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61 advertising
сущ.1) рекл. реклама (совокупность каких-л. рекламных объявлений; обычно употребляется с указанием места, где размещается данная реклама)Over 60 percent of alcohol advertising [on television\] is shown during sports programming
Asian governments have attempted to limit excessive consumptions by instituting strict control over the content and amount of advertising in the media.
Advertising [on buses\] is one of the important advertising means to which companies and establishments attach great importance because this type of advertisement is a mobile one seen by all.
two-thirds of the food and drink advertising for children under 12 — две трети всей рекламы продуктов питания для детей младше 12-ти лет
Last month, 10 companies that produce almost two-thirds of the food and drink advertising [for children\] under 12 agreed to start cutting back on advertising junk foods.
No person shall within the city distribute [printed\] advertising by placing it within or upon parked automobiles.
2) рекл. реклама, рекламирование (процесс осуществления рекламы; как правило, употребляется с указанием рекламируемого продукта)Alcohol advertising is the promotion of alcoholic beverages by alcohol producers through a variety of media.
the control of medicines advertising in the UK — контроль за рекламой лекарств в Соединенном Королевстве
ATTRIBUTES: accessory 2. 1), advance 3. 2), aerial 3. 1), agricultural, air 2. 1),
alternative 2. 3), ambient 1. 1), audiovisual, auxiliary 2. 1), block 1. 4) а), boastful, broadcast 2. 1), n1, classified 1. 1), commercial 1. 4) а), comparative, competing 1. 1) а), competitive 1. 2) а), concept 1. 2) а), consumer 1. 1) а), continuity 1. 1) а), controversial 1. 1) а), cooperative 2. 1), n2, coordinated, corporate 1. 2) а), б, corrective 1. 1), creative, deceptive, demographic, denigratory, dissipative, domestic 1. 2) а),
foreign 1) б), global, professional 1. 3) б), regional, repeat 3. 3) б), strategic, superior 3. 1) б), test 3. 3) б), traditional
Syn:See:accessory advertising, advance advertising, advocacy advertising, aerial advertising, agricultural advertising, air advertising, aisle advertising, alternative advertising, ambient advertising, analogy advertising, association advertising, audiovisual advertising, auxiliary advertising, bait advertising, bait and switch advertising, bait-and-switch advertising, bank advertising, banner advertising, bargain advertising, bargain-basement advertising, block advertising, boastful advertising, brand advertising, brand image advertising, brand name advertising, breakthrough advertising, broadcast advertising, burst advertising, business advertising, business paper advertising, business publication advertising, business-to-business advertising, car-card advertising, cause advertising, challenged advertising, charity advertising, children's advertising, cinema advertising, classified advertising, combative advertising, commercial advertising, comparative advertising, comparison advertising, competing advertising, competitive advertising, concept advertising, consumer advertising, continuity advertising, controversial advertising, co-op advertising, cooperative advertising, coordinated advertising, corporate advertising, corporate image advertising, corrective advertising, counter advertising, counteradvertising, coupon advertising, creative advertising, deceptive advertising, demographic advertising, demonstration advertising, denigratory advertising, direct advertising, direct response advertising, direct-action advertising, direct mail advertising, direct-mail advertising, directory advertising, display advertising, dissipative advertising, domestic advertising, door-to-door advertising, educational advertising, electric advertising, electrical advertising, e-mail based advertising, entertaining advertising, ethical advertising, export advertising, eye-catching advertising, factual advertising, false advertising, farm advertising, fashion advertising, film advertising, financial advertising, flexform advertising, follow-up advertising, foreign advertising, fraudulent advertising, full-page advertising, gender advertising, general advertising, generic advertising, global advertising, goodwill advertising, group advertising, hard-sell advertising, hard-selling advertising, heavy advertising, help wanted advertising, high-pressure advertising, house advertising, house-to-house advertising, idea advertising, illuminated advertising, image advertising, impact advertising, indirect action advertising, indirect-action advertising, individual advertising, indoor advertising, industrial advertising, information advertising, informational advertising, informative advertising, in-house advertising, initial advertising, innovative advertising, institutional advertising, in-store advertising, insurance advertising, international advertising, interstate advertising, introductory advertising, intrusive advertising, issue advertising, joint advertising, large-scale advertising, launch advertising, legal advertising, local advertising, mail advertising, mail-order advertising, mass advertising, mass-media advertising, media advertising, military advertising, misleading advertising, mobile advertising, mood advertising, movie theatre advertising, multimedia advertising, multinational advertising, national advertising, non-business advertising, non-commercial advertising, novelty advertising, obtrusive advertising, offbeat advertising, off-season advertising, on-line advertising, on-target advertising, opinion advertising, oral advertising, outdoor advertising, out-of-home advertising, package advertising, periodical advertising, personality advertising, persuasive advertising, point-of-purchase advertising, point-of-sale advertising, political advertising, postal advertising, postcard advertising, poster advertising, postmark advertising, pre-launch advertising, premium advertising, press advertising, prestige advertising, price advertising, primary advertising, print advertising, private sector advertising, problem-solution advertising, procurement advertising, producer advertising, product advertising, product-comparison advertising, professional advertising, promotional advertising, public relations advertising, public sector advertising, public service advertising, public-affairs advertising, public interest advertising, public-issue advertising, public-service advertising, radio advertising, railway advertising, reason-why advertising, recruitment advertising, regional advertising, reinforcement advertising, remembrance advertising, reminder advertising, repeat advertising, retail advertising, retentive advertising, saturation advertising, scented advertising, screen advertising, seasonal advertising, selective