniatoff was educated at the University of Kazan, the Imperial College in Moscow, and the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe, gaining degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering. He was in Germany when the First World War broke out, but he managed to escape back to Russia, where he served as an Air Force pilot with the Imperial Russian Navy. During the Russian Revolution he was a pilot with the White Russian Forces, and escaped into China in 1920; there he found work as an assistant engineer in the Shanghai Power Company. In 1927 he immigrated to the USA, becoming a US citizen in 1932. He obtained a post in the research and development department of the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York, and later at Dalmo Victor, San Carlos, California. During the Second World War he was involved in the development of airborne radar for the US Navy.
    In 1944, taking his initials to form the title, Poniatoff founded the AMPEX Corporation to manufacture components for the airborne radar developed at General Electric, but in 1946 he turned to the production of audio tape recorders developed from the German wartime Telefunken Magnetophon machine (the first tape recorder in the truest sense). In this he was supported by the entertainer Bing Crosby, who needed high-quality replay facilities for broadcasting purposes, and in 1947 he was able to offer a professional-quality product and the business prospered.
    With the rapid post-war boom in television broadcasting in the USA, a need soon arose for a video recorder to provide "time-shifting" of live TV programmes between the different US time zones. Many companies therefore endeavoured to produce a video tape recorder (VTR) using the same single-track, fixed-head, longitudinal-scan system used for audio, but the very much higher bandwidth required involved an unacceptably high tape-speed. AMPEX attempted to solve the problem by using twelve parallel tracks and a machine was demonstrated in 1952, but it proved unsatisfactory.
    The development team, which included Charles Ginsburg and Ray Dolby, then devised a four-head transverse-scan system in which a quadruplex head rotating at 14,400 rpm was made to scan across the width of a 2 in. (5 cm) tape with a tape-to-head speed of the order of 160 ft/sec (about 110 mph; 49 m/sec or 176 km/h) but with a longitudinal tape speed of only 15 in./sec (0.38 m/sec). In this way, acceptable picture quality was obtained with an acceptable tape consumption. Following a public demonstration on 14 April 1956, commercial produc-tion of studio-quality machines began to revolutionize the production and distribution of TV programmes, and the perfecting of time-base correctors which could stabilize the signal timing to a few nanoseconds made colour VTRs a practical proposition. However, AMPEX did not rest on its laurels and in the face of emerging competition from helical scan machines, where the tracks are laid diagonally on the tape, the company was able to demonstrate its own helical machine in 1957. Another development was the Videofile system, in which 250,000 pages of facsimile could be recorded on a single tape, offering a new means of archiving information. By 1986, quadruplex VTRs were obsolete, but Poniatoff's role in making television recording possible deserves a place in history.
    Poniatoff was President of AMPEX Corporation until 1955 and then became Chairman of the Board, a position he held until 1970.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Abrahamson, 1953, "A short history of television recording", Part I, JSMPTE 64:73; 1973, Part II, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 82:188 (provides a fuller background).
    Audio Biographies, 1961, ed. G.A.Briggs, Wharfedale Wireless Works, pp. 255–61 (contains a few personal details about Poniatoff's escape from Germany to join the Russian Navy).
    E.Larsen, 1971, A History of Invention.
    Charles Ginsburg, 1981, "The horse or the cowboy. Getting television on tape", Journal of the Royal Television Society 18:11 (a brief account of the AMPEX VTR story).
    KF / GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Poniatoff, Alexander Mathew

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  • Factors of production — In economics, factors of production means inputs and finished goods means output. Input determines the quantity of output i.e. output depends upon input. Input is the starting point and output is the end point of production process and such input …   Wikipedia

  • Movie production incentives in the United States — Many states provide financial incentives for film and television production. Movie production incentives are offered on a state by state basis throughout the United States to encourage in state film production. These incentives came about in the… …   Wikipedia

  • Coffee production in India — Coffee forests in India Coffee plantation in India …   Wikipedia

  • Christmas tree production in Canada — A grower in Waterloo, Nova Scotia prunes Balsam Fir trees in October Christmas tree production in Canada totals from 3 to 6 million trees annually.[citation needed] Trees are produced in many of the provinces of Canada but …   Wikipedia

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