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  • 101 market

    market ['mɑ:kɪt]
    1 noun
    (a) (gen) marché m;
    to go to (the) market aller au marché, aller faire son marché
    (b) Economics marché m; (demand) demande f, marché m; (outlet) débouché m, marché m;
    to be on the market être en vente;
    to come onto the market arriver sur le marché;
    home and foreign market marché m intérieur et extérieur;
    the job market le marché de l'emploi;
    the property market le marché immobilier;
    to put sth on the market mettre qch en vente ou sur le marché;
    they've just put their house on the market ils viennent de mettre leur maison en vente;
    the most economical car on the market la voiture la plus économique du marché;
    new products are always coming onto the market de nouveaux produits apparaissent constamment sur le marché;
    a new electric car has been brought onto the market une nouvelle voiture électrique a été mise sur le marché;
    to be on the open market être sur le marché libre;
    to take sth off the market retirer qch du marché;
    she's in the market for Persian rugs elle cherche à acheter des tapis persans, elle est acheteuse de tapis persans;
    there's always a (ready) market for computer software il y a toujours une forte demande pour les logiciels;
    he's unable to find a market for his products il ne trouve pas de débouchés pour ses produits;
    we hope to conquer the Australian market nous espérons conquérir le marché australien;
    this ad should appeal to the teenage market cette pub devrait séduire les jeunes;
    to find a market for sth trouver un débouché ou des acheteurs pour qch;
    to find a ready market trouver à vendre facilement;
    to price oneself out of the market perdre sa clientèle en demandant trop cher;
    the bottom has fallen out of the market le marché s'est effondré
    (c) Stock Exchange marché m; (index) indice m; (prices) cours mpl;
    the market has risen 10 points l'indice est en hausse de 10 points;
    to play the market jouer en bourse, spéculer
    (sell) vendre, commercialiser; (launch) lancer ou mettre sur le marché
    American (go shopping) faire le marché;
    to go marketing aller faire ses courses
    ►► market analysis analyse f de marché;
    market analyst analyste mf du marché;
    market appeal attrait m commercial;
    market appraisal évaluation f du marché;
    Stock Exchange market capitalization capitalisation f boursière;
    market challenger challengeur m;
    market choice choix m sur le marché; (product preferred by market) choix m du marché;
    Stock Exchange market commentator chroniqueur m boursier;
    market competition concurrence f du marché;
    market conditions conditions fpl du marché;
    Stock Exchange market crisis choc m boursier;
    market day jour m de marché;
    market demand demande f du marché;
    market development développement m du marché;
    market economy économie f de marché ou libérale;
    market entry lancement m sur le marché;
    market expansion extension f de marché;
    market exploration prospection f du marché;
    market exposure exposition f sur le marché;
    market fluctuation mouvement m du marché;
    market follower suiveur m (sur le marché);
    market forces les forces fpl du marché;
    market forecast prévisions fpl du marché, pronostic m du marché;
    market gap manque m sur le marché;
    British market garden jardin m maraîcher;
    British market gardener maraîcher(ère) m,f;
    British market gardening culture f maraîchère;
    market growth croissance f du marché;
    market indicator indicateur m de marché;
    market intelligence intelligence f marketing, information f commerciale;
    market leader (product) premier produit m sur le marché; (firm) leader m du marché;
    Stock Exchange market maker mainteneur m ou teneur m du marché, intermédiaire mf;
    market mechanism mécanisme m du marché;
    market minimum (base sales) ventes fpl de base;
    Stock Exchange market order ordre m au mieux;
    market orientation orientation f marché;
    market participant intervenant(e) m,f ou acteur m sur le marché;
    market penetration pénétration f du marché;
    market penetration pricing tarification f de pénétration du marché;
    market pioneer pionnier m;
    market player acteur m de marché;
    market positioning positionnement m sur le marché;
    market potential (of product) potentiel m sur le marché; (of market) potentiel m du marché;
    market price Commerce prix m courant; Stock Exchange cours m de (la) Bourse;
    Stock Exchange market price list mercuriale f;
    market profile profil m du marché;
    market prospects perspectives fpl commerciales;
    Stock Exchange market quotation cotation f au cours du marché;
    market rate taux m du marché;
    market rate of discount taux m d'escompte hors banque;
    Stock Exchange market rating cours m en Bourse;
    market report étude f de marché, rapport m ou bilan m commercial;
    market research recherche f commerciale; étude f ou études fpl de marché;
    market research has shown that the idea is viable des études de marché ont montré que l'idée a des chances de réussir;
    he works in market research il travaille dans le marketing;
    market research company société f d'études de marché;
    market researcher chargé(e) m,f d'étude de marché;
    British Market Research Society = société d'étude de marché britannique;
    market risk risque m du marché;
    market rollout élargissement m du marché;
    market segment segment m de marché;
    market segmentation segmentation f du marché;
    market share part f de marché;
    market size (of product) part f de marché; (of market) taille f du marché; Stock Exchange taille f boursière;
    British market square place f du marché;
    market study étude f de marché;
    market survey enquête f de marché;
    market test marché-test m, test m de marché, test m de vente;
    market thrust percée f commerciale;
    market town bourg m;
    British market trader vendeur(euse) m,f qui fait les marchés;
    Stock Exchange market trend conjoncture f boursière;
    market value Commerce (of object, product) valeur f marchande; Stock Exchange (of share) valeur f boursière ou en bourse

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > market

  • 102 authorized capital

    Fin
    the money made by a company from the sale of authorized shares of common and preferred stock. It is measured by multiplying the number of authorized shares by their par value.

