-
1 GOÐ
n. (heathen) god.* * *n. pl. [all the Teutonic languages have this word in common; Ulf. guþa, n. pl., Gal. iv. 8; guda, id., John x. 34, 35; and Guþ, m.; A. S. godu, n. pl., and God, m.; O. H. G. Cot: in mod. languages masc.; Engl. God; Germ. Gott; Dan.-Swed. Gud].A. HISTORICAL REMARKS.—In heathen times this word was neuter, and was used almost exclusively in plur., as were also other words denoting Godhead, e. g. regin or rögn = numina, q. v.; and bönd, höpt, prop. = bonds, and metaph. gods:—this plur. usage seems not to refer to a plurality of gods, but rather, as the Hebrew אלהים, to the majesty and mystery of the Godhead; it points to an earlier and purer faith than that which was current in the later ages of the Scandinavian heathendom; thus the old religious poem Völuspá distinguishes a twofold order of gods,—the heavenly powers (regin or ginn-heilög goð) who had no special names or attributes, and who ruled the world, like the Μοιρα or Αισα of Gr. mythology;—and the common gods who were divided into two tribes, Æsir ( Ases) and Vanir, whose conflict and league are recorded in Vsp. 27, 28, and Edda 47.II. after the introduction of Christianity, the masculine gender (as in Greek and Latin) superseded the neuter in all Teutonic languages, first in Gothic, then in Old High German and Anglo-Saxon, and lastly in the Scandinavian languages; but neither in Gothic nor in Icel. did the word ever take the masc. inflexive r or s, so that it remains almost unique in form.2. in Scandinavian the root vowel was altered from o to u (goð to guð), [Swed.-Dan. gud], yet in old poems of the Christian age it is still made to rhyme with o, Goðs, boðnum; Goð, roðnar, Sighvat; as also in the oldest MSS. of the 12th century; sometimes however it is written ḡþ, in which case the root vowel cannot be discerned.3. in Icel. the pronunciation also underwent a change, and the g in Guð ( God) is now pronounced gw (Gwuð), both in the single word and in those proper names which have become Christian, e. g. Guðmundr pronounced Gwuðmundr, whence the abbreviated form Gvendr or Gvöndr. The old form with o is still retained in obsolete words, as goði, goðorð, vide below, and in local names from the heathen age, as Goð-dalir; so also Gormr (q. v.), which is contracted from Goð-ormr not Guð-ormr. On the other hand, the Saxon and German have kept the root vowel o.III. in old poems of heathen times it was almost always used without the article; gremdu eigi goð at þér, Ls.; áðr vér heilög goð blótim, Fas. i. (in a verse); ginnheilög Goð, Vsp. passim; goðum ek þat þakka, Am. 53; með goðum, Alm.; in prose, en goð hefna eigi alls þegar, Nj. 132.2. with the article goð-in, Vsp. 27: freq. in prose, um hvat reiddusk goðin þá er hér brann hraunit er nú stöndu vér á, Bs. i. (Kr. S.) 22; eigi eru undr at goðin reiðisk tölum slíkum, id.; Hallfreðr lastaði eigi goðin, þó aðrir menn hallmælti þeim, Fms. ii. 52; allmikin hug leggr þú á goðin, Fs. 94; eigi munu goðin þessu valda, Nj. 132, passim.3. very seldom in sing., and only if applied to a single goddess or the like, as Öndor-goðs (gen.), Haustl. 7; Vana-goð, of Freyja, Edda; enu skírleita goði, of the Sun, Gm. 39.IV. after the introduction of Christianity, the neut. was only used of false gods in sing. as well as in pl., Sólar-goð = Apollo, Orrostu-goð = Mars, Drauma-goð = Morpheus, Bret. (Verel.); and was held up for execration by the missionaries; gör þik eigi svá djarfa, at þú kallir goð hinn hæsta konung er ek trúi á, Fb. i. 371. Yet so strongly did the neut. gender cleave to the popular mind that it remains (Grág. Kb. i. 192) in the oath formula, goð gramt = Goð gramr; and Icel. still say, í Guðanna (pl.) bænum.2. guðír, masc. pl., as in A. S. gudas, is freq. in eccl. writers, but borrowed from the eccl. Lat.B. IN COMPDS:I. with nouns, goða-blót, n. sacrifice to the gods, Fb. i. 35. goða-gremi, f. a term in the heathen oath, wrath of the gods, Eg. 352. goða-heill, f. favour of the gods, Þorst. Síðu H. 9. goða-hús, n. a house of gods, temple, Dropl. 