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121 Godowsky, Leopold Jr
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 27 May 1900 Chicago, Illinois, USA d. 1983[br]American musician and photographic experimenter whose researches, with those of his colleague Mannes, led to the introduction of the first commercial tripack colour film, Kodachrome.[br]Both from distinguished musical families, Godowsky and Leopold Damrosch Mannes met at Riverdale School in New York in 1916, and shared an interest in photography. They began experiments in methods of additive colour photography, gaining a patent for a three-colour projector. Godowsky went to the University of California to study chemistry, physics and mathematics, while working as a professional violinist; Mannes, a pianist, went to Harvard to study music and physics. They kept in touch, and after graduating they joined up in New York, working as musicians and experimenting in colour photography in their spare time.Initially working in kitchens and bathrooms, they succeeded in creating a two-layer colour photographic plate, with emulsions separately sensitized to parts of the spectrum, and patented the process. This achievement was all the greater since they were unable to make the emulsions themselves and had to resort to buying commercial photographic plates so that they could scrape off the emulsions, remelt them and coat their experimental materials. In 1922 their work came to the attention of C.E.K. Mees, the leading photographic scientist and Director of the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratory in Rochester, New York. Mees arranged for plates to be coated to their specifications. With a grant from Kuhn, Loeb \& Co. they were able to rent laboratory space. Learning of Rudolf Fischer's early work on dye couplers, they worked to develop a new process incorporating them. Mees saw that their work, however promising, would not develop in an amateur laboratory, and in 1930 he invited them to join the Kodak Research Laboratory, where they arrived on 15 June 1931. Their new colleagues worked on ways of coating multi-layer film, while Mannes and Godowsky worked out a method of separately processing the individual layers in the exposed film. The result was Kodachrome film, the first of the modern integral tripack films, launched on 15 April 1935.They remained with Eastman Kodak until December 1939; their work contributed to the later appearance of Ektachrome colour-reversal film and the Kodacolor and Eastman Color negative-positive colour processes. Mannes became the Director of his father's Music Academy in New York, remaining as such until his death in 1964. Godowsky returned to Westport, Connecticut, and continued to study mathematics at Columbia University. He carried out photographic research un his private laboratory up until the time of his death in 1983.[br]Further ReadingC.E.K.Mees, 1961, From Dry Plates to Ektachrome Film, New York.BC -
122 Rillieux, Norbert
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1800 New Orleans, Louisiana, USAd. 1894 France[br]African-American inventor of a sugar-evaporation process.[br]A free black, he was the son of Vincent Rillieux, a white engineer, and Constance Vivant, a quadroon. The family was prosperous enough to send him to France to be educated, at the Ecole Centrale in Paris. There he studied engineering and later taught mechanical engineering, developing a special interest in thermodynamics and steampower. In 1830 he devised a vacuum evaporation system with industrial possibilities, but he was unable to interest any French firms in the device. He therefore returned to New Orleans and ob-tained his first patent in 1843. Two years later he was able to have the evaporation system installed on a plantation to refine sugar. It soon demonstrated its worth, for planters were able to recoup the cost of the plant within a year through raised production and reduced operating costs. It came to be the generally accepted method for processing sugar-cane juice, and the price of refined sugar fell so that white sugar ceased to be a luxury food for the rich.Rillieux's patents protected him from repeated efforts to counterfeit the process, which thus earned him considerable wealth. However, because of increasing hostility and discriminatory laws against blacks in New Orleans, he did not long enjoy it and he returned to France, taking up the study of egyptology.[br]Further ReadingP.P.James, 1989, The Real McCoy: AfricanAmerican Invention and Innovation 1619– 1930, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 41–3.LRD -
123 CPM
CPM, central processing module————————CPM, combat air patrol missionвылет на боевое воздушное патрулирование, задача боевого воздушного патруля————————CPM, command processor module————————CPM, command program memorandum————————CPM, critical path methodEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > CPM
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124 DPM
DPM, data processing machine————————DPM, Defense program memorandum————————DPM, Department Personnel Manual————————DPM, deputy program manager————————DPM, Бр Deputy Provost Marshal————————DPM, designated for prompt mobilization————————DPM, development proposal manager————————DPM, digital plotter map————————DPM, direct procurement method————————DPM, Draft Presidential Memorandum————————DPM, dual-purpose missileEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > DPM
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125 MOP
MOP, manner of performance————————MOP, manual operations panel————————MOP, manual override panel————————MOP, measure of performanceпоказатель [критерий] выполнения (задачи)————————MOP, medical outpatient————————MOP, Memorandum of Policyмеморандум по вопросам политики (напр. в области электроники)————————MOP, message output processing————————MOP, method of preparation————————MOP, mission operations plan————————MOP, mobility operating procedure————————MOP, mode of operation————————MOP, model operational plan————————MOP, monitor(ing) panelпульт контроля, контрольный пульт [щиток]————————MOP, mustering-out payEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > MOP
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126 FIFO
A method for processing a queue in which items in the queue are removed in the same order in which they were added. -
127 IP allow list
"A list of IP addresses that are considered ""safe"" by an authority. IP addresses in this list are allowed access to a given resource or web service and are thereby excluded from further processing of access control policies that would otherwise be used to determine the validity of that clients request for access. For example, an IP allow list can be used to exclude a trusted set of clients from needing to use a second-factor of authentication to sign in to a web service, while other clients that are not in the list would have no other choice but to provide a second-factor method to be successfully authenticated."
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