    The ultimate business dictionary > authorized capital

  • 103 capitalization ratio

    Fin
    the proportion of a company’s value represented by debt, stock, assets, and other items.
    EXAMPLE
    By comparing debt to total capitalization, these ratios provide a glimpse of a company’s long-term stability and ability to withstand losses and business downturns.
         A company’s capitalization ratio can be expressed in two ways:
    = Long-Term Debt/Long-Term Debt + Owners’ Equity
    and
    = Total Debt/Total Debt + Preferred + Common Equity
    For example, a company whose long-term debt totals $5,000 and whose owners hold equity worth $3,000 would have a capitalization ratio of:
    5,000/(5,000 + 3,000) = 5,000/8,000 = 0.625 capitalization ratio
    Both expressions of the ratio are also referred to as component percentages, since they compare a firm’s debt with either its total capital (debt plus equity) or its equity capital. They readily indicate how reliant a firm is on debt financing.
         Capitalization ratios need to be evaluated over time, and compared with other data and standards. Care should be taken when comparing companies in different industries or sectors. The same figures that appear to be low in one industry can be very high in another.

    The ultimate business dictionary > capitalization ratio

  • 104 Hipp, Matthäus

    [br]
    b. 25 October 1813 Blaubeuren, Germany
    d. 3 May 1893 Zurich, Switzerland
    [br]
    German inventor and entrepreneur who produced the first reliable electric clock.
    [br]
    After serving an apprenticeship with a clock-maker in Blaubeuren, Hipp worked for various clockmakers before setting up his own workshop in Reutlingen in 1840. In 1842 he made his first electric clock with an ingenious toggle mechanism for switching the current, although he claimed that the idea had occurred to him eight years earlier. The switching mechanism was the Achilles' heel of early electric clocks. It was usually operated by the pendulum and it presented the designer with a dilemma: if the switch made a firm contact it adversely affected the timekeeping, but if the contact was lightened it sometimes failed to operate due to dirt or corrosion on the contacts. The Hipp toggle switch overcame this problem by operating only when the amplitude of the pendulum dropped below a certain value. As this occurred infrequently, the contact pressure could be increased to provide reliable switching without adversely affecting the timekeeping. It is an indication of the effectiveness of the Hipp toggle that it was used in clocks for over one hundred years and was adopted by many other makers in addition to Hipp and his successor Favag. It was generally preferred for its reliability rather than its precision, although a regulator made in 1881 for the observatory at Neuchâtel performed creditably. This regulator was enclosed in an airtight case at low pressure, eliminating errors due to changes in barometric pressure. This practice later became standard for observatory regulators such as those of Riefler and Shortt. The ability of the Hipp toggle to provide more power when the clock was subjected to an increased load made it particularly suitable for use in turret clocks, whose hands were exposed to the vagaries of the weather. Hipp also improved the operation of slave dials, which were advanced periodically by an electrical impulse from a master clock. If the electrical contacts "chattered" and produced several impulses instead of a single sharp impulse, the slave dials would not indicate the correct time. Hipp solved this problem by producing master clocks which delivered impulses that alternated in polarity, and slave dials which only advanced when the polarity was changed in this way. Polarized impulses delivered every minute became the standard practice for slave dials used on the European continent. Hipp also improved Wheatstone's chronoscope, an instrument that was used for measuring very short intervals of time (such as those involved in ballistics).
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Honorary doctorate, University of Zurich 1875.
    Further Reading
    Neue deutsche Biographie, 1972, Vol. 9, Berlin, pp. 199–200.
    "Hipp's sich selbst conrolirende Uhr", Dinglers polytechnisches Journal (1843), 88:258– 64 (the first description of the Hipp toggle).
    F.Hope-Jones, 1949, Electrical Timekeeping, 2nd edn, London, pp. 62–6, 97–8 (a modern description in English of the Hipp toggle and the slave dial).
    C.A.Aked, 1983, "Electrical precision", Antiquarian Horology 14:172–81 (describes the observatory clock at Neuchâtel).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Hipp, Matthäus