11, Nj. 131, Fb. i. 337. goða-stallar, m. pl. the altar in temples, Fas. i. 454. goða-stúka, u, f. the sanctuary in heathen temples, answering to the choir or sanctuary in churches, Landn. 335 (App.) goða-tala, u, f. in the phrase, í goðatölu, in the tale ( list) of gods, 625. 41. goð-borinn, part. διογενής, god-born, Hkv. 1. 29. goð-brúðr, f. bride of the gods (the goddess Skaði), Edda (in a verse). Goð-dalir, m. pl. a local name, hence Goð-dælir, m. pl. a family, Landn. goð-gá, f. blasphemy against the gods, Nj. 163, Ld. 180. goð-heimr, m. the home of the gods, Stor. 20, cp. Ýt. goð-konungr, m. (cp. Gr. διογενής βασιλεύς), a king,—kings being deemed the offspring of gods, Ýt. goð-kunnigr and goð-kyndr, adj. of the kith of gods, Edda 6, 11, 13. goð-lauss, adj. godless, a nickname, Landn. goð-lax, m. a kind of salmon, Edda (Gl.) goð-leiðr, adj. loathed by the gods, Korm. goð-máligr, adj. skilled in the lore of the gods, Hým. 38. goð-mögn, n. pl. divine powers, deities, Edda 1; biðja til þinna goðmagna, Bret. (Verel.) goð-reið, f. ‘a ride of gods’ through the air, a meteor, thought to forebode great events, Glúm. (in a verse), cp. the Swed. åska. goð-rifi, n. scorn of the gods, Sks. 435. goð-rækr, adj. ‘god-forsaken,’ wicked, 623. 30. goðum-leiðr, adj. = goðleiðr, Landn. (in a verse). goð-vargr, m. a ‘god-worrier,’ sacrilegus, ‘lupus in sanctis,’ Bs. i. 13 (in a verse). goð-vefr, vide guðvefr. goð-vegr, m. the way of the gods, the heaven, the sky, Hdl. 5. Goð-þjóð, f. the abode of the gods, Vsp.:—but Goth. Gut-þjuda = the land of the Goths, by assimilation Goð-þjóð, passim in old poems and the Sagas.II. with pr. names, originally Goð-, later and mod. Guð-; of men, Guð-brandr, Guð-laugr, Guð-leifr, Guð-mundr, Guð-röðr, Guð-ormr or Gutt-ormr, etc.; of women, Guð-björg, Guð-finna, Guð-laug, Guð-leif, Guð-ný, Guð-ríðr, Guð-rún, etc.; cp. the interesting statement in Eb. (App.) 126 new Ed. (from the Hauks-bók), that men of the olden time used to call their sons and daughters after the gods (Goð-, Þór-, Frey-, Ás-); and it was thought that a double (i. e. a compound) name gave luck and long life, esp. those compounded with the names of gods; menn höfðu mjök þá tvau nöfn, þótti þat likast til langlífis ok heilla, þótt nokkurir fyrirmælti þeim við goðin, þá mundi þat ekki saka, ef þeir ætti eitt nafn, though any one cursed them by the gods it would not hurt if they had ‘one’ name, i. e. if they were the namesakes of the gods, Eb. l. c.;—we read ‘eitt nafn’ for ‘eitt annat nafn’ of the Ed. and MS. In Fb. i. 23, the mythical king Raum is said to have had three sons, Alf, Björn, and Brand; the first was reared by the Finns, and called Finn-Alf; Björn by his mother (a giantess), and called Jötun-Björn; and Brand was given to the gods, and called Goð-Brand (Guð-brandr, whence Guðbrands-dalir, a county in Norway); cp. also Eb. ch. 7.☞ For the Christian sense of God and its compds vide s. v. Guð. -
2 náttúra
f.1) nature (eptir boði náttúrunnar);2) (supernatural) virtue, power (fylgði þessu náttúra mikil);3) pl., spirits, powers.* * *u, f. [from Lat. natura], nature; eptir boði náttúrunnar, Fms. i. 104; sjálf náttúran, Stj. 177; náttúran sjálf en fyrsta móðir vár, Mar.II. ( supernatural) virtue, power, 544. 39; svá hefir hann mikla náttúru með sér, Nj. 44; fylgði þessu n. mikil, Fms. xi. 128; ef þú lætr þessar náttúrur fylgja, Fas. ii. 529.III. natural quality; náttúra jarðar, Edda (pref.); er kunni náttúru allra strengleikja, Str. 67:—nature, disposition, bera náttúru á e-t, Bárð. 167; hafa náttúru til e-s, to have inclination towards, passim:—potency, náttúru-laus, impotent.IV. in plur. spirits, powers; margar þær náttúrur hafa nú til sótt er áðr vildu við oss skiljask, ok enga hlýðni oss veita, Þorf. Karl. 378.COMPDS: náttúrubragð, náttúrugjöf, náttúrugripr, náttúrugrös, náttúrulauss, náttúrulög, náttúrusteinn, náttúruvani. -