advertising, self-advertising, semi-display advertising, show-window advertising, sky advertising, slide advertising, social advertising, social cause advertising, soft-sell advertising, specialty advertising, split-run advertising, spot advertising, store advertising, strategic advertising, street advertising, strip advertising, subliminal advertising, sustaining advertising, switch advertising, tactical advertising, target advertising, taxi top advertising, teaser advertising, television advertising, test advertising, testimonial advertising, tie-in advertising, tombstone advertising, total advertising, trade advertising, trademark advertising, traditional advertising, transformational advertising, transit advertising, transportation advertising, truthful advertising, truth-in-advertising, two-step formal advertising, unacceptable advertising, unfair advertising, untruthful advertising, visual advertising, vocational advertising, wall advertising, word-of-mouth advertising, written advertising, yellow pages advertising, advertising abuse, advertising action, advertising aids, advertising analysis а), advertising appeal, advertising approach, advertising audience, advertising awareness, advertising balance, advertising band, advertising believability, advertising break, advertising brochure, advertising catalogue, advertising circular, advertising claim 1) а), advertising clutter, advertising column, advertising communication, advertising competition 2) а), advertising copy, advertising coupon, advertising credibility, advertising cue, advertising decay, advertising deception, advertising device, advertising emphasis, advertising exaggeration, advertising exposure 2) а), advertising factor а), advertising film, advertising folder, advertising frequency, advertising gift, advertising gimmick, advertising handbill, advertising hoarding, advertising image, advertising impact, advertising impression, advertising influence, advertising insert, advertising intensity, advertising jingle, advertising label, advertising leaflet, advertising letter, advertising literature 1) а), advertising location, advertising magazine, advertising material, advertising matter, advertising media, advertising medium, advertising novelty, advertising operation 2) а), advertising page, advertising pamphlet, advertising panel, advertising penetration, advertising perception, advertising personality, advertising playback, advertising point, advertising posttest, advertising pretest, advertising puffery, advertising pylon, advertising race, advertising readership, advertising recall, advertising response, advertising retention, advertising sample, advertising section 2) а), advertising site, advertising slogan, advertising space, advertising specialty, advertising sponsorship, advertising spoof, advertising spot, advertising standards, advertising structure, advertising supplement, advertising test, advertising testing, advertising text, advertising threshold, advertising time, advertising vehicle, advertising wearout, advertising wedge, Canadian Code of Advertising Standards, Code of Advertising Practice, Defining Advertising goals for Measured Advertising Results, Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, ICC Guidelines / Code on Advertising and Marketing on the Internet, ICC International Code of Advertising Practice, ICC International Code of Environmental Advertising, ICC International Codes of Marketing and Advertising Practices, Standard Advertising Register, Standard Directory of Advertising Agencies, Standards of Practice of the American Association of Advertising Agencies, Advertising Association, Advertising Association of the West, Advertising Checking Bureau, Advertising Club of New York, Advertising Council, Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc. 2), Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc.3) рекл. рекламное дело, рекламная деятельность, рекламный бизнес (реклама как вид деятельности безотносительно каких-л. конкретных продуктов; реклама как одна из функций организации)advertising counsellor [consultant\] — рекламный консультант, консультант по рекламе
advertising expert — рекламный эксперт, эксперт по рекламе
Syn:See:above-the-line advertising, below-the-line advertising, flat fee advertising, investment advertising, per inquiry advertising, advertising account, advertising activity, advertising agency, advertising agent, advertising agreement, advertising allowance, advertising analysis б), advertising appropriation, advertising assistant, advertising audit, advertising brief, advertising broker, advertising budget, advertising business, advertising campaign, advertising canvasser, advertising claim 2) б), advertising club, advertising code, advertising community, advertising company, advertising competition 1) б), advertising contract, advertising contractor, advertising control, advertising cooperative, advertising copywriting, advertising cost, advertising coverage, advertising customer, advertising department, advertising director, advertising directory, advertising drive, advertising effect, advertising effectiveness, advertising efficiency, advertising environment, advertising ethics, advertising exchange, advertising executive, advertising expenditures, advertising expenses, advertising exposure 1) б), &3, advertising factor б), advertising firm, advertising guide, advertising industry, advertising injury, advertising landscape, advertising legislation, advertising leverage, advertising liability, advertising linage, advertising literature 2) б), advertising man, advertising management, advertising manager, advertising method, advertising mix, advertising monopoly, advertising network, advertising objective, advertising office, advertising operation 1) б), advertising order, advertising outcome, advertising outlay, advertising output, advertising people, advertising performance, advertising personnel, advertising plan, advertising planner, advertising planning, advertising portfolio, advertising practice, advertising practitioner, advertising professional, advertising programme, advertising purpose, advertising rate, advertising register, advertising representative, advertising research, advertising restrictions, advertising sales agents, advertising schedule, advertising section 1) б), advertising self-regulation, advertising services, advertising specialist, advertising spending, advertising statistics, advertising strategy, advertising substantiation, advertising support, advertising talent, advertising theory, advertising value, advertising variable, advertising weight, media buy, copywriting, advertology