  • 105 Shannon, Claude Elwood

    [br]
    b. 30 April 1916 Gaylord, Michigan, USA
    [br]
    American mathematician, creator of information theory.
    [br]
    As a child, Shannon tinkered with radio kits and enjoyed solving puzzles, particularly crypto-graphic ones. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1936 with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics and electrical engineering, and earned his Master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1937. His thesis on applying Boolean algebra to switching circuits has since been acclaimed as possibly the most significant this century. Shannon earned his PhD in mathematics from MIT in 1940 with a dissertation on the mathematics of genetic transmission.
    Shannon spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, then in 1941 joined Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he began studying the relative efficiency of alternative transmission systems. Work on digital encryption systems during the Second World War led him to think that just as ciphers hide information from the enemy, "encoding" information could also protect it from noise. About 1948, he decided that the amount of information was best expressed quantitatively in a two-value number system, using only the digits 0 and 1. John Tukey, a Princeton colleague, named these units "binary digits" (or, for short, "bits"). Almost all digital computers and communications systems use such on-off, or two-state logic as their basis of operation.
    Also in the 1940s, building on the work of H. Nyquist and R.V.L. Hartley, Shannon proved that there was an upper limit to the amount of information that could be transmitted through a communications channel in a unit of time, which could be approached but never reached because real transmissions are subject to interference (noise). This was the beginning of information theory, which has been used by others in attempts to quantify many sciences and technologies, as well as subjects in the humanities, but with mixed results. Before 1970, when integrated circuits were developed, Shannon's theory was not the preferred circuit-and-transmission design tool it has since become.
    Shannon was also a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, claiming that computing machines could be used to manipulate symbols as well as do calculations. His 1953 paper on computers and automata proposed that digital computers were capable of tasks then thought exclusively the province of living organisms. In 1956 he left Bell Laboratories to join the MIT faculty as Professor of Communications Science.
    On the lighter side, Shannon has built many devices that play games, and in particular has made a scientific study of juggling.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    National Medal of Science. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honor, Kyoto Prize.
    Bibliography
    His seminal paper (on what has subsequently become known as information theory) was entitled "The mathematical theory of communications", first published in Bell System Technical Journal in 1948; it is also available in a monograph (written with Warren Weaver) published by the University of Illinois Press in 1949, and in Key Papers in the Development of Information Theory, ed. David Slepian, IEEE Press, 1974, 1988. For readers who want all of Shannon's works, see N.J.A.Sloane and A.D.Wyner, 1992, The
    Collected Papers of Claude E.Shannon.
    HO

    Biographical history of technology > Shannon, Claude Elwood

  • 106 χξϚ´

    χξϚ´ numerical sign for ἑξακόσιοι (=χ´) ἑξήκοντα (=ξ´) ἕξ (=Ϛ´) six hundred sixty six Rv 13:18 v.l. This is the number of the beast, which is the number of a human being. On the numerological technique involved here s. ἀριθμός 1 and FDornseiff, Das Alphabet in Mystik u. Magie2 1926 §7; PFriesenhahn, Hellen. Wortzahlenmystik im NT ’36. The constantly recurring attempts to solve this riddle are based somet. on the Gk., somet. on the Hebr. alphabet; they may yield a name taken fr. mythology (as early as Irenaeus 5, 30, 3 Ευανθας, Λατεινος, Τειταν, and many others: GHeinrici, Griech.-byz. Gesprächsbücher 1911, p. 60, 3) or fr. history (e.g. Nero Caesar, Ulpius [Trajan] or Domitian [EStauffer, ConNeot 11, ’47, 237–41], or Jesus in a heretical disguise, CCecchelli: GFunacoli Festschr. ’55, 23–31), the numerical value of whose letters is 666. On the other hand, some prefer to treat the number 666 purely as a number; they suspect a symbolic mng. (GA van den Bergh van Eysinga, ZNW 13, 1912, 293–306, NThT 4, 1915, 62–66; ELohmeyer in Hdb. exc. on Rv 13:18). Further, cod. C and the Armenian version have the rdg. χιϚ´=616, which is preferred by RSchütz (s. below) and EHirsch, Studien z. 4. Ev. ’36, 167; it was known to Irenaeus (5, 30, 1), who rejected it. Comm. report on the attempts at solution already made; esp. E-BAllo, L’Apocalypse de St. Jean3 ’33, exc. 34 p. 232–36; JdeZwaan, De Openbaring van Joh. 1925, 46ff; IBeckwith, Apocalypse 1919, 393–411; DAune, Rev (Word) ad loc. S. also ZNW: PCorssen 3, 1902, 238ff; 4, 1903, 264ff; 5, 1904, 86ff; EVischer 4, 1903, 167ff; 5, 1904, 84ff; CBruston 5, 1904, 258ff; CClemen 11, 1910, 204ff; WHadorn 19, 1919/20, 11–29.—SAgrell, Eranos 26, 1928, 35–45; GMenken, GereformTT 36, ’36, 136–52; MGoemans, Studia Cath. 13, ’37, 28–36; DvdBosch, 666 het getal eens menschen ’40. In general s. LBrun, Die röm. Kaiser in Apk: ZNW 26, 1927, 128–51; RSchütz, D. Ofb. d. Joh. u. Kaiser Domitian ’33; KHolzinger, SBWienAk, Phil.-Hist. Kl. 216, 3, ’36; ABertholet, D. Macht der Schrift im Glauben u. Aberglauben: ABA ’49, esp. p. 30.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > χξϚ´

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