3 REGIN
(gen. ragna), n. pl. the ruling powers, the gods, = rögn.* * *n. pl., only in nom. and acc., for ragna, rögnum are formed from rögn (q. v.), analogously to magn and megin; [Ulf. ragin = γνώμη, δόγμα, and raginon = ἡγεμονεύειν, ragineis = σύμβουλος, βουλευτής; Hel. reginu-gescapu = mighty weird]:— the gods as the makers and rulers of the universe, the word being peculiar to the ancient poems; regin heita goð heiðin, bönd ok rögn, Edda ii. 430: freq. in the Vsp., þá gengu r. öll á rökstóla, ginnheilög goð, 6, 9, 27, 29; nýt regin, Vþm. 25; fróð regin, 26; vís regin, 39; fjöld ek fór fjöld ek reynda regin, 44, 46, 48, 50, 54; blíð regin, Gm. 6, 37, 41, Ls, 32; holl regin, 4; þá er regin deyja, Vþm. 47; urðu heldr hamljó: regin, Haustl. 10; ráð öll ok regin, Hkm. 18; Hrímfaxi heitir er hverja dregr nótt of nýt regin, Vþm. 13, 14:—regin is a pantheistic word, including the world, in such phrases as, unz rjúfask regin, 40; þá er rjúfask regin, 52, Gm. 4, Ls. 41; þá er í ráði at regn (i. e. regin, acc.) um þrjóti, then is the end of the world nigh, Hdl. 41; cp. ragna rök, the world-doom, answering to Saxon muspilli; as also ragna-rökr, for the explanation of which word see rök and rökr: ginn-regin, q. v.; upp-reginn, the heavenly powers, Haustl.; þrym-regin, q. v.; ragna sjöt, the seat of the gods = the heavens, Vsp. 33: in prose only in the phrase, enda mælir rán ok regin (acc.) við oss á sogurt ofan, he speaks to us rán and regin, i. e. he scolds and curses, Ölk. 36; hann var Baldr með Ásum, er öll regin grétu, Fas. i. 473, in a paraphrase from a lost poem.II. in pr. names, Reginn, a mythical name, Edda, Völs. S: esp. in compds, Regin-leif, a fem. name, Landn., but mostly contr. Ragn- or Rögn-: of women, Ragna, Ragn-heiðr, Ragn-hildr; of men, Ragnarr, Rögn-valdr, Landn.; cp. old Germ. and Saxon names beginning with Ragin-, mod. Rain-, Rayn-, Ran-, as Reginald, Reynolds. In COMPDS, [cp. Hel. regini-blind, regin-scatho, regin-thiof], mighty, great: regin-djúp, n. the deep sea. regin-djúpr, adj. mighty deep, Vísna bók 1612. regin-dómr, m. pl. the mighty doom, the last judgment, Vsp. 64; rúnar ok regindóma, mighty spells, Hm. 112 (but not in Cod. Reg.) regin-fjall, n. a wild fell, mountain wilderness, Gsp., and in mod. usage. regin-gaddi, a, m. = reginnagli, Edda ii. 494. regin-grjót, n. the holy stones, altars (hörgr), Gs. 19 regin-haf, n. the main, freq. in mod. usage. regin-hylr, m. = regindjúp, Stef. Ól. regin-kungr, adj. = Gr. διογενής, epithet of a king, Hðm. 26. regin-kunnr, adj. world-known, Hm. 112. regin-nagli, a, m. a sacred peg in the ancient high-seats was called so, Eb. 10 new Ed. regin-spönn, f. a kind of axe, Edda (Gl.) regin-þing, n. the great council, Hkv. 1. 50. -
4 FRÓÐR
a. knowing, learned, well-informed (hón var fróð at mörgu); fróðar bœkr, instructive books.* * *adj. [Ulf. frôþs = φρόνιμος, σοφός, σώφρων, συνετός; Hel. frôd; A. S. frôd]:—knowing, learned, well-instructed; fróðr, er margkunnigr er, Fms. xi. 413; hón var fróð at mörgu, Nj. 194; þat er sögn fróðra manna, Ísl. ii. 206; verða fróðari um e-t, Sks. 37; at Finnum tveim er hér eru fróðastir ( greatest wizards), Fms. i. 8; fás er fróðum vant, little is lacking to the knowing, cp. the Engl. ‘knowledge is power,’ Hm. 107: of books, containing much information, instructive, bækr beztar ok fróðastar, Bs. i. 429.