prŏbo

prŏbātĭo, ōnis, f. [probo].

A trying, proving; a trial, inspection, examination (class.):

athletarum probatio,

Cic. Off. 1, 40, 144:

futura,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 142; Varr. R. R. 1, 20, 1:

oesypi,

Plin. 29, 2, 10, § 36:

croci sinceri,

id. 21, 6, 17, § 32:

pumicis,

id. 36, 21, 42, § 155:

gemmae recusant limae probationem,

id. 37, 13, 76, § 200:

equitum,

a review, Val. Max. 2, 2, 9.—

In partic.

Approbation, approval, assent (class.):

ob probationem pretium datum,

Cic. Font. 4, 17:

tale visum nullum esse ut perceptio consequatur, ut autem probatio, multa,

i. e. the assent of belief, though not the direct evidence of the senses, id. Ac. 2, 31, 99.—

Proof, demonstration (post-Aug.), Quint. 5, 10, 8:

firma,

id. 11, 3, 2:

potentissimae,

id. 5, 10, 103:

ad cujus rei probationem immittit indices,

Just. 32, 2, 9:

oculorum,

ocular demonstration, Plin. 2, 2, 2, § 5.—

In partic., in rhet., the third part of a discourse, also called confirmatio or fides orationis, in which the orator enumerates his arguments, Quint. 3, 9, 1.

quālis, e, pron. adj. [quis; kindr. with Gr. pê-likos; Goth. huc-leik; Germ. welcher], how constituted, of what sort, kind, or nature, what kind of a (class.).

Interrog.: qualine amico mea commendavi bona? Call. Probo, et fideli, et fido, Plaut. Trin. 4, 4, 3:

qualis oratoris et quanti hominis in dicendo putas esse historiam scribere?

Cic. de Or. 2, 12, 51:

quali fide, quali pietate existimatis eos esse, qui, etc.,

Cic. Font. 10, 21:

qualis est istorum oratio?

what kind of a speech is that? id. Ac. 2, 14, 44 —

In exclamations: hei mihi, qualis erat!

Verg. A. 2, 274; Enn. ap. Serv. ad loc. (Ann. v. 7 Vahl.): O Romule, Romule, dic, qualem te patriae custodem di genuerunt! Enn. ap. Cic. Rep. 1, 41, 64 (Ann. v. 116 Vahl.).—

In indirect questions: nam cogitato, qualem haberes gratiam (si, etc.),

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 54:

ego te qualis sis scio,

id. Aul. 2, 2, 40; Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 20:

ipsius rei natura qualis et quanta sit quaerimus,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 23, 56:

qualis esset natura montis, cognoscere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

doce me quales sint corpore,

what sort of a body they have, Cic. N. D. 1, 23, 65.—

Rel., with or without the correlative talis, so constituted, of such a sort, kind, or nature, such as, as:

ut qualem te jam antea populo Romano, praebuisti, talem te et nobis impertias,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 4, 11:

ut res non tales, quales ante habitae sint, habendae videantur,

id. Inv. 2, 58, 176; id. Off. 2, 13, 44:

in hoc bello, quale bellum nulla barbaria gessit,

the like of which, id. Cat. 3, 10, 25; id. Phil. 2, 7, 17:

equitum acies, qualis quae esse instructissima potest, etc.,

Liv. 8, 39:

tale tuum carmen nobis, quale, etc.,

Verg. E. 5, 47:

bis sex... qualia nunc hominum producit corpora tellus,

id. A. 12, 899.—

Esp., in quotations and citations, as, as for instance, as for example:

aperta et clara (somnia), quale est de illo, etc.,

Cic. Div. 2, 66, 135:

cum proposito dissimili vel contrario ratio subjungitur: quale est Demosthenis: non enim, etc.,

Quint. 5, 14, 4; so id. 1, 5, 65 Zumpt N. cr.; 3, 6, 41; 3, 11, 6 et saep. al.—

Poet. for the adv. qualiter, as, just as:

qualis populea moerens philomela sub umbra Amissos queritur fetus,

Verg. G. 4, 511; id. A. 3, 679; 4, 143:

quale caelum Subrubet,

Ov. Am. 2, 5, 35; id. M. 3, 682.—

Repeated: qualis qualis (post-class. for qualiscumque), of what quality soever, whatsoever:

quali quali obligatione interpositā,

Dig. 20, 5, 12.—

Indef.: quale, having some quality or other:

et ita effici quae appellant qualia,

Cic. Ac. 1, 7, 28:

prius aliquid esse debet, deinde quale esse,

Sen. Ep. 117, 28.— Adv.: quā-lĭter.

