-
41 ip
1) Общая лексика: instrument power cable2) Авиация: промежуточное давление3) Медицина: In Patient, Independent Practice, Intense Pain, внутрибрюшинный, интраперитонеальный, ПИУ (полностью имплантируемое устройство - implanted port)4) Американизм: Increased Productivity, Institutional Program5) Военный термин: Imagery Processing, Immediate Permanent Incapacitation Dose, Implementation Procedure, Informal Processing, Information Processor, Initial Production, Initiatives Program, Instrumentation Point, Intelligence Problem, Intelligence Processing, Internal Protocol, identification of position (с помощью аппаратуры опознавания ЛА), identification peculiarity, identification point, impact point, impact predictor, implementation of plan, improvement program, in process, in progress, inactive pay, incentive pay, index of performance, indicator panel, industrial participation, industrial preparedness, industrial production, infrared passive, initial phase, initial point, initial position, initial post, installation procedure, instruction pamphlet, instructor pilot, instrument panel, instrumentation papers, intelligence police, intercept point, issuing point, Initial Point (bombing)6) Техника: input, inspection procedure, instrument package, Степень защиты7) Сельское хозяйство: Inorganic Phosphorus8) Математика: Imaginary Part, по вероятности (in probability), целочисленное программирование (integer programming)9) Религия: Inspired People10) Метеорология: Invisible Particles11) Юридический термин: Identity Preserved, Interesting Persons, ИС (Intellectual Property, интеллектуальная собственность)12) Фармакология: Indian Pharmacopoeia13) Страхование: installment paid14) Грубое выражение: Idiot Proof15) Музыка: Iambic Pentameter16) Оптика: indium phosphide17) Политика: Clipperton Island18) Телекоммуникации: Intelligent Peripheral (AIN), Internet Protocol (IETF)19) Сокращение: Impact Point (missile), Initial Point (bombing term), Initial Provisioning, Innings Pitched, Intellectual Property, Intelligent Peripheral (computer network), Intermediate Point, Intermediate Processor (communications), in possession, instruction plate, interchangeable solid and screen panels, interpost, iron pipe, Induced Polarization, Information Provider, Initial Pressure, intraperitoneal20) Университет: Interesting Point21) Физика: Induced Potential, Interaction Point, ignition point22) Физиология: InterPhalangeal, Intra- Peritoneal23) Вычислительная техника: identification of position, image processor, in-house publishing, in-plant publishing, insertion point, instruction pointer, instruction pulse, integrated processes, intelligent peripheral, interrupt pointer, interrupt priority, interrupt processor, item processing, самый важный из всех протоколов, на котором основана Internet (Через этот протокол осуществляется прямое подключение к Internet), Intelligent Peripheral (IN), Information Provider (Telephony), Instruction Pointer (register, CPU, Intel, Assembler), Internet Protocol (version 4, RFC 791), архитектура системы обработки информации, интегрированный адаптер печатающего устройства, указатель команд24) Литература: International President25) Нефть: induced polarization method, initial potential, ionization potential, isoprenoid, the degree of ingress protection provided by enclosures to IEC 60529, вызванная поляризация (induced polarization), метод вызванной поляризации (induced polarization), начальное давление (initial pressure), начальный дебит (скважины, initial production), степень защиты, обеспечиваемая оболочками26) Биохимия: Imipramine27) Связь: internetwork protocol28) Банковское дело: очередной взнос уплачен (instalment paid)29) Геофизика: ВП30) Фирменный знак: International Pharmaceuticals, Internet Provider, Island Pacific (formerly SVI Solutions, Inc.)31) Патенты: интеллектуальная собственность (Intellectual Property)32) Деловая лексика: Implementable Projects, Incredible Price, Independent Patent33) Бурение: начальный дебит скважины (initial production), initial production (usually describing an initial production test)34) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: International Protection, Internet protocol Internet-протокол, immediate pressure, index of protection ("degrees of protection provided by enclosures"), intelligent pig, international practices, Inspection Plan35) Нефтегазовая техника Институт нефти (Великобритания, Institute of Petroleum), начальный потенциальный дебит скважины36) Инвестиции: instalment paid37) Сетевые технологии: Internet Packet, image processing, information processing, источник информации, межсетевой протокол, обработка информации, industrial protocol38) ЕБРР: individual project39) Полимеры: Institute of Petroleum, intermediate pressure, internal pressure40) Программирование: Instructional Pointer41) Контроль качества: integer programming42) Сахалин Ю: ingress protection43) Макаров: initial potential, interface processor, потенциал ионизации44) Военно-воздушные силы: соглашение о "честной игре" (integrity pact)45) Интернет: Internet Protocol46) Расширение файла: Data (Interactive Physics), Inspection Procedures (NRC Inspection Manual)47) Каспий: ingress protection-защита от несанкционированного доступа, защита от взлома48) Электротехника: пылеводозащищённость (ingress protection)49) Исследования и разработки (НИОКР): investigational product50) Компьютерные игры: инди-проект51) Майкрософт: протокол IP52) Общественная организация: India Partners53) NYSE. International Paper Company54) Федеральное бюро расследований: Indianapolis Field Office -
42 matrix