β. in some passages in Hm. fróðr seems to mean clever, Hm. 7, 27, 30, 6l, 107; þá nam ek at frævask ok fróðr vera, 142; fróðir menn, knowing men, Ýt. 6; fróð regin, the wise powers, Vþm. 26; enn fróði jötunn, 30, 33, 35:—in some few poët. compds (in which it seems to be used almost = prúðr, brave, valiant, as böð-f., eljun-f.) the true meaning is skilled in war (cp. the Gr. δαιφρων); sann-f., truly informed; óljúgfróð, Íb. 4; ú-fróðr, ignorant, = Goth. unfróþs, which Ulf. uses to translate ἄφρων, ἀνόητος; sögu-fróðr, skilled in old lore. As fróðr chiefly refers to historical knowledge, ‘hinn Fróði’ was an appellation given to the old Icel. chroniclers—Ari Fróði, Brandr Fróði, Sæmundr Fróði, Kolskeggr Fróði, who lived between 1050 and 1150 A. D. But the historians of the next age were seldom called by this name: Odd Munk (of the end of the 12th century) is only once called so, (Ing. S. fine); Snorri (of the 13th) twice, viz. Ann. 1241 in a single MS., and Sturl. iii. 98, but in a part of the Saga probably not written by Sturla himself; Sturla (who died in 1284) is never called by that name; and the only real exception is Styrmir ‘Fróði’ (who died in 1245), though he least deserved the name. Of foreign writers the Icel. gave the name Fróði to Bede (Landn. pref.), whom they held in great honour. -
5 GINN-
or perhaps better gínn-, [cp. A. S. gin or ginn = vast, wide; it seems however better to derive it from the verb beginnan, Engl. begin, a word used in all Teutonic languages, except the old Scandinavian tongue, where it is unknown, unless in this mythological prefix]:—only used as a prefix:I. in old mythol. words, great, holy: ginn-heilög (adj. pl.) goð, the most holy gods, the supreme gods, as opposed to Asir and Vanir, the lower gods, Vsp. passim: ginn-regin, n. pl. ‘magna numina,’ Hm. 143, Haustl. 13, in the same sense as ginnheilög goð in Vsp.; in Hým. 4 opp. to tívar ( dii); in Alm. goð and ginnregin are distinguished, cp. also Hm. 79: ginnungar, m. pl., seems used in the same sense as ginnregin, whence Ginnunga-gap, n. chaos, the formless void, in which abode the supreme powers, before the creation, Edda, Vsp.: later, in the 11th century, the sea between Greenland and America was called Ginnunga-gap, A. A. 295: Ginnunga-himin, m. of the heavenly vault of Ginnunga-gap, Edda 5: Ginnunga-vé, n. pl. the holy places of the Ginnungar, the universe, Haustl. 15: Ginnarr (Ginnir), m., is a name of Odin, prop. = aetherius, and also used of the eagle, the falcon.II. in an intensive sense only in poets; ginn-viti, a, m. a large fire, Sighvat; perhaps also we may read, Vkv. 5, ginn-fasti, a, m. a great fire in a smithy, for gim fasti. -
6 GRAS
* * *n. grass, herbage, herb.* * *n. [Ulf. gras = χόρτος, λάχανον; A. S. græs and gærs; Engl. grass; Germ. gras; Swed. and Dan. gras]:—grass, herbage, opp. to wood, trees, Vsp. 3, Fm. 25, Hm. 20; hrísi ok grasi, 120; grös ok viðu, Rb. 78; fölr sem gras, Nj. 177; góðir landa-kostir at grösum ok skógum, Fs. 26; svá er sagt, at á Grænlandi eru grös góð, good pastures, Sks. 44 new Ed.; reyta gras, to pick grass, Nj. 118; þar var náliga til grass at ganga (better görs), Ld. 96; bíta gras, to graze, Grág. ii. 299; gras grær, grass grows, Edda 145 (pref.); tak af reiðinginn ok fær hestinn á gras, Sturl. iii. 114; þú ætlaðir mik þat lítilmenni at ek munda hirða hvar hestar þínir bitu gras, Fs. 57; þar þótti Grelöðu hunangs-ilmr ór grasi, Landn. 140: vegetation, in such phrases as, þar sem mætist gras ok fjara, grass and beach, Dipl. iii. 11: the grassy earth, opp. to a wilderness or the sea, þat var í ofanverðum grösum, high up, near the wilderness, Dropl. 33; allt austr undir jökla sem grös eru vaxin, Landn. 65:—phrases, hníga í gras, to bite the dust, Ísl. ii. 366; mun ek hafa mann fyrir mik áðr ek hníga at grasi, Njarð. 