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реклама, рекламирование: использование печатных, теле-, радио- и иных посланий, оплаченных рекламодателем, для благоприятного воздействия на потенциальных покупателей товара или клиентов.* * *размещение объявлений; размещение рекламы; рекламирование. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *эмоционально окрашенная информация об основных характеристиках отдельных видов страхования и страховых операций с целью формирования устойчивого спроса на страховые услуги-----средство распространения информации и убеждения людей через прессу, телевидение, радиовещание, объявления, плакаты и другим образом -
62 bureau
сущ.мн. bureaux, bureaus1) упр. бюро, отдел, служба ( оказывает вспомогательные услуги)Syn:See:2) гос. упр. бюро, отдел, управление, комитет, служба (правительственная организация, ведомство или крупное подразделение в составе правительственного учреждения)Syn:See:public body, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, Budget Bureau, Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Bureau of Customs, Bureau of Customs and Border Protection, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Bureau of Export Administration, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Bureau of Industry and Security, Bureau of International Expositions, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Old Age and Survivors Insurance, Bureau of Old Age Insurance, Bureau of Reclamation, Bureau of the Census, Bureau of the Public Debt, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Census Bureau, Customs Bureau, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Federal Bureau of Prisons, Foreign Credit Interchange Bureau, International Broadcasting Bureau, International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property, International Exhibitions Bureau, National Central Bureau of Interpol, planning bureau, US Customs Bureau, Women's Bureau
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bureau exchange office валютный пункт: пункт обмена иностранной валюты.* * *Банки/Банковские операцииотдел, управление, комитет -
63 industry
nto convert the industry to peaceful production — конвертировать военную промышленность (на товары массового спроса)
to relocate one's industries — переносить свои предприятия в другое место
to restore industry — возрождать / восстанавливать промышленность
- aerospace industryto sell off an industry — продавать частным владельцам / денационализировать отрасль промышленности
- agricultural industry
- aircraft industry
- allied industries
- ancillary industries
- armaments industry
- arms industry
- atomic industry
- auto industry
- automobile industry
- auxiliary industry
- baby industries
- basic industries
- building industry
- capital goods industries
- capital-intensive industry
- chemical industry
- cinematographic industry
- construction industry
- consumer goods industry
- cottage industry
- craft industry
- defense industries
- defense-related industries
- development of national industry
- diversified industry
- domestic industry
- efficient industry
- electric-power industry
- electronics industry
- electrotechnical industry
- energy industry
- engineering industry
- entertainment industry
- export industries
- export-promoting industries
- extractive industry
- fabricating industry
- farming industry
- ferrous metal industry
- film industry
- food industry
- food-processing industry
- forest industry
- fuel and power industries
- fuel industry
- heavy industry
- high tech industry
- highly developed industries
- home industry
- import-substituting industries
- import-substitution industries
- industries with non-stop production
- infant industry
- instruction industry
- instrument-making industry
- iron and steel industry
- key industry
- labor-consuming industries
- labor-intensive industries
- large-scale industry
- leisure-time industries
- light industry
- local industry
- machine-building industry
- machine-tool industry
- manufacturing industry
- maritime industry
- metal-working industry
- mining industry
- monopolistic industry
- monopolized industry
- motor-car industry
- national industry
- nationalized industry
- nuclear industry
- nuclear-power industry
- oil industry
- oil-extracting industry
- petrochemical industry
- petroleum industry
- power industry
- primary industry
- printing industry
- priority industries
- processing industries
- public industries
- publicly-owned industries
- radio engineering industry
- regional industry
- rural industry
- science-consuming industry
- science-intensive industry
- secondary industry
- service industries
- service-producing industries
- shipbuilding industry
- small-scale industries
- state industry
- state-controlled industry
- state-owned industry
- steel industry
- sunrise industry
- sunset industry
- technically advanced industry
- technology industry
- technology-intensive industry
- tourist industry
- trade industry
- traditional industries
- travel industry
- uneconomic industries
- up-to-date industry
- user industries
- vital industries
- war industry
- weapon industry -
64 staple
• näytellä pääosaa• nitomanastaprinting (graphic) industry• nitoa• nitomasinkilä• tärkein• sinkilöidä• sinkilä• pääaines• päätuote• pää-• pääsisältö• pääasiallinen• hakanentechnology• määrlyforest and paper industry• tapuli• kuitu• koristaa tähdillä* * *'steipl I noun1) (a chief product of trade or industry.) pääartikkeli2) (a chief or main item (of diet etc).) pääasiallinen ainesII 1. noun1) (a U-shaped type of nail.) sinkilä2) (a U-shaped piece of wire that is driven through sheets of paper etc to fasten them together.) hakanen2. verb(to fasten or attach (paper etc) with staples.)- stapler -
65 ♦ stock
♦ stock /stɒk/A n.2 (agric.) pianta che ha subito un innesto; pianta da cui si prelevano gli innesti10 [u] discendenza; famiglia; etnia; razza; schiatta; stirpe; origine: He comes of good [poor] stock, è di buona famiglia [di famiglia povera]; of Roman Catholic stock, d'origine cattolica; of Scottish stock, di stirpe scozzese11 [u] (ind.) materia prima; materiale grezzo: paper stock, materia prima per la fabbricazione della carta ( stracci, ecc.)13 provvista; scorta; riserva; (fig.) bagaglio ( di idee, ecc.): They laid in stocks of food for the winter, fecero provviste di cibo per l'inverno; He has a good stock of brandy, ha una buona riserva di brandy16 [uc] (comm., org. az.) stock; giacenza, provvista, scorta; merce in magazzino; (= stock left, stocks) rimanenze: out of stock, esaurito: This article is out of stock, questo articolo è esaurito; We don't have these goods in stock, non abbiamo scorte di questa merce; questa merce non è disponibile; DIALOGO → - Shoes- All the sizes in stock are on display, tutte le scarpe disponibili sono in esposizione; a large stock of goods on hand, un grosso stock di merce a disposizione; average stock, giacenza media; old stock, fondi di magazzino17 [u] (fin., = joint stock) capitale azionario (o sociale); (collett.) azioni, obbligazioni, titoli, valori mobiliari: Last year this stock gained ten per cent, l'anno scorso questo capitale azionario ha avuto una plusvalenza del dieci per cento; voting stock, azioni con diritto di voto; to buy stock, comprare azioni (o titoli); government stock, titoli di stato; marketable stock, titoli negoziabili; titoli quotati in Borsa18 [u] (fig.) credito; popolarità: The government's stock fell sharply, la popolarità del governo è calata drasticamente19 (fin., ingl.) quota sociale; partecipazione azionaria20 (fin., USA) azione (cfr. ingl. share /1/, def. 2): capital stock, azione ordinaria; preferred stock, azione privilegiata21 (market.) stock, blocco, partita ( di merce); They are selling the whole stock, vendono tutto in blocco22 (al pl.) (fin.) azioni (completamente versate); titoli di stato; valori mobiliari; obbligazioni; buoni del tesoro24 (al pl.) (stor.) ceppi; gogna, berlina ( anche fig.): The thief was put in the stocks, il ladro è stato messo alla gogna (o alla berlina)25 (al pl.) (naut.) intelaiatura; taccate: The ship was on the stocks, la nave era sulle taccate (o in cantiere di costruzione o di raddobbo)28 (tipogr.) (tipo o quantità di) carta30 (mecc.) portacuscinetti; portafiliereB a.1 comune; usuale; abituale; standard: a stock greeting, un saluto usuale; a stock size, una misura standard● (fin.) stock account, conto capitale □ (rag.) stock accounting, contabilità di magazzino □ (fin.) stocks and bonds, azioni e obbligazioni □ (fin.) stocks and shares, valori mobiliari; titoli □ ( Borsa) stock arbitrage, arbitraggio su titoli □ stock-blind, del tutto cieco □ stock bonus, gratifica in azioni ( ai dipendenti) □ (rag.) stock book, libro magazzino (o di carico e scarico) □ ( sport) stock car, stock car: stock-car racing, gare di stock car □ stock card, scheda di magazzino □ (fin.) stock certificate, certificato azionario □ stock clerk, magazziniere □ stock company, (fin.) società per azioni; (teatr.) compagnia di repertorio □ (org. az.) stock control, controllo del livello delle scorte □ (fin., USA) stock corporation, società per azioni □ stock cube, dado da brodo □ ( banca) stock department, ufficio titoli □ (zool.) stock dove ( Columba oenas), colombella □ (fin.) stock exchange, borsa valori: (in GB) to be on the Stock Exchange, essere un membro della Borsa Valori di Londra □ (fin.) stock exchange account, ciclo operativo della borsa □ (fin.) Stock Exchange Automated Quotations system (abbr. SEAQ), sistema computerizzato di quotazioni di borsa ( a Londra) □ (fin.) stock exchange index [list, operator, quotation], indice [listino, operatore, quotazione] di borsa □ stock farm, fattoria per l'allevamento del bestiame □ stock farmer, allevatore di bestiame □ stock farming, allevamento del bestiame □ (cinem.) stock film sequence, sequenza di repertorio □ (cinem., TV) stock footage, materiale d'archivio; materiale di repertorio □ (fin.) stock fund, fondo (comune d'investimento) azionario □ stock-in-trade, (org. az.) merce in magazzino, scorte mercantili; (rag.) capitale d'esercizio, attrezzature e impianti, beni strumentali; (fig.) armamentario, ferri del mestiere, attributo essenziale □ (fin.) stock issue, emissione di azioni □ stock list, (fin., USA) listino di Borsa; listino valori; (org. az.) elenco delle scorte □ (org. az.) stock management, gestione delle scorte □ stock market, (fin.) mercato azionario (o mobiliare); mercato dei titoli finanziari; borsa valori; (market.) mercato del bestiame: stock market crash, crollo delle quotazioni di Borsa □ (fin.) stock market tendency (o trend), andamento borsistico □ (fin.) stock option, diritto di opzione, opzione di sottoscrizione □ (giorn.) stock photo, foto d'archivio □ stock phrase, frase fatta; formula; espressione stereotipata □ ( di un recinto) stock-proof, a prova di bestiame □ ( Borsa) a stock plunge, un crollo (o un calo repentino) dei titoli □ (fin.) stock right, diritto di opzione □ stock room, magazzino □ (market.) stock rooms, sale di esposizione □ ( USA) stock saddle, sella da cowboy □ a stock speech, un discorso di circostanza □ (fin.) stock split (o splitting), frazionamento azionario □ stock-still, fermo; impalato; immobile □ ( lavori a maglia) stock stitch, punto calza; punto rasato: Alternate rows of plain and purl are called stock stitch, file alterne di punti diritti e punti a rovescio si chiamano ‘punto calza’ □ ( Borsa) stock ticker, teleborsa □ (fin.) stock transfer, trasferimento (o cessione) di titoli □ (org. az.) stock turnover, (indice di) rotazione delle scorte □ (fin.) stock warrant, certificato azionario; certificato di diritto di opzione □ (fin.) stock watering, annacquamento del capitale □ stock whip, frusta dal manico corto □ (market.: di merce) in stock, in magazzino; disponibile □ (fig.) to be on the stocks, essere in allestimento; essere in preparazione □ (org. az.) to take stock, fare l'inventario □ to take stock in, (fin.) acquistare azioni di ( una società); (fig.) aver fiducia in, dare importanza a □ (fig.) to take stock of a person, studiare il carattere di una persona □ (fig.) to take stock of the situation, valutare attentamente la situazione; fare il punto della situazione.(to) stock /stɒk/A v. t.1 approvvigionare; fornire; rifornire; provvedere; (org. az.) stoccare: We are well stocked with printing paper, siamo ben riforniti di carta da stampare; a well-stocked larder, una dispensa ben fornita2 (comm.) esser provvisto di, tenere, avere ( certa merce, ecc.): We don't stock outsizes, non teniamo le taglie forti4 munire ( un cannone) d'affusto; collocare ( il vomere) sul ceppo; provvedere (qc. in genere) di base (o di sostegno, di supporto)B v. i.● to stock up, riempire, rifornire; (comm.) riapprovvigionarsi, rinnovare lo stock (o le scorte): to stock up the fridge, riempire il frigo □ to stock up on (o with), fare provvista di; ( di un negozio) rinnovare le scorte di ( articoli da vendere) □ (comm.) to be well stocked up with st., avere una buona scorta di qc.; ( di un negozio, ecc.) avere un buon assortimento di qc. -
66 shop
1) магазин2) цех3) предприятиеАнгло-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > shop
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67 set\ up