1) мат. матрица || матричный2) форма, шаблон4) растр5) решётка6) таблица7) геол. материнская порода, основная масса ( породы)8) основа кристаллического вещества; кристаллическая решётка•- absolutely equivalent matrices - adjoint matrices - almost perfect matrix - almost periodic matrix - almost superdiagonal matrix - associative matrix - birth-death coefficient matrix - cocycle matrix - commutative matrix - commute matrices - commuting matrix - complex conjugate matrix - compound matrix - conjunctive matrices - consistently ordered matrix - constituent matrices - deficient matrix - doubly degenerated matrix - doubly stochastic matrix - encoding matrix - essentially positive matrix - magnetic core matrix - matrix of linear transformation - multiplicatively cogredient matrix - multiply degenerate matrix - mutually consistent matrices - nearly triangular matrix - negatively semidefinite matrix - nonnegatively semidefinite matrix - orthogonally similar matrices - positively definite matrix - positively semidefinite matrix - regularly partitioned matrix - strictly upper triangular matrix - strongly equivalent matrices - totally nonnegative matrix - totally positive matrix - totally unimodular matrix - uniformly tapered matrix - vertex incidence matrix - vertically symmetrical matrix - weakly cyclic matrix -
43 standard
1. n знамя, флаг, штандарт2. n стандарт, норма; образец3. n уровень4. n моральные и социальные нормыhe has no standards — он не понимает, что хорошо и что плохо
5. n критерий6. n эталон, единица измерения7. n денежный стандартbe below the standard — быть ниже нормы; быть ниже стандарта
8. n тех. нормаль; нормативdiscretionary standard — дискреционная, диспозитивная норма
contractual standard — норматив, предусмотренный договором
standard output — производственная норма; норма выработки
9. n проба10. n класс11. n разг. рост12. n средний размер; размер для стандартной фигуры13. n непременный номер в программе14. a нормальный, стандартный, соответствующий установленному образцу15. a общепринятый, нормативный, образцовый16. a образцовый, классический; выдержавший проверку временем17. a средний, нормальныйstandard fitting — средний размер ; размер для стандартной фигуры
18. a отвечающий санитарному стандартуabove the standard — быть выше нормы; быть выше стандарта
19. n стойка; подставка; опора20. n амер. столб21. n тех. стояк22. n тех. воен. станина; опорная сошка23. n тех. штамбовое растение24. n тех. лес. подрост25. n тех. бот. флаг, парус26. a стоячий27. a штамбовыйСинонимический ряд:1. official (adj.) authoritative; conclusive; official; sanctioned2. regular (adj.) approved; average; basic; conventional; normal; orthodox; regular; regulation; routine; sample; stock; typical3. assize (noun) assize4. basis (noun) archetype; basis; beau ideal; benchmark; criterion; ensample; example; exemplar; gauge; ideal; mark; measure; mirror; model; paradigm; pattern; phenomenon; requirement; rule; sample; test; touchstone; yardstick5. flag (noun) banderole; banner; bannerol; burgee; color; colours; emblem; ensign; flag; gonfalon; gonfanon; jack; oriflamme; pendant; pennant; pennon; streamer; symbol6. norm (noun) norm; ordinary; usual7. support (noun) bar; rod; support; timber; uprightАнтонимический ряд: -
44 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
См. также в других словарях:
proof-test — ˈ ̷ ̷ˌ ̷ ̷ transitive verb : to fire proof loads in (a firearm) * * * proof test «PROOF TEHST», transitive verb. to subject (a product or material) to a conclusive test of its capacities or condition: »to proof test a missile or a nuclear reactor … Useful english dictionary
Product liability — is the area of law in which manufacturers, distributors, suppliers, retailers, and others who make products available to the public are held responsible for the injuries those products cause. Product liability in the United StatesIn the United… … Wikipedia
Proof of concept — is a short and/or incomplete realization (or ) of a certain method or idea(s) to demonstrate its feasibility, or a demonstration in principle, whose purpose is to verify that some concept or theory is probably capable of exploitation in a useful… … Wikipedia
Proof of impossibility — A proof of impossibility, sometimes called a negative proof or negative result , is a proof demonstrating that a particular problem cannot be solved, or cannot be solved in general. Often proofs of impossibility have put to rest decades or… … Wikipedia
Proof that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges — In the third century BC, Euclid proved the existence of infinitely many prime numbers. In the 18th century, Leonhard Euler proved a stronger statement: the sum of the reciprocals of all prime numbers diverges. Here, we present a number of proofs… … Wikipedia
Lucas–Lehmer test for Mersenne numbers — This article is about the Lucas–Lehmer test (LLT), that only applies to Mersenne numbers. There is also a Lucas Lehmer Riesel test for numbers of the form N=k 2^n 1, with 2^n > k, based on the LLT: see Lucas Lehmer Riesel test. There is also a… … Wikipedia
Statistical proof — The term statistical proof has several uses, both technically and colloquially. * Data analysis and statistics mdash; When mathematical statistics is used to provide a mathematical proof of a proposition regarding the probability of data under… … Wikipedia
Mathematical proof — In mathematics, a proof is a convincing demonstration (within the accepted standards of the field) that some mathematical statement is necessarily true.[1][2] Proofs are obtained from deductive reasoning, rather than from inductive or empirical… … Wikipedia
Dot product — Scalar product redirects here. For the abstract scalar product, see Inner product space. For the operation on complex vector spaces, see Hermitian form. For the product of a vector and a scalar, see scalar multiplication. In mathematics, the dot… … Wikipedia
Quantum mechanical Bell test prediction — In physics, the quantum mechanical Bell test prediction is the prediction that quantum mechanics would give for the correlation probabilities for a set of measurements performed on a quantum entangled state. An important outcome of this… … Wikipedia
Drug test — For other uses, see Drug testing (disambiguation). Drug test Diagnostics To minimize opportunities for tampering, a direct line of sight between the observer and the specimen bottle must be maintained during collection of a urine sample … Wikipedia