378; lúta í gras, id., Fbr. 90 new Ed.; heyra gras gróa, to hear the grass grow (of the god Heimdal), cp. Edda 17: sugared language is said to make the grass grow, við hvert orð þótti grös gróa, Clar.; þau vóru orðin, at gróa þóttu grösin við, Mirm.: ganga eptir e-m með grasið í skónum, to go after one with grass in one’s shoes, i. e. to beg hard, intercede meekly with one who is cross and angry.2. a herb, a kind of grass; ek hefi þat eitt gras, etc., Fms. ix. 282; af grasi því er vér köllum hvann-njóla, x. 336: esp. in plur. herbs with healing powers, þau grös sem mandragore heita, Stj. 175; afl dauðfærandi grasa, Johann. 26; með góðum grösum, Blas. 43; ilmuð grös, sweet herbs, Bb. 2. 20; tína grös, to clean grass, pick the moss clean:—botan. in plur., Iceland moss, Jb. 310; and in composition, brönu-grös, mandrake; esp. of lichens, fjalla-grös, fell lichen, Lichen Islandicus; fjöru-grös, seaweeds, sea-wrack; Gvendar-grös, id.; Mariu-grös, lichen nivalis; Munda-grös, lichen coacervatus edilis; trölla-grös, lichen albus.COMPDS: grasafjall, grasafó1k, grasagrautr, grasaleit, grasamjólk, grasapoki. -
7 KRAPTR
(-s, -ar), m.1) might, strength, power; með öllum krapti, with might and main;2) virtue;3) superhuman being, angel.* * *or kraftr, m., gen. krapts and kraptar, dat. krapti; [Engl. craft; Germ., Swed., and Dan. kraft; prob. akin to krappr, prop. meaning a crooked bar, such as ribs and knees in a ship, which sense has been kept in the weak form krapti; whence metaph. it came to mean power, strength]:—might, strength, power; með öllum krapti, with might and main, Fms. vii. 305; með miklum krapti, x. 274; engi er æðri kraptr eða styrkri, Sks. 25; undir krapti hlýðninnar, Mar.; algörr í kröptum, 656 A. 2; görðisk svá mikill máttr at krapti hans, 655 iii. 4; með ljósi krapts síns, Niðrst. 7; ek særi þik fyrir alla krapta Krists þíns, Nj. 176; af Guðs megni ok krapti ins heilaga kross, Fms. x. 417. In the N. T. δύναμις is often rendered by kraptr, Guðs kraptr, Matth. xxii. 29; kraptar himnanna, xxiv. 29; til hægri handar Kraftarins, xxvi. 64. krafta-verk, n. (Gr. δυνάμις), ‘power-work,’ a miracle, N. T. passim; for jartein (q. v.) is not Biblical, Magn. 430:—in plur. powers, supernatural, whence krapta-skáld, n. a ‘power-scald,’ a poet whose song has a magical power, see Ísl. Þjóðs.: physical, bodily strength, hafa mikla krafta, to be strong; litla krapta, to be weak.COMPDS: kraptalauss, kraptalán, kraptaleysi, kraptalítill, kraptamaðr, kraptamikill, kraptaskáld. -
8 mið-garðr
m. [in Cumberland three farms, High-garth, Middle-garth, Low-garth]I. the ‘mid-yard’ ‘middle-town,’ i. e. the earth, a mythol. word common to all ancient Teut. languages; thus Ulf. renders the Gr. οἰκουμένη by midjungards; Hel, calls the earth middil-gard; the. A. S. homilies instead of earth say middan-geard (meddlert, Jamieson), and use the word as an appellative; but the Icel. Edda alone has preserved the true mythical bearing of this old Teut. word.—The earth (Miðgarð), the abode of men, is seated in the middle of the universe, bordered by mountains and surrounded by the great sea (úthaf); on the other side of this sea is the Út-garð ( out-yard), the abode of giants; the Miðgarð is defended by the ‘yard’ or ‘burgh’ Ás-garð ( the burgh of the gods), lying in the middle (the heaven being conceived as rising above the earth). Thus the earth and mankind are represented as a stronghold besieged by the powers of evil from without, defended by the gods from above and from within; see Vsp. 4, Gm. 41, Edda 6, 25, 26, 35: mankind is said to abide ‘undir Miðgarði,’ under the Midgard, Hbl. 23; mest manna-val und Miðgarði, Hdl. 11, 16, Fms. vi. 423 (in a verse); um allan Miðgarð, Blanda. Miðgarðs-ormr, m. the Serpent of Midgard. the world serpent of the ancient mythology hidden in the ocean, whose coils gird round the whole Midgard, Edda 18, 34–36, 41, 42; dólgr Miðgarðs-orms, the antagonist of the M. = Thor, Edda 53; muntú vera ormr sá er verstr er til er menn kalla Miðgarðsorm, Fas. i. 373. In old Icel. translations of legends Leviathan is rendered by Miðgarðsormr, Niðrst. 3, Post. 686 C. 2. The god Thor is called Miðgarðs-véorr, m. = the holy one of M., Vsp.; miðgarðs verjandi, the defender of Midgard, Edda 53; cp. Þórr hefir varðan Miðgarð af þrek, Edda (in a verse).II. Miðgarðr, as a local name. Icel. map. -