1. III1) set up smth. /smth. up/ set up a tent (a scarecrow, a fence, posts, a statue, etc.) (по)ставить палатку и т.д.; set up a house (a building, a school, a factory, etc.) построить /возвести/ дом и т.д.; set up one's easel (a printing-press, etc.) установить мольберт и т.д.; set up a monument воздвигнуть монумент; set up a camp разбить лагерь; I set up a camera in the shade я установил фотоаппарат в тени2) set up smth. /smth. up/ set up a notice (a flag, a slogan, streamers, etc.) вывешивать объявление и т.д.3) set up smth. /smth. up/ set up a government (a state, a commission, etc.) создать /сформировать/правительство и т.д., set up a republic установить республику; set up a Cabinet (opposition, a board of directors, a tribunal, etc.) создать /сформировать/ кабинет и т.д.; set up a special committee учредить специальную комиссию; set up a company (a business, a newspaper, a fund, etc.) основать компанию и т.д.; we shall have to set up a new laboratory нам придется организовать /создать/ новую лабораторию; he set up a small bookshop он открыл небольшой книжный магазин и т.д.; they set up a bank robbery они организовали /устроили/ ограбление банка; set up friendly relations установить /наладить/ дружеские отношения4) set up smth. / smth. up/ set up new laws (new rules, a new economic order, an international control system, a quota, a custom, etc.) устанавливать /вводить/ новые законы и т.д.; set up a national control of electric power ввести государственный контроль над расходованием электроэнергии; set up a new principle (a theory, etc.) выдвигать новый принцип и т.д.; set up an original method предложить оригинальный метод; set up a program (me) (the main requirements, a new approach, etc.) разработать программу и т.д.; set up a defence построить /создать/ новую систему обороны; set up a record установить рекорд; set up a claim (a counter-claim, etc.) предъявлять иск и т.д.5) set up smth. /smth. up/ set up a howl (a terrific noise, a loud cry, etc.) поднимать вой и т.д.; set up a commotion (a row, a scuffling, etc.) устраивать волнения и т.д.; set up an alarm поднимать тревогу; the wheels set up a tremendous creaking колеса начали отчаянно скрипеть; the wind sets up a humming in the wires от ветра начинают гудеть провода; set up a rash (an inflammation, a swelling, infection, etc.) вызывать сыпь и т.д.6) set up smb. /smb. up/ coll. this medicine set him up это лекарство поставило его на ноги; the fresh country air set her up свежий деревенский воздух восстановил ее здоровье; а fortnight in the country (a holiday, a change of air, etc.) will set you up двухнедельное пребывание в деревне и т.д. вернет вам силы; you want some good walks (fresh air, some rest, etc.) to set you up для хорошего самочувствия вам необходимы /нужны, полезны/ длительные прогулки и т.д.7) set up smth. /smth. up/ print set up a page (a book, a manuscript, type, etc.) набирать полосу и т.д.2. IV1) set up smth. /smth. up/ in some manner set up ninepins again снова поднять /поставить/ [упавшие] кегли2) set up smb. /smb. up/ in some manner this fine air (a change of air, her holiday in the country, etc.) set her up again этот прекрасный воздух и т.д. вновь поставил ее на ноги; а summer in the camp sets up a boy wonderfully лето [пребывания] в лагере является прекрасной закалкой /тренировкой/ для мальчиков3. VIIset up smth. /smth. up/ to do smth. set up an international organization to maintain peace (to carry out the programme), to guard the world against the atomic bomb, etc.) создать международную организацию для борьбы за мир и т.д.4. XI1) be set up at some time the camp and the aerodrome were set up later лагерь и аэродром были построены позднее; be set up somewhere the portrait was set up on the stage портрет был установлен на сцене; special seats had to be set up around the sides of the hall по бокам зала пришлось поставить дополнительные стулья /устроить дополнительные места/2) be set up on smth. an inscription was set up on the tablet на плите была высечена надпись3) be set up with smth. be set up with food (with clothes, with cars, with equipment, etc.) for an expedition быть обеспеченным продовольствием и т.д. на все время экспедиции; I am set up with novels for the winter у меня теперь книг [хватит] на всю зиму4) be set up infection (swelling, irritation, etc.) was set up появилась инфекция и т.д.; the doctor has no idea how the condition was first set up врач не имеет представления, что явилось причиной такого состояния5) be set up in some manner he is quite set up again он опять на ногах /хорошо себя чувствует/6) be set up in some manner physically she was not well set up физически она была слабо развита5. XVI1) set up in smth. set up in trade (in business, in law, etc.) открывать собственное предприятие и т.д.2) set up for smb. coll. set up for a man of wit претендовать на остроумие; set up for a scholar (for a profound scientist, for a critic, for a moralist, for a gentleman, for an atheist, etc.) a) считать себя ученым и т.д.; б) выдавать себя за ученого и т.д.; I don't set up for an authority я не претендую на то, чтобы считаться авторитетом6. XX1set up as smb. set up as a lawyer (as a doctor, as a chemist, etc.) открыть свою юридическую контору и т.д.7. XXI11) set up smth. /smth. up/ along (in, on, etc.) smth. set up posts along the street (milestones along a road, machines in their places, telephone booths in the street, etc.) ставить столбы вдоль улицы и т.д.; set up a home in the country (in another city, etc.) создать там и т.д. дом /семью/; set men up on a chess-board расставлять фигуры на шахматной доске; set up smb. /smb. up/ to smth. set up a claimant to the throne возвести претендента на престол, посадить претендента на трон2) set up smb. /smb. up/ over smb. set oneself up over one's colleagues (over one's people, etc.) ставить себя выше своих коллег и т.д.; set up smb. /smb. up/ for smb. although he is such an ignorant fellow, he sets himself up for a critic человек он невежественный, а претендует на то, чтобы критиковать других3) set up smth., smb. /smth., smb. up/ in smth. set up a shop in a new neighbourhood открыть магазин в новом районе; set up one's office in one of the rooms in the building открыть свою контору в одной из комнат этого здания; he wishes to set himself up in business all for himself ему хочется стать во главе собственного дела; set up an office in the Department of Agriculture сформировать отдел в министерстве земледелия; set up a policy board at high government level сформировать политический комитет на высоком уровне4) set up smb. /smb. up/ in smth. set him up in business помочь ему открыть собственное дело; they set their son up in real estate они открыли для своего сына контору по продаже недвижимой собственности; set smb. up in life помочь кому-л. стать на ноги5) set up smth. /smth. up/ in /at/ smth. what defence did his lawyer set up at /in/ the trial? как построил его адвокат защиту на суде?6) set up smb. /smb. up/ with (in) smth. set him up with books (with clothing, with equipment, with food, etc.) обеспечивать его книгами и т.д.; set him up in funds предоставить ему нужные фонды /деньги/, материально обеспечить его7) set up smth. /smth. up/ in (on, etc.) smth. set up an irritation in one's throat (this rash on my face, an itch on the skin, etc.) вызывать раздражение горла и т.д.; I wonder what has set up inflammation on the wound не могу понять, отчего воспалилась рана8) set up smth. /smth. up/ in smth. print. set a page (a manuscript, a book, etc.) up in type сделать набор полосы и т.д.8. XXIV1set smb. up as smb.1) set smb. up as a tobacconist помочь кому-л. открыть собственный табачный магазин; set oneself up as a grocer начать торговлю бакалейными товарами2) set oneself up as an authority (as an important fellow, as a merchant, as a scholar, etc.) считать себя специалистом /авторитетом/ и т.д. или выдавать себя за специалиста и т.д. -