In what way or manner, how:

refert, villa qualiter aedificetur,

Col. 1, 4, 6; Mart. 5, 7, 1.— Qualiter qualiter, in what manner soever, for qualitercumque (postclass.), Dig. 4, 4, 7.—

Just as, as:

lacri mae fluxere per ora, Qualiter abjectā de nive manat aquā,

Ov. Am. 1, 7, 57; Cels. praef. p. 6; Val. Fl. 5, 305; Plin. 8, 48, 73, § 193.—

Repeated:

qualiter qualiter,

in whatever manner, however, Dig. 4, 4, 7 pr.; 9, 2, 7, § 1; 26, 7, 5, § 10.

quam (archaic form quamde or quande:

quamde pro quam usos esse antiquos, cum multi veteres testimonio sunt, tum Ennius... et Lucretius (1, 640),

Fest. p. 261 Müll.; cf. Enn. Ann. v. 29, and v. 139 Vahl. So, too, Naev. ap. Fest. s. v. topper, p. 352 Müll.), adv. [qui], in what manner, how, how much, as much as:

quam nihil praetermittis in consilio dando! quam nihil tamen, quod tibi placeat, explicas!

Cic. Att. 9, 2, A, 1:

ut se accusari nolunt! quam cupiunt laudari!

id. Fin. 5, 22, 61:

quam multa, quam paucis!

id. Fam. 11, 24, 1:

quam sint morosi, intellegi potest,

id. ib. 7, 15, 1:

quam vellet, cunctaretur,

id. Div. 1, 26, 56:

memoriā tenetis, quam valde universi admurmurarint,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 41:

quam quisque potest,

as much as each one can, Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 75:

quam potuit,

as far as he was able, Val. Max. 4, 1, 5.—With possum and a sup.:

concede huc ab isto, quam potest longissime,

as far as possible, Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 81:

quam possunt mollissime,

as gently as possible, Cic. N. D. 2, 52, 129.—Also without possum:

quam maximas, quam primum, quam saepissime gratias agere,

Cic. Fam. 13, 6, 5:

ut quam angustissime Pompeium contineret,

Caes. B. C. 3, 45.— With posit. (post-Aug.):

tum Manlius... quam poterat clarā voce denuntiavit,

Val. Max. 6, 4, 1; 3, 2, 1 ext.; 4, 5, 1:

dixi de philosophiā quam breviter potui,

Lact. 3, 17, 1:

tusa cribrataque vino, quam possit excellenti,

as excellent as possible, Plin. 20, 24, 100, § 264; 18, 28, 68, § 274.—

In dependent clauses, indirect questions, etc.:

est fidei nostrae, declarare, quam memores simus,

Cic. Phil. 14, 11, 29:

scio, quam timida sit ambitio,

id. Mil. 16, 42:

quam id ratum sit, tu judicabis,

id. Att. 6, 1, 7:

id quam injustum esset, non videbat,

id. Off. 3, 21, 82:

dici non potest quam sim disputatione tuā delectatus,

id. Tusc. 2, 4, 10; id. N. D. 2, 20, 52; id. Ac. 2, 17, 52; id. Fin. 1, 11, 37; 1, 20, 65; 5, 12, 35; id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47; 2, 1, 21, § 52; 2, 4, 44, § 98:

videte quam iniqui sint,

Sall. J. 85, 25; 62, 9:

ut sentias quam vile sit corpus,

Liv. 2, 12, 3; 24, 5, 2; Nep. Timoth. 4, 2.—

In partic.

In comparisons, as, than.

With tam:

tam ego ante fui liber, quam gnatus tuos,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 60; cf. id. ib. 3, 4, 11:

si era me sciat tam socordem esse quam sum,

id. Cist. 4, 2, 5:

tua est imago: tam consimilis est, quam potest,

id. Men. 5, 9, 4:

tam esse clemens tyrannus quam rex importunus potest,

Cic. Rep. 1, 33, 50; id. Div. 1, 6, 10 et saep.; v. tam.—

With ellipsis of corresp. tam:

homo non, quam isti sunt, gloriosus,

not so celebrated as those, Liv. 35, 49:

claris majoribus, quam vetustis,

rather than, Tac. A. 4, 61.—

With sup. and a corresp. tam, by how much the more, the more: quam acerbissima olea oleum facies, tam oleum optimum erit, the bitterer the olives, the better will be the oil, Cato, R. R. 65, 1:

quam paucissimos reliqueris, tam optimi fiunt,

Varr. R. R. 2, 9:

quam quisque pessume fecit, tam maxume tutus est,

Sall. J. 31, 14.—

With magis:

quam magis... tam magis,

the more... the more, Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 5.—With tam omitted:

quam magis exhausto spumaverit ubere mulctra, Laeta magis pressis manabunt flumina mammis,

Verg. G. 3, 309.— With the second magis omitted:

quam magis te in altum capessis, tam aestus te in portum refert,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 6.—

