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21 system
1) система || системный3) вчт операционная система; программа-супервизор5) вчт большая программа6) метод; способ; алгоритм•system halted — "система остановлена" ( экранное сообщение об остановке компьютера при наличии серьёзной ошибки)
- CPsystem- H-system- h-system- hydrogen-air/lead battery hybrid system- Ksystem- Lsystem- L*a*b* system- master/slave computer system- p-system- y-system- Δ-system -
22 Tompion, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]baptized 25 July 1639 Ickwell Green, Englandd. 20 November 1713 London, England[br]English clock-and watchmaker of great skill and ingenuity who laid the foundations of his country's pre-eminence in that field.[br]Little is known about Tompion's early life except that he was born into a family of blacksmiths. When he was admitted into the Clockmakers' Company in 1671 he was described as a "Great Clockmaker", which meant a maker of turret clocks, and as these clocks were made of wrought iron they would have required blacksmithing skills. Despite this background, he also rapidly established his reputation as a watchmaker. In 1674 he moved to premises in Water Lane at the sign of "The Dial and Three Crowns", where his business prospered and he remained for the rest of his life. Assisted by journeymen and up to eleven apprentices at any one time, the output from his workshop was prodigious, amounting to over 5,000 watches and 600 clocks. In his lifetime he was famous for his watches, as these figures suggest, but although they are of high quality they do not differ markedly from those produced by other London watchmakers of that period. He is now known more for the limited number of elaborate clocks that he produced, such as the equation clock and the spring-driven clock of a year's duration, which he made for William III. Around 1711 he took into partnership his nephew by marriage, George Graham, who carried on the business after his death.Although Tompion does not seem to have been particularly innovative, he lived at a time when great advances were being made in horology, which his consummate skill as a craftsman enabled him to exploit. In this he was greatly assisted by his association with Robert Hooke, for whom Tompion constructed a watch with a balance spring in 1675; at that time Hooke was trying to establish his priority over Huygens for this invention. Although this particular watch was not successful, it made Tompion aware of the potential of the balance spring and he became the first person in England to apply Huygens's spiral spring to the balance of a watch. Although Thuret had constructed such a watch somewhat earlier in France, the superior quality of Tompion's wheel work, assisted by Hooke's wheel-cutting engine, enabled him to dominate the market. The anchor escapement (which reduced the amplitude of the pendulum's swing) was first applied to clocks around this time and produced further improvements in accuracy which Tompion and other makers were able to utilize. However, the anchor escapement, like the verge escapement, produced recoil (the clock was momentarily driven in reverse). Tompion was involved in attempts to overcome this defect with the introduction of the dead-beat escapement for clocks and the horizontal escapement for watches. Neither was successful, but they were both perfected later by George Graham.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMaster of the Clockmakers' Company 1703.Bibliography1695, with William Houghton and Edward Barlow, British patent no. 344 (for a horizontal escapement).Further ReadingR.W.Symonds, 1951, Thomas Tompion, His Life and Work, London (a comprehensive but now slightly dated account).H.W.Robinson and W.Adams (eds), 1935, The Diary of Robert Hooke (contains many references to Tompion).D.Howse, 1970, The Tompion clocks at Greenwich and the dead-beat escapement', Antiquarian Horology 7:18–34, 114–33.DV -
23 control
1) управление; регулирование || управлять; регулировать2) контроль || контролировать || контрольный3) устройство [орган] управления4) управление, управляющее воздействие5) управляющий элемент, элемент управления (см. OLE control, ActiveX control)•- accuracy control
- address boundary control
- advanced sacked job control
- analog stop control
- anticipatory control
- bang-bang control
- beam control
- bilateral control
- blanking control
- brightness control
- built-in control
- carriage control
- casual control
- channel control
- closed cycle control
- closed loop control
- communications control
- compensator control
- computed path control
- concurrency control
- concurrent-operations control
- congestion control
- contrast control
- coordinated control
- coprocessor control
- cursor control
- dash control
- data-initiated control
- data-path control
- deadbeat adaptive control
- defined limit control
- demand-limit control
- derivative control
- differential control
- digital control
- direct control
- direct digital control
- discontinuous control
- distributed control
- distribution control
- drive control
- dual-mode control
- dynamic control
- encoded control
- end-to-end-flow control
- exclusive control