68 branch
1) отделение; филиал2) отрасль; область•- branch out- branch of industry
- branch of knowledge
- branch of law
- branch of trade
- affiliated branch
- application branch
- forecast branch
- patent branch
- printing branch
- record branch -
69 craft
1. n ремесло2. n профессияactors devoted to their craft — актёры, преданные своей профессии
3. n умение, ловкость, искусствоequally distinguished for strength and for manual craft — выделяющийся как силой, так и ловкостью
4. n хитрость, лукавство; обманshe is full of craft — она очень коварна;
5. n цех; гильдияcraft guild — ремесленная гильдия, ремесленный цех
6. n собир. работники одной профессии7. n масонское братство8. n судно9. n самолёт10. n космический корабль11. n собир. употр. гл. мн. ч. с во12. n судаwater craft — судно; суда
small craft — мелкие суда, лодки
landing craft — десантные суда, десантные плавучие средства
13. n самолёты14. n космические летательные аппараты15. n механизм, приспособление16. n рыболовные или китобойные принадлежности17. v обыкн. амер. создавать, изготовлять искусно, с большим мастерствомwoods for violins are crafted by experts — дерево для скрипок обрабатывается высококвалифицированными специалистами
Синонимический ряд:1. art (noun) adroitness; art; artfulness; artifice; cageyness; calling; canniness; career; craftiness; cunning; deceit; deceitfulness; dexterity; duplicity; employment; foxiness; guile; handicraft; handiwork; know-how; manual work; metier; occupation; profession; trade; vocation; wiliness; work2. command (noun) ability; adeptness; aptitude; command; competence; dexterity; expertise; expertness; ingenuity; knack; mastery; proficiency; skill; technique3. trickery (noun) chicanery; deviousness; dishonesty; indirection; shadiness; slyness; sneakiness; trickery; trickiness; underhandedness4. vessel (noun) aircraft; airplane; boat; bottom; plane; ship; vessel; watercraftАнтонимический ряд:fairness; frankness; honesty; ineptitude; ingenuousness; openness; sincerity -
70 Job
1. n библ. Иов2. n Джоб3. n многострадальный, терпеливый человекto be as patient as Job — быть терпеливым как Иов;
4. n работа, дело, трудin-process job — продолжающаяся работа; незавершенная работа
5. n разг. трудное дело6. n работа, место службы; должность7. n профессия, род занятий, квалификацияjob analysis — исследование особенностей и специфики разных профессий и требований, предъявляемых к рабочим
job family — родственные работы; родственные профессии
8. n эк. рабочее местоto create new jobs — создавать новые рабочие места, содействовать росту занятости
9. n задание; урокby the job — сдельно, поурочно, поштучно, аккордно
10. n хирургическая операция11. n положение вещей, ситуацияbad job — безнадёжное дело; неудача
12. n разг. коррупция; использование служебного положения в личных целях13. n разг. избиение; нанесение увечий14. n разг. сл. воровство, кража; грабёж15. n разг. сл. штучка; нечто особенноеis it the case that he has lost his job? — правда ли, что он лишился работы?
16. n разг. разг. обыкн. залежавшиеся товары, книги, продаваемые по сниженной цене17. n разг. тех. ком. деталь, изделие; обрабатываемый предметthis job is round-necked and long-sleeved — это изделие имеет круглый вырез и длинный акциденция, акцидентная работа
fat job — тёпленькое местечко, выгодное дельце
18. a сдельный, аккордныйjob work — сдельная, штучная работа
work by the job — сдельная работа; поштучная работа
19. a выполняемый по заказамjob shop — предприятие, работающее по заказам
active job — выполняемая работа; продолжающаяся работа
job lot shop — предприятие, работающее по заказам
20. a продаваемый или покупаемый партиями21. a относящийся к работающим, к занятостиjob security — гарантия занятости; обеспечение работой
22. v работать сдельно23. v нанимать на сдельную работуjob font — акцидентный шрифт, шрифт для акцидентных работ
job placement — подыскание работы; направление на работу
24. v работать нерегулярно; брать случайную работу25. v брать или давать внаём, напрокат лошадей, экипажи26. v бирж. спекулировать, барышничать; быть маклером27. v бирж. быть джоббером28. v бирж. разг. обыкн. продавать по пониженной цене залежавшиеся товары, книги29. v бирж. заключать недобросовестную сделку; злоупотреблять своим служебным положениемСинонимический ряд:1. employment (noun) appointment; berth; billet; business; calling; connection; employment; engagement; line; occupation; office; place; position; post; pursuit; situation; slot; spot; trade; vocation; work2. purpose (noun) function; purpose; role3. task (noun) assignment; chare; chore; devoir; duty; effort; onus; responsibility; stint; task; taskwork4. dupe (verb) bamboozle; befool; catch; chicane; con; dupe; dust; flimflam; fool; gull; hoax; hoodwink; hornswoggle; kid; pigeon; spoof; trick; victimize -
71 secret
1. n секрет, тайнаan open secret — всем известный секрет; секрет полишинеля
top secret message — сообщение "совершенно секретно"
2. n ключ, разгадка; тайная причина3. a тайный, секретный, сохраняемый в тайнеin secret — секретно; тайком
4. a потайной, скрытый5. a скрытный, замкнутый6. a зашифрованный, условныйsecret code — шифровальный код, тайнопись
7. a таинственный, загадочный, непостижимыйthe secret workings of nature — таинственные процессы, происходящие в природе
8. a уединённый; удалённый9. a затаённый10. a уст. непонятный, недоступный для понимания11. adv в секрете, в тайнеСинонимический ряд:1. clandestine (adj.) clandestine; cloak-and-dagger; confidential; covert; furtive; hole-and-corner; hugger-mugger; hush-hush; mystical; sneak; stealthy; sub-rosa; surreptitious; undercover; under-the-table; undisclosed; unrevealed2. hidden (adj.) arcane; concealed; covert; cryptic; furtive; hidden; isolated; mysterious; screened; secluded; sequestered; shrouded; veiled3. obscure (adj.) devious; lonesome; obscure; out-of-the-way; remote; removed; retired4. private (adj.) classified; private; privy; reticent; secretive5. recondite (adj.) abstruse; acroamatic; deep; esoteric; heavy; hermetic; occult; orphic; profound; recondite6. confidence (noun) confidence7. enigma (noun) enigma; mystery; puzzle8. formula (noun) formula; method; plan; recipe9. key (noun) key; route; ticketАнтонимический ряд:public; revealed -
72 flat color
-
73 Calico