In the reverse order: tam magis... quam magis,

the more... the more, Verg. A. 7, 787. —

With tanto:

quam magis... tanto magis,

the more... the more, Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 19; so Lucr. 6, 460.—

With a double comp.:

ne libentius haec in illum evomere videar, quam verius,

with more freedom than truth, Cic. Mil. 29, 78:

non acrior quam pertinacior impetus Romanorum,

Liv. 31, 35:

discrimen me occupavit, meliore hostium quam meo tempore,

Curt. 7, 7, 9.—

Tam... quam, with the comp. for the posit., so... as:

per dexteram te istam oro non tam in bellis et proeliis, quam in promissis et fide firmiorem,

Cic. Deiot. 3, 8.—

After comparatives or words of comparison, than:

nobis nihil est tlmendum magis quam ille consul,

Cic. Att. 7, 9, 3:

his igitur, quam physicis potius credendum existimas?

id. Div. 2, 16, 37; Cassius ap. Cic. Fam. 15, 19, 1; Cic. Pis. 26, 62:

majorem pecuniam praetori polliceri, quam quantam hic dedisset,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; id. de Or. 1, 36, 167:

qui plures milites eorum occidisset, quam quot superessent,

Liv. 35, 12.—So after verbs which imply comparison, verbs of preference, excellence, etc.; after praestat, Caes. B. G. 7, 17, 4; after malo:

esse quam videri bonus malebat,

Sall. C. 54, 5:

an est quod ego malim quam?

Cic. Par. 1; after statuo, Nep. Dat. 8, 1; after probo, Tac. A. 1, 58; after volo ( = boulomai ê), Liv. 3, 68, 11; 25, 29, 6.— Rarely quantus is used to strengthen quam, after comp.:

de re majore quam quanta ea esset,

Liv. 30, 23, 2:

implere homines certioris spei, quam quantam fides promissi humani subicere solet,

id. 26, 19, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.;

22, 2, 19.— But quam is often omitted after plus, minus, amplius, etc., without changing the case: minus duo milia hominum effugerunt,

Liv. 24, 16, 4:

plus partem dimidiam hominum caesam,

id. 36, 40, 5; cf. id. 29, 25, 2:

cum decem haud plus milibus militum,

id. 28, 1, 5:

ut hoc nostrum desiderium ne plus sit annuum,

Cic. Att. 5, 1, 1:

ferre plus dimidiati mensis cibaria,

id. Tusc. 2, 16, 37:

plus quingentos colaphos infregit mihi,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 45; Prop. 2, 19, 18 (3, 17, 32); v. Zumpt, Gram. § 485.—

With sic ( poet.):

quam multā grandine nimbi Culminibus crepitant, sic densis ictibus heros pulsat, etc.,

Verg. A. 5, 458.— With sic omitted, Verg. A. 6, 309 sqq.—

After aeque, so much... as:

nihil aeque eos terruit, quam robur ac color imperatoris,

Liv. 28, 26.—

After contra, otherwise... than, not so... as:

contra faciunt, quam professi sunt,

Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 11.— So after secus:

ne me secus honore honestes quam ego te,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50. —

After alius, with a preceding negative, not otherwise than, no other than:

nil aliud agens quam ut, etc.,

nothing else than, Liv. 44, 27, 12:

neque aliud totā urbe agi quam bellum apparari,

id. 4, 26, 12; Nep. Hann. 10, 1:

ob nullam aliam causam, quam ne,

from no other cause than, Liv. 45, 25; 34, 2, 12. — Rarely with alius affirmatively (for ac):

ipse me paulum in aliā quam prius habuerim opinione nunc esse confiteor,

Quint. 3, 6, 63. —

After aliter, otherwise than:

ne aliter, quam ego velim, meum laudet ingenium,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 9, § 24:

ne aliter quam si, etc.,

Col. 4, 2, 2.—

After supra:

saepe supra feret, quam fieri possit,

more than, Cic. Or. 40, 139.—

After ultra:

ultra, quam satis est, producitur,

farther than, Cic. Inv. 1, 18, 26.—

After diversum, otherwise than:

pransus quoque atque potus diversum valent quam indicant,

something altogether different from what, Quint. 1, 4, 29; cf., after advorsum, only Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 139 Brix ad loc.—

After words denoting number or quantity, which serve for comparison: dimidium tributi quam quod regibus ferre soliti erant, populo Romano pendere, the half of what, half as much as, Liv. 45, 18:

multiplex, quam pro numero, damnum est,

too great for, greater than, id. 7, 8:

ferramenta duplicia, quam numerus servorum exigit,

twice as many as, Col. 1, 8, 8.—So, too, after designations of time:

die vigesimā, quam creatus erat, dictaturā se abdicavit,

on the twentieth day after, Liv. 6, 29: tabellarii venerunt post diem sextum, quam a vobis discesserant, Cic. Fil. ap. Cic. Fam. 16, 21, 1:

postridie venissemus, quam... fuissemus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 9:

postero die quam illa erant acta,

id. de Or. 2, 3, 12:

saeculis multis ante... inventa sunt, quam, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 5, 21. —