- expert control
- extracode control
- feed control
- feedback control
- feedforward control
- fine control
- finger-tip control
- floating control
- flow control
- format control
- framing control
- frequency-shaped control
- front panel control
- graphic attention control
- graphic numerical control
- hierarchical control
- hop-by-hop flow control
- H-position control
- H-size control
- I/O control
- implemental plotter control
- independent control
- indirect control
- industrial process control
- industrial control
- inference control
- inferential control
- input/output control
- integral control
- integrated control
- intelligent control
- interacting control
- interactive control
- intermittent control
- interrupt control
- interrupt-driven control
- job flow control
- job-processing control
- keyboard control
- light pen control
- link control
- local control
- logical control
- loop control
- magnetic-tape control
- main control
- manual control
- master control
- memory control
- memory stored control
- microprogramming control
- model reference adaptive control
- model-following control
- modulo N control
- multicircuit control
- multilevel control
- multipath control
- multiple-loop control
- multiprogramming control
- multivariable control
- multivariate control
- noncorresponding control
- numerical control
- numeric control
- off-line control
- on-line control
- on-off control
- open-loop control
- operating control
- optimizing control
- orthotronic error control
- parameter adaptive control
- pass control
- path control
- pen control
- peripheral control
- plugged control
- point-to-point control
- position control
- power control
- priority control
- process control
- production control
- production yield control
- program control
- program execution control
- programmed control
- programmed numerical control
- proportional control
- proportional-plus-floating control
- protocol control
- pulse control
- push-button control
- ramp control
- rate control
- ratio control
- reaction control
- real-time control
- reflex-based control
- regulatory control
- remote control
- replica control
- resource-sharing control
- retarded control
- retort control
- ringing control
- robotics control
- rudimentary automatic control
- self-acting control
- self-operated control
- sensitivity control
- sensor-based control
- sensor control
- sequence control
- sequential control
- sequential stacked job control
- servo control
- servo-operated control
- shared control
- side pin control
- sight control
- sign control
- single-loop control
- slide control
- split-cycle control
- stacked job control
- stacker select control
- statistical control
- statistic control
- step control
- step-by-step control
- stepless control
- stock control
- supervisory control
- symbiont control
- syntactic control
- task control
- terminal control
- termination control
- time-variable control
- timing control
- traffic control
- transaction control
- tree-structured control
- tri-state control
- uncoordinated control
- up-down control
- upsetting control
- version control
- voice control
- V-position control
- V-size control
- widow and orphan controlEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > control
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24 network
1) (вычислительная) сеть (см. тж net)2) схема•- activity network
- ad hoc network
- adder network
- adding network
- adjustment network
- analog network
- aperiodic network
- arbitration network
- artificial neuron network
- backbone network
- balancing network
- baseband network
- baseline network
- bearer network
- bilateral network
- bluetooth network
- bluetooth voice network
- bridged-T network
- broadcasting network
- bus network
- business-communications network
- campus network
- carrier band network
- centralized network
- circuit-switched network
- circuit network
- closed network
- code slotted network
- coding network
- collapsed backbone network
- combinatorial network
- communication computers network
- computer network
- concentrator network
- connectionless network
- connection-oriented network
- consistent network
- controller area network
- corrective network
- coupling network
- cube-connected network
- cube network
- cube-connected-cycles network
- daisy chain network
- data bank network
- data communications network
- data transportation network
- datacom network
- data-transmission network
- decentralized network
- decoding network
- delay network
- despotic network
- dial-up network
- digital network
- direct-linked network
- distributed backbone network
- distributed function network
- distributed intelligence network
- distributed network
- distributed processing network
- dual network
- elemental network
- expert network
- facsimile network
- feedforward network
- four-terminal network
- fully connected network
- fuzzy-constraint network
- generalized network
- heterogeneous computer network
- hierarchical computer network
- hierarchical network
- high-bandwidth network
- high-degree network
- high-flux network
- highway network
- home-area network
- homogeneous computer network
- host-based network
- inconsistent network
- information network