In Lancashire this name is applied generally to any plain weave cloth coarser than muslin. Originally meant a printed cotton cloth. The name came from Calicut (India) where the art of colour printing was first practised Printed calicoes now generally pass under the name of chintz or prints. The term calico has practically no recognition in the manufacturing side of the trade and is only to be found in retail shops where it means any plain weave cloth used for ordinary domestic purposes, and is coarser than muslins. The term calico was known in 1604 -
74 Cheshires
CHESHIRES, CHESHIRE PRINTERSA good quality plain cloth used for printing. A Cheshire printer has come to be recognised in the trade as being super quality. The cloth is made in Glossop, Mottram, Stalybridge, and other Cheshire and Derbyshire towns. The manufacturers are also spinners, and use their own yarns. A fair sample is 36-in. wide, 125 yards long, 72 X 84 per inch, 30's/30's (full particulars always given) -
75 Cheshire Printers
CHESHIRES, CHESHIRE PRINTERSA good quality plain cloth used for printing. A Cheshire printer has come to be recognised in the trade as being super quality. The cloth is made in Glossop, Mottram, Stalybridge, and other Cheshire and Derbyshire towns. The manufacturers are also spinners, and use their own yarns. A fair sample is 36-in. wide, 125 yards long, 72 X 84 per inch, 30's/30's (full particulars always given) -
76 Finish
Very few cotton fabrics are suitable for use after leaving the loom until they have passed through some finishing process. All fabrics after bleaching, dyeing or printing are also passed through the final operation of" finishing " which varies according to the fabric and the purpose it is intended for. There are numerous different " finishes " as each firm has its own styles, but all are mainly physical (see Finishing). Various terms are used in the trade for the several properties required, such as - Brightness, Chasing, Clothiness, Closing, Firmness, Flatness, Glaze, Hardness, Lustre, Mellow, Threadiness, and Elastic Finish. See under each of these names. -
77 Pushing
A term in the print trade which signifies that the colour used in such fabrics as cretonnes is " pushed " through the cloth by exerting heavy pressure on the rollers in the printing machine. The colours for this purpose are thickened with gum tragacanth in place of the usual thickeners. The colours have a tendency to " flush " at the edges of the pattern which seldom matters in cretonnes. -
78 Benton, Linn Boyd
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 13 May 1844 Little Falls, New York, USAd. 15 July 1932 Plainfield, New Jersey, USA[br]American typefounder, cutter and designer, inventor of the automatic punch-cutting machine.[br]Benton spent his childhood in Milwaukee and La Crosse, where he early showed a talent for mechanical invention. His father was a lawyer with an interest in newspapers and who acquired the Milwaukee Daily News. Benton became familiar with typesetting equipment in his father's newspaper office. He learned the printer's trade at another newspaper office, at La Crosse, and later worked as bookkeeper at a type foundry in Milwaukee. When that failed in 1873, Benton acquired the plant, and when he was joined by R.V.Waldo the firm became Benton, Waldo \& Co. Benton began learning and improving type-cutting practice. He first devised unit-width or "self-spacing" type which became popular with compositors, saving, it was reckoned, 20 per cent of their time. Meanwhile, Benton worked on a punch-cutting machine to speed up the process of cutting letters in the steel punches from which matrices or moulds were formed to enable type to be cast from molten metal. His first mechanical punch-cutter worked successfully in 1884. The third machine, patented in 1885, was the model that revolutionized the typefounding operation. So far, punch-cutting had been done by hand, a rare and expensive skill that was insufficient to meet the demands of the new typesetting machines, the monotype of Lanston and the linotype of Merganthaler. These were threatened with failure until Benton saved the day with his automatic punch-cutter. Mechanizing punch-cutting and the forming of matrices made possible the typesetting revolution brought about by mono-and linotype.In 1892 Benton's firm merged with others to form the American Type Founders Company. Benton's equipment was moved to New York and he with it, to become a board member and Chief Technical Advisor. In 1894 he became Manager of the company's new plant for type manufacture in Jersey City. Benton steadily improved both machinery and processes, for which he was granted twenty patents. With his son Morris Fuller, he was also notable and prolific in the field of type design. Benton remained in active association with his company until just two weeks before his death.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1932, Inland Printer (August): 53–4.P.Cost, 1985, "The contributions of Lyn [sic] Boyd Benton and Morris Fuller Benton to the technology of typesetting and the art of typeface design", unpublished MSc thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology (the most thorough treatment).H.L.Bullen, 1922, Inland Printer (October) (describes Benton's life and work).LRD -
79 Cockerill, William
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1759 Lancashire, Englandd. 1832 near Aix-la-Chapelle, France (now Aachen, Germany)[br]English (naturalized Belgian c. 1810) engineer, inventor and an important figure in the European textile machinery industry.[br]William Cockerill began his career in Lancashire by making "roving billies" and flying shuttles. He was reputed to have an extraordinary mechanical genius and it is said that he could make models of almost any machine. He followed in the footsteps of many other enterprising British engineers when in 1794 he went to St Petersburg in Russia, having been recommended as a skilful artisan to the Empress Catherine II. After her death two years later, her successor Paul sent Cockerill to prison because he failed to finish a model within a certain time. Cockerill, however, escaped to Sweden where he was commissioned to construct the locks on a public canal. He attempted to introduce textile machinery of his own invention but was unsuccessful and so in 1799 he removed to Verviers, Belgium, where he established himself as a manufacturer of textile machinery. In 1802 he was joined by James Holden, who before long set up his own machine-building business. In 1807 Cockerill moved to Liège where, with his three sons (William Jnr, Charles James and John), he set up factories for the construction of carding machines, spinning frames and looms for the woollen industry. He secured for Verviers supremacy in the woollen trade and introduced at Liège an industry of which England had so far possessed the monopoly. His products were noted for their fine craftsmanship, and in the heyday of the Napoleonic regime about half of his output was sold in France. In 1813 he imported a model of a Watt steam-engine from England and so added another range of products to his firm. Cockerill became a naturalized Belgian subject c. 1810, and a few years later he retired from the business in favour of his two younger sons, Charles James and John (b. 30 April 1790 Haslingden, Lancashire, England; d. 19 June 1840 Warsaw, Poland), but in 1830 at Andenne he converted a vast factory formerly used for calico printing into a paper mill. Little is known of his eldest son William, but the other two sons expanded the enterprise, setting up a woollen factory at Berlin after 1815 and establishing at Seraing-on-the-Meuse in 1817 blast furnaces, an iron foundry and a machine workshop which became the largest on the European continent. William Cockerill senior died in 1832 at the Château du Behrensberg, the residence of his son Charles James, near Aix-la-Chapelle.