9 MYRKR
I)(acc. myrkan, -van, -jan), a.1) dark, murky (um kveldit, er myrkt var); myrkt var af nótt, the night was dark; gørði-myrkt, it grew dark;2) dark, obscure in meaning, hard to understand (myrkt þykki mér þat mælt at kalla skáldskap með þessum heitum).n. darkness (m. var mikit).* * *adj., myrk, myrkt, or myrt, Ó. H. 216; with a characteristic v before a vowel, myrkvan, myrkva, myrkvir; compar. myrkvari; superl. myrkvastr; later, as also in mod. usage, the v was dropped, which form occurs in later vellums of the 14th century, thus myrkar, Stj. 30; myrkari, Fms. vi. 229 (Hulda): j for v, myrkjar, Róm. 373: [A. S. myrc; Hel. mirki; Old Engl. and Scot. mirk; Engl. murky; Dan.-Swed. mörk]:—mirk, murky, dark; myrkvar grímr, Fas. i. 519 (in a verse); myrkvan veg, Rm. 34; inn myrkvan við, through the mirk-wood, Og. 25; myrkvan vafurloga, Skm. 8, 9; myrkt er úti, ’tis dark outside, Skm. 10; um kveldit er myrkt var orðit, Bs. i. 544; þeir biðu nætr, en er myrkt var, Eg. 80; myrkt var í stofunni, 215; görði myrt, Ó. H. 216; myrkt, 218; um kveldit er myrkt var, Hkr. i. 61; aldri varð svá myrkt af nótt, at eigi væri ærit ljóst þar er hann fór, Edda 70, Þiðr. 326; þá var sem myrkvast nætr, Fb. iii. 410, Fms. ix. 484; görði stundinn daginn svá myrkjan sem nótt væri, Róm. 373; of aptan er myrkt var, Ó. H. 139; í myrkri stofu, Bs. i. 508; myrk augu, dim eyes, Pr. 473: neut., gengu þeir þann dag allan til myrks, Edda 28: of colour, var vant kvígu þrévetrar myrkrar, hón hét Mús (but perh. read mýskrar or the like), Ísl. ii. 401.II. metaph. dark, obscure, hard to read; myrkvar kenningar, Gd. 78; myrk orð, dark sayings, riddles; myrkr stafr, þat verðr mörgum manni at um myrkvan staf villisk, of spell Runes with hidden powers, Eg. (in a verse); þá mælti Ægir, myrkt þykki mér þat mælt, at kalla skáldskap þessum heitum, Edda 48; hér hefr upp ok segir frá því er flestum er myrkt, N. G. L. i. 184; bækr myrkvar ok úskiljanligar, Stj. 30; þat mun ek sýna jafnan at ek em eigi myrkr í skapi, Nj. 179; myrkari ok kaldari ráð, Fms. vi. 229.III. local names, Myrk-á, Landn.; Myrk-viðr, Fms. xii, Gl. -
10 NÆR
adv. and prep. with dat.1) near, in the vicinity (of);nær eða fjarri, near or far;nær staddr, present;brautu nær, near the road;nær því sem, neara the place where (þar í nesinu, nær því sem þingit hafði verit);þar nær, in the vicinity (sveinarnir hlaupa til skógar, er þar var nær);2) towards, of time (nær aptni, morni);3) nearly;nær átta tigir manna or nær átta tigum manna, nearly eighty men;þar kómu menn af nær öllum löndum, almost from all countries;nær viku munu við dveljast, we shall stay nearly a week;4) in accordance with, in conformity to (nær ætla ek þat lögum Íra);5) near the truth (máttu nú nær gæta, hvar beina okkarra er at leita);7) adv., when, = hve nær (nær skal mér þat ömbuna? sagði B.);B. spurði, nær þeir mundu aptr koma, when they would be coming back.