- integrated services network
- integrated service network
- intelligent network
- interruption network
- IP-routed network
- irredundant network
- iterated network
- knowledge information network
- ladder network
- large-grained network
- leased line network
- local area network
- local network - lumped network
- matching network
- mesh interconnection network
- mesh network
- meshed network
- metropolitain network
- mixed backbone network
- mixed network- monochannel computer network- monochannel network - multiple-work-station network
- multipoint network - multistation network
- multiterminal network
- nearest neighbour network
- network with gains
- neural network
- n-node-fault testable network
- nonpartitionable network
- nonuniform network
- N-port network
- office network
- one-port network
- packet network
- packet switched network
- partitionable network
- passive network
- pass-through network
- PCS network
- peer-to-peer network
- perceptual network
- personal-computer network
- phase-shifting network
- phase-shift network
- planar network
- point-to-point network
- port-to-port network
- power distribution network
- priority network
- private line network
- process network
- propositional network
- public data network
- public network
- public-swithced network
- pulse-forming network
- queueing network
- radio-access network
- reciprocal network
- recognition network
- regional computer network
- regional network
- resistance network
- resistance-capacitance network
- resource-sharing network
- ring-topology network
- ring network
- satellite meshed network
- semantic network
- service-driven network
- shaping network
- shuffle-exchange network
- single-site network
- social network
- star-type network
- star network
- star-wired network
- Steiner network
- stereotype network
- switched message network
- switched network
- switching network
- systolic network
- teleprocessing network
- teletype network
- terrestrial network
- tightly coupled network
- token-bus-based network
- token-passing network
- transit network
- transition network
- transport network
- two-port network
- two-terminal network
- undirected network
- unilateral network
- value-added network
- virtual call network
- virtual-datagram network
- virtual-transport network
- weighted-resistor network
- well-behaved network
- wide-area network
- wireless networkEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > network
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25 structure
1) структура || структурировать2) C++ структура (класс, объявленный с ключевым словом struct; его члены и базовые классы являются public по умолчанию)3) устройство; схема; конструкция•- basic control structure
- bipolar structure
- blocked structure
- block structure
- bus organized structure
- byte structure
- case structure
- chain structure
- choice structure
- CMOS structure
- coexistence structure
- cognitive structure
- collapsed tree structure
- collecting structure
- complementary transistor structure
- computational structure
- continuous emitter structure
- control structure
- cycle structure
- data structure
- demon control structure
- diagnostic structure
- DMOS structure
- domain structure
- dot structure
- escape structure
- event-driven structure
- fault-stealing structure
- file structure
- functional structure
- honeycomb structure
- iconic structure
- if-else structure
- IMOS structure
- information structure
- inheritance structure
- instruction structure
- inverted TFT structure
- iterative structure
- language structure
- lateral structure
- lattice structure
- linked-list structure
- list structure
- logical structure
- low-level structure
- machine structure
- major structure
- MIS structure
- MNOS structure
- MNS structure
- MOS structure
- multilevel directory structure
- multilevel structure
- multipath ferrite structure
- multiple bus structure
- n-channel MOS structure
- nested structure
- network structure
- nonstrict structure
- parent-child structure
- p-channel MOS structure
- phrase structure
- planar structure
- priority structure
- probability structure
- process-rich structure
- recursive structure
- refinement structure
- relational structure
- ring structure
- robust data structure
- sandwich-like structure
- selective structure
- self-aligned gate MOS structure
- sentence structure
- sequential structure
- single-bus structure
- stable structure
- structure from motion
- structure from stereo
- structure from texture
- test structure
- time structure
- topological structure
- tree-type structure
- tree structure
- user structure
- vertical groove MOS structure - word structure
- word-level structure
- work breakdown structureEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > structure
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26 interrupt