After the sup.:

bellum gerere cum tyranno, quam qui unquam, saevissimo et violentissimo in suos,

the most cruel that ever was, Liv. 34, 32.—

So with rel. and sup. after tam:

tam gratum mihi id erit, quam quod gratissimum,

Cic. Fam. 13, 3:

tam sum amicus rei publicae quam qui maxime,

id. ib. 5, 2, 6:

ego sum tam mitis, quam qui lenissimus,

id. Sull. 31, 87.—

Sometimes with magis or potius to be supplied, more... than:

tacita mulier semper, quam loquens,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 70 dub.:

pacem quam bellum probabam,

Tac. A. 1, 58. —

In mere intensive expressions, exceedingly, very, quite, indeed:

admodum quam saevos est,

very cruel indeed, Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 43:

nimis quam formido, ne, etc.,

id. Most. 2, 2, 79:

nimis quam cupio,

id. Capt. 1, 2, 17:

quam familiariter,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 109: nam suos valde quam paucos habet, very few indeed, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 13, 3:

mire quam,

Cic. Att. 1, 11, 3:

sane quam refrixit,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 5.

secta, ae, f. [ part. perf. of seco, sc. via, v. seco, I. C. 2., and II. B. fin. ]; prop., a trodden or beaten way, a path; footsteps; hence, trop., a (prescribed) way, mode, manner, method, principles of conduct or procedure (syn.: ratio, via, etc.); most freq. in the phrase sectam (alicujus) sequi (persequi, etc.), to follow in the footsteps (of any one); hence, also, sectam (alicujus) secuti, a party, faction, sect.

In gen.:

nos, qui hanc sectam rationemque vitae, re magis quam verbis, secuti sumus,

mode of life, Cic. Cael. 17, 40; so,

vitae,

Quint. 3, 8, 38; 12, 2, 6; Plin. Pan. 45, 4; cf. id. ib. 85, 7:

horum nos hominum sectam atque instituta persequimur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 70, § 181; cf.:

cujus sectam sequi, cujus imperio parere potissimum vellet,

id. Rab. Perd. 8, 22:

sequi ejus auctoritatem, cujus sectam atque imperium secutus est,

id. Fam. 13, 4, 2:

omnis natura habet quasi viam quandam et sectam quam sequatur,

id. N. D. 2, 22, 57:

negant se pro Vitruvio sectamque ejus secutis precatum venisse,

Liv. 8, 19; cf. id. 29, 27; 35, 49; 36, 1;

42, 31: juvenes hortatur, ut illam ire viam pergant et eidem incumbere sectae,

Juv. 14, 121 sq.:

divitioris sectam plerumque secuntur Quamlibet et fortes,

follow, adhere to, Lucr. 5, 1114:

gallae sectam meam exsecutae, mihi comites, etc.,

Cat. 63, 15 et saep.—

In partic., doctrines, school, sect (not freq. until the post-Aug. per.; syn.: schola, disciplina).

In philosophic lang.:

quo magis tuum, Brute, judicium probo, qui eorum philosophorum sectam secutus es,

Cic. Brut. 31, 120; cf.:

inter Stoicos et Epicuri sectam secutos pugna perpetua est,

Quint. 5, 7, 35.— Plur.:

ad morem certas in philosophia sectas sequendi,

Quint. 3, 1, 18:

neque me cujusdam sectae velut quādam superstitione imbutus addixi,

id. 3, 1, 22:

assumptā Stoicorum arrogantiā sectāque,

Tac. A. 14, 57:

Demetrio Cynicam sectam professo,

id. H. 4, 40:

auctoritatem Stoicae sectae praeferebat,

id. A. 16, 32; 6, 22:

inter duos diversarum sectarum velut duces,

Quint. 5, 13, 59. —

In jurisprudence:

hi duo primum veluti diversas sectas fecerunt,

schools, Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 47.—

In medicine, a school:

alia est Hippocratis secta, alia Asclepiadis,

Sen. Ep. 95, 9.—

In religion, a sect, Cod. Just. 1, 9, 3:

plurimae sectae et haereses,

Lact. 4, 30, 2:

Nazaraenorum,

Vulg. Act. 24, 5.—

Rarely of a class or guild of men:

sincera et innoxia pastoriae illius sectae integritas,

Flor. 3, 12, 2.—

In Appul., a band of robbers, App. M. 4, pp. 150, 29, and 153, 22.

secta, ōrum, n. [1. seco, I. B. 1.], parts of the body operated upon:

secta recentia,

Plin. 31, 11, 47, § 126.