* * *adv. used both as positive and comparative of ná-, q. v.; superl. næst; mod. usage makes nær the comparative, nærri the positive, cp. fjar, fjarri, firr, which are analogous: [A. S. and Engl. near; Scot. nar; Dan. nær]:—near:I. as positive, with dat., brautu nær, near the road, Hm. 71; hjarta nær, 94; borgum nær, Sighvat; nær Heiðabý, Fms. vi. 64 (in a verse); vera nær e-u, to be present at; hvergi nær, nowhere near; vóru þá búendr hvergi nær komnir, Ó. H. 210, Eg. 111, Grág. i. 69; nær eða fjarri, nigh or far, Fms. viii. 346:—nær aptni, near night, towards night, Hm. 97; nær morni, 100:—near, according to, nær ætla ek þat lögum Íra, Ld. 76; er þat nær þínu skapi, Nj. 24.2. metaph. near, close, sharp; sem þú mátt vánu nær ( probably) vita, Sks. 183 B; geta þess sumir til, at þú munir þér þetta eigi nær ætla, folks say that it comes not from thy heart, Fms. xi. 280; Sigurðr þótti nær sér taka þetta bragð, it was cleverly done, vii. 219; cp. taka e-ð nærri sér, to overstrain one’s powers; hann hefir tekið nærri sér, … ok var nær hverjum vænna horfði, it was a drawn game, Nj. 45; e-m verðr nær stýrt, to have a narrow escape, Fms. v. 266; nær meir, more near to, Hom. 159; engi skal nær meir göra en, Gþl. 456.3. adv. nearly, almost; nær þrjátigi manna, Grett. 95 B; nær tuttugu, Eg. 37; níu hundruð eðr nær því, Fms. i. 109, Rb. 466; nær hundraði vetra, Landn. 322; nær tveggja manns-vaxta, Fas. ii. 508; siðaðr nær betr en, almost better than, Fms. i. 242; nær af öllum löndum, Ld. 28.II. compar. nearer; nær kirkju eða firr, K. Þ. K.; nær vetfangi, Grág. ii. 43; ver eigi nær honum en mál nemi, Fms. iv. 28: temp., eigi nær vár-þingi en …, Grág. i. 100; eigi nær páskum en …, 324: metaph. nearer to, þess firr var er þeir gengu nær, Ld. 322.2. fitter; væri nær miklu, at …, Valla L. 218; miklu er þetta nær, en …, Þórð. 49, Nj. 37; nær er nú aptr at hverfa en fyrr, Fms. vi. 155: in mod. usage, iron., þér er nær at þegja, it will be better for thee to hold thy tongue; þér var nær að vera kyr!B. Adv. and conj. [Dan. naar], when; hafðú njósn af nær þeir koma, Nj. 5; halda vörð á nær tími mundi vera at hitta konung, Eg. 420; göra orð nær líkast væri at veita atför jarli, Fms. i. 54; kveða á nær hón varð léttari, Grág. i. 349; nær þeir ( supposed that) auka jömnu, ii. 257. -
11 VÆTTR
(pl. -ir), f.1) wight, being; þegi þú, rög v., hold thy tongue, vile being;2) esp. a supernatural being; hjálpi þér hollar vættir, way the gracious powers help thee; heiðnar vættir, heathen fiends; illar vættir, evil beings;3) ekki vætta, no whit, nothing at all (höfðu þeir ekki vætta at sök); as adv. not at all (ekki vætta hræddr); øngu vætta vildi hann eira, he would not spare anything.* * *f., dat. vætti, Grett. 176 new Ed., Hom. 129 (Ed.); used neut., Hom. 195, l. 4: [A. S. wiht; Engl. wight; Germ. böse-wicht]:—a ‘wight,’ being; Brynhildar, armrar vættar, Gkv. 1. 22; vön sé sú vættr vers ok barna, 23; Brynhildar, armrar vættar, 22; þegi þú, rög vættr, Ls. 59, 61, 63; þá segi ek þér, vesöl vettr, Hom. 152; nú sá þér hverjar vættir er þess höfðu neytt, mýss ok ormar, Ó. H. 109.2. esp. of supernatural beings; svá brenna mik nú bænir Ólafs konungs, sagði sú vættr, Ó. H. 188; Guð, hví metr þú þik þess, at sýna afl þitt við jamnústyrkt vætr sem ek em, Hom. 195; ertú maðr eða andi eðr önnur vættr, Art. 79; hollar vættir, Frigg ok Freyja ok fleiri goð, Og.; blóta heiðnar vættir, K. Þ. K.; hann hafði kastað trú sinni ok görðisk guðníðingr ok blótaði nú heiðnar vættir, Nj. 272; hann kvað íllar vættir því snemma stýrt hafa, Korm. 240; kann vera nokkur íll vættr hafi lagizk á féit, Fms. xi. 158; ú-vættr, an ‘un-wight,’ an evil wight; mein-vættr, q. v.; görninga-vættr, galdra-v., a sorceress; þeirri görninga vætti, Grett. 176; land-vættir, q. v.: vitta vettr, a ‘witch wight,’ a sorceress, Ýt.B. vætta or vetta, in the phrase, ekki vætta, no whit, naught; dat. engu vætta, gen. enskis vætta. Mr. Jón Thorkelsson, of Reykjavík, suggests that vætta is a nom. neut. (like auga), of which vætna (see hvat-vetna) is the gen. plur. (as augna from auga); ekki vætta ( nobody) má forðask, Sks. 82; ok kemsk ekki vætta yfir, Art. 28; ok skorti (ekki) vætta um vetrinn, Fms. v. 313; höfðu þeir ekki vætta at sök, viii. 18; þeim var nú ok ást á öngu vetti (vetta?) nema á Guði einum, Hom. 129 (Ed., see foot-note); sem