= INT1) прерываниемеханизм, реализуемый в виде посылаемых центральному процессору специальных сигналов и микропрограмм, позволяющий ему реагировать на события внешнего мира (изменение состояния системы или самого ЦП) или особые состояния исполняемой в данный момент программы. Можно сказать, что прерывание - асинхронное внешнее или внутреннее событие, требующее от ЦП обслуживания, - оно может произойти во время исполнения машинной команды, до его начала или после завершения исполнения (см. instruction cycle). Прерывание, если оно принято процессором, вызывает прекращение обработки текущей программы, сохранение в стеке состояния процессора и регистров и передачу управления специальной программе обработки конкретного вида прерывания (ISR). По завершении обработки происходит восстановление состояния регистров и процессора и управление обычно возвращается прерванной программе. Существуют различные классы прерываний: аппаратные (hardware interrupt), программные (software interrupt), ввода-вывода (от дисководов, клавиатуры, последовательного порта, мыши и т. д.) и от таймера (timer interrupt). Различают прерывания маскируемые (maskable interrupt) и немаскируемые (nonmaskable interrupt), в зависимости от того, может ли быть отложено обслуживание конкретного вида прерываний. Например, нельзя маскировать прерывания по исчезновению питания и сбросу системы. Для ввода сигнала прерывания в процессор у него имеется один или несколько специализированных выводов (ножек), кроме того, схемы, формирующие сигнал прерывания могут выставлять на шине данных номер прерывания. Конкретная реализация системы прерываний - составная часть архитектуры процессора.Interrupts allow the microcontroller to interact with its environment. — Прерывания позволяют микроконтроллеру взаимодействовать со окружающим его оборудованием см. тж. clock interrupt, context switching, error interrupt, external interrupt, idle interrupt, internal interrupt, interprocessor interrupt, interrupt acknowledge, interrupt condition, interrupt controller, interrupt disable, interrupt dispatcher, interrupt-driven, interrupt enable, interrupt event, interrupt flag, interrupt handler, interrupt input, interrupt latency, interrupt level, interrupt line, interrupt list, interrupt mask, interrupt number, interrupt priority, interrupt response, interrupt source, interrupt trap, interrupt vector, INTR, I/O interrupt, IRET, IRQ, missed interrupt, multiple interrupts, nested interrupt, pending interrupt, vectored interrupt
2) прерыватьАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > interrupt
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27 set
1) набор; комплект- semiconductor assembly set - set of Belleville springs - set of conventional set - set of drawing instruments - set of gate patterns - set of gauge blocks - set of logical elements - set of statistical data - set of technical aids- snap set2) партия3) совокупность; множество4) установка; агрегат- desk telephone set - dial telephone set- gear set- local-battery telephone set - man-pack radio set - multi-operator welding set - sound-powered telephone set - wall telephone set5) регулировка; настройка || регулировать; настраивать6) группа; ансамбль7) класс; семейство9) схватывание || схватываться10) затвердевание || затвердевать11) крепление || закреплять12) геол. свита пород13) осадка (грунта) || оседать ( о грунте)14) радиоточка15) спорт сет16) включать, приводить в действие17) мат. множествоset closed under operation — множество, замкнутое относительно операции
- absolutely compact set - absolutely continuous set - absolutely convex set - absolutely irreducible set - absolutely measurable set - affinely independent set - affinely invariant set - algebraically independent set - almost finite set - almost full set - angular cluster set - asymptotically indecomposable set - at most denumerable set - centro-symmetric set - completely bounded set - completely continuous set - completely generating set - completely improper set - completely irreducible set - completely nonatomic set - completely normal set - completely ordered set - completely productive set - completely reducible set - completely separable set - constructively nonrecursive set - convexly independent set - countably infinite setto set aside — не учитывать, не принимать во внимание; откладывать
- cut set- cyclically ordered set - deductively inconsistent set - derived set - doubly well-ordered set - dual set of equations - dynamically disconnected set - effectively enumerable set - effectively generating set - effectively nonrecursive set - effectively simple set - enumeration reducible set - finely perfect set - finitely definite set - finitely measurable set- flat set- full set- fully reducible set - functionally closed set - functionally complete set - functionally open set - fundamental probability set - generalized almost periodic set- goal set- internally stable set- knot set- left directed set - left normal set - left-hand cluster set - linearly ordered set - local peak set - locally arcwise set - locally closed set - locally compact set - locally connected set - locally contractible set - locally convex set - locally finite set - locally invariant set - locally negligible set - locally null set - locally polar set - locally polyhedral set - metrically bounded set - metrically dense set - multiply ordered set - nearly analytic set - nearly closed set - nonvoid set - normally ordered set- null set- open in rays set - partitioned data set- peak set- pole set- positively homothetic set- pure set- radially open