[br]Further ReadingW.O.Henderson, 1961, The Industrial Revolution on the Continent, Manchester (a good account of the spread of the Industrial Revolution in Germany, France and Russia).RTS / RLH -
80 Muybridge, Eadweard
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 9 April 1830 Kingston upon Thames, Englandd. 8 May 1904 Kingston upon Thames, England[br]English photographer and pioneer of sequence photography of movement.[br]He was born Edward Muggeridge, but later changed his name, taking the Saxon spelling of his first name and altering his surname, first to Muygridge and then to Muybridge. He emigrated to America in 1851, working in New York in bookbinding and selling as a commission agent for the London Printing and Publishing Company. Through contact with a New York daguerreotypist, Silas T.Selleck, he acquired an interest in photography that developed after his move to California in 1855. On a visit to England in 1860 he learned the wet-collodion process from a friend, Arthur Brown, and acquired the best photographic equipment available in London before returning to America. In 1867, under his trade pseudonym "Helios", he set out to record the scenery of the Far West with his mobile dark-room, christened "The Flying Studio".His reputation as a photographer of the first rank spread, and he was commissioned to record the survey visit of Major-General Henry W.Halleck to Alaska and also to record the territory through which the Central Pacific Railroad was being constructed. Perhaps because of this latter project, he was approached by the President of the Central Pacific, Leland Stanford, to attempt to photograph a horse trotting at speed. There was a long-standing controversy among racing men as to whether a trotting horse had all four hooves off the ground at any point; Stanford felt that it did, and hoped than an "instantaneous" photograph would settle the matter once and for all. In May 1872 Muybridge photographed the horse "Occident", but without any great success because the current wet-collodion process normally required many seconds, even in a good light, for a good result. In April 1873 he managed to produce some better negatives, in which a recognizable silhouette of the horse showed all four feet above the ground at the same time.Soon after, Muybridge left his young wife, Flora, in San Francisco to go with the army sent to put down the revolt of the Modoc Indians. While he was busy photographing the scenery and the combatants, his wife had an affair with a Major Harry Larkyns. On his return, finding his wife pregnant, he had several confrontations with Larkyns, which culminated in his shooting him dead. At his trial for murder, in February 1875, Muybridge was acquitted by the jury on the grounds of justifiable homicide; he left soon after on a long trip to South America.He again took up his photographic work when he returned to North America and Stanford asked him to take up the action-photography project once more. Using a new shutter design he had developed while on his trip south, and which would operate in as little as 1/1,000 of a second, he obtained more detailed pictures of "Occident" in July 1877. He then devised a new scheme, which Stanford sponsored at his farm at Palo Alto. A 50 ft (15 m) long shed was constructed, containing twelve cameras side by side, and a white background marked off with vertical, numbered lines was set up. Each camera was fitted with Muybridge's highspeed shutter, which was released by an electromagnetic catch. Thin threads stretched across the track were broken by the horse as it moved along, closing spring electrical contacts which released each shutter in turn. Thus, in about half a second, twelve photographs were obtained that showed all the phases of the movement.Although the pictures were still little more than silhouettes, they were very sharp, and sequences published in scientific and photographic journals throughout the world excited considerable attention. By replacing the threads with an electrical commutator device, which allowed the release of the shutters at precise intervals, Muybridge was able to take series of actions by other animals and humans. From 1880 he lectured in America and Europe, projecting his results in motion on the screen with his Zoopraxiscope projector. In August 1883 he received a grant of $40,000 from the University of Pennsylvania to carry on his work there. Using the vastly improved gelatine dry-plate process and new, improved multiple-camera apparatus, during 1884 and 1885 he produced over 100,000 photographs, of which 20,000 were reproduced in Animal Locomotion in 1887. The subjects were animals of all kinds, and human figures, mostly nude, in a wide range of activities. The quality of the photographs was extremely good, and the publication attracted considerable attention and praise.Muybridge returned to England in 1894; his last publications were Animals in Motion (1899) and The Human Figure in Motion (1901). His influence on the world of art was enormous, over-turning the conventional representations of action hitherto used by artists. His work in pioneering the use of sequence photography led to the science of chronophotography developed by Marey and others, and stimulated many inventors, notably Thomas Edison to work which led to the introduction of cinematography in the 1890s.[br]Bibliography1887, Animal Locomotion, Philadelphia.1893, Descriptive Zoopraxography, Pennsylvania. 1899, Animals in Motion, London.1901, The Human Figure in Motion, London.Further Reading1973, Eadweard Muybridge: The Stanford Years, Stanford.G.Hendricks, 1975, Muybridge: The Father of the Motion Picture, New York. R.Haas, 1976, Muybridge: Man in Motion, California.B.Coe, 1992, Muybridge and the Chromophoto-graphers, London.BC
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