honum hefði enskis vetta verit at grandi, 125 (Ed.); svá mikit kafa-fjúk með frosti at engu vetta var út komanda, Fs. 54; öngu vætta vildi hann eira, Fms. xi. 90; ok öngu vætta vanat, Stj. 279; hann gefr sér ekki vætta (naught, not a whit) um hans úvitrleik, 22; hann var ekki vætta hræddr, not a whit afraid, 154; anza ekki vætta, to heed not, 81; nokkut vætta, aught, something, 164, 181, 280.C. vætr, as an adverb = naught, cp. Goth. ni-waiht or waiht-ni = οὐδέν, μηδέν, the negative particle né being dropped; hyggsk vætr hvatr fyrir, Ls. 15; át vætr Freyja, svaf vætr Freyja, Þkv.; vinna vætr, Vkv. 39; sér vætr fyrir því, Skv. 1. 39; leyfi ek vætr, I praise it not, Eg. (in a verse).2. with gen., vætr manna, no man, Hbl. 22; vætr véla no fraud, Am. 5; vætr hjóna, none of the household, 94; ey-vit (q. v.), aught. -
12 goðmögn
n. pl. divine powers, deities (g. þau er þeir blótuðu). -
13 raddmaðr
См. также в других словарях:
Powers — bezeichnet: Powers (Michigan), einen Ort in den USA Powers (Oklahoma), einen Ort in den USA Powers (Oregon), einen Ort in den USA Powers (Comic), eine US amerikanische Comicserie Personen: Bridget Powers (* 1980), US amerikanische… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Powers — might refer to:People;Surname * Ed Powers, director * Gary Powers, pilot * Hiram Powers (1805 1873), American sculptor * J. F. Powers, writer * John A. Powers, USAF Lt. Col., NASA Mercury Mission Control * John R. Powers, writer * Johnny Powers,… … Wikipedia
Powers — Powers, OR U.S. city in Oregon Population (2000): 734 Housing Units (2000): 403 Land area (2000): 0.796790 sq. miles (2.063676 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.028736 sq. miles (0.074427 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.825526 sq. miles (2.138103 sq. km) … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Powers, MI — U.S. village in Michigan Population (2000): 430 Housing Units (2000): 146 Land area (2000): 0.991225 sq. miles (2.567260 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.991225 sq. miles (2.567260 sq. km) FIPS… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Powers, OR — U.S. city in Oregon Population (2000): 734 Housing Units (2000): 403 Land area (2000): 0.796790 sq. miles (2.063676 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.028736 sq. miles (0.074427 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.825526 sq. miles (2.138103 sq. km) FIPS code … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Powers — (spr. Pauers), Hiram, geb. 1805 zu Woodstock in Vermont, ging nach dem Tode seines Vaters nach Cincinnati u. wurde nach einander Aufwärter in einem Lesezimmer, Diener in einem Productengeschäft u. Gehülfe bei einem Uhrmacher; nachdem er das… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
powers — index hierarchy (persons in authority) Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
Powers — [ paʊəz], 1) Hiram, amerikanischer Bildhauer, * Woodstock (Vermont) 29. 7. 1805, ✝ Florenz 27. 6. 1873; Vertreter des Neoklassizismus, lebte ab 1837 in Italien. Er war besonders erfolgreich mit Porträtbüsten (»Andrew Jackson«, 1837; New York … Universal-Lexikon
Powers — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. Powers peut désigner : Sommaire 1 Patronyme 2 Cinéma … Wikipédia en Français
Powers of the President of the United States — Powers of State= Because the United States is a presidential system, the President fulfils the roles of both chief of state and head of government. As chief of state, the President of the United States represents the nation at home and abroad. In … Wikipedia
Powers of ten — Réalisation Ray Eames Acteurs principaux Philip Morrison Musique Elmer Bernstein Société de distribution IBM Durée 9 min. Sortie 1977 Pays d’origine … Wikipédia en Français