set - rationally independent set - recursively creative set - recursively indecomposable set - recursively isomorphic set - recursively productive set - regularly convex set - regularly situated sets - relatively closed set - relatively compact set - relatively dense set - relatively interpretable set - relatively open set - right normal set - right-hand cluster set- scar set- sequentially complete set - serially ordered set - set of elementary events - set of first category - set of first kind - set of first species - set of possible outcomes - set of probability null - set of second category - set of second species - shift invariant set - simply connected set - simply ordered set - simply transitive set- skew set- star set- strongly bounded set - strongly closed set - strongly compact set - strongly connected set - strongly convex set - strongly dependent set - strongly disjoint sets - strongly enumerable set - strongly independent set - strongly minimal set - strongly polar set - strongly reducible set - strongly separated set - strongly simple set - strongly stratified set- tame set- tautologically complete set - tautologically consistent set - tautologically inconsistent set- test set- thin set- tie set- time set- totally disconnected set - totally imperfect set - totally ordered set - totally primitive set - totally unimodular set - totally unordered set - truth-table reducible set - uniformly bounded set - uniformly continuous set - uniformly convergent set - uniformly integrable set - uniformly universal set - unilaterally connected set- unit set- vacuous set- void set- weakly compact set - weakly convex set - weakly n-dimensional set - weakly stratified set - weakly wandering set - well chained set - well founded set - well measurable set - well ordering set - well quasiordered set -
28 Tesla, Nikola
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 9 July 1856 Smiljan, Croatiad. 7 January 1943 New York, USA[br]Serbian (naturalized American) engineer and inventor of polyphase electrical power systems.[br]While at the technical institute in Graz, Austria, Tesla's attention was drawn to the desirability of constructing a motor without a commutator. He considered the sparking between the commutator and brushes of the Gramme machine when run as a motor a serious defect. In 1881 he went to Budapest to work on the telegraph system and while there conceived the principle of the rotating magnetic field, upon which all polyphase induction motors are based. In 1882 Tesla moved to Paris and joined the Continental Edison Company. After building a prototype of his motor he emigrated to the United States in 1884, becoming an American citizen in 1889. He left Edison and founded an independent concern, the Tesla Electric Company, to develop his inventions.The importance of Tesla's first patents, granted in 1888 for alternating-current machines, cannot be over-emphasized. They covered a complete polyphase system including an alternator and induction motor. Other patents included the polyphase transformer, synchronous motor and the star connection of three-phase machines. These were to become the basis of the whole of the modern electric power industry. The Westinghouse company purchased the patents and marketed Tesla motors, obtaining in 1893 the contract for the Niagara Falls two-phase alternators driven by 5,000 hp (3,700 kW) water turbines.After a short period with Westinghouse, Tesla resigned to continue his research into high-frequency and high-voltage phenomena using the Tesla coil, an air-cored transformer. He lectured in America and Europe on his high-frequency devices, enjoying a considerable international reputation. The name "tesla" has been given to the SI unit of magnetic-flux density. The induction motor became one of the greatest advances in the industrial application of electricity. A claim for priority of invention of the induction motor was made by protagonists of Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), whose discovery of rotating magnetic fields produced by alternating currents was made independently of Tesla's. Ferraris demonstrated the phenomenon but neglected its exploitation to produce a practical motor. Tesla himself failed to reap more than a small return on his work and later became more interested in scientific achievement than commercial success, with his patents being infringed on a wide scale.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAmerican Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1917. Tesla received doctorates from fourteen universities.Bibliography1 May 1888, American patent no. 381,968 (initial patent for the three-phase induction motor).1956, Nikola Tesla, 1856–1943, Lectures, Patents, Articles, ed. L.I.Anderson, Belgrade (selected works, in English).1977, My Inventions, repub. Zagreb (autobiography).Further ReadingM.Cheney, 1981, Tesla: Man Out of Time, New Jersey (a full biography). C.Mackechnie Jarvis, 1969, in IEE Electronics and Power 15:436–40 (a brief treatment).T.C.Martin, 1894, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, New York (covers his early work on polyphase systems).GW
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