-
101 ассоциация ассоциаци·я
Европейская ассоциация свободной торговли, ЕАСТ ист. — European Free Trade Association, EFTA
правовая природа международной ассоциации государств — legal nature, of universal association of states
Международная ассоциация политической науки, МАПН — International Political Science Association, IPSA
Международная ассоциация развития, МАР — International Development Association, IDA
Международная ассоциация юридических наук, МАЮН — International Association of Legal Sciences, IALS
Международная ассоциация юристов-демократов, МАЮД — International Association of Democratic Lawyers, IADL
торговая / торгово-промышленная ассоциация — trade association
Ассоциация государств / стран Юго-Восточной Азии, АСЕАН — Association of South-East Asian Nations
Ассоциация научных, технических административных работников — Association of Scientific, Technical and Management Staffs
Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > ассоциация ассоциаци·я
-
102 Diderot, Denis
b. 1713 Lagnes, Champagne, Franced. 1784 Paris, France[br]French editor of the thirty-five-volume Encyclopédie.[br]In spite of a Jesuit education, Diderot became a teacher and scholar instead of a lawyer or doctor. He then proceeded to write prolifically, though many of his works ran contrary to government opinion and dictate. In 1727 Ephraim Chambers published the Chambers Encyclopaedia and a Parisian publisher persuaded Diderot and D'Alembert to translate it. The authors quickly moved away from the translation and undertook the great Encyclopédie. Political and philosophical militancy prevented its publication many times and caused the collaboration to fail in 1758. The first volume, written by many authors and edited by Diderot, appeared in 1751, and the last, the thirty-fifth, in 1776. The Encyclopédie is valued because of the accuracy with which the objects are described and illustrated in the folio volumes.[br]Bibliography1751–76, Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (ed.).KM -
103 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 26 August 1743 Paris, Franced. 8 May 1794 Paris, France[br]French founder of the modern science of chemistry.[br]As well as receiving a formal education in law and literature, Lavoisier studied science under some of the leading figures of the day. This proved to be an ideal formation of the man in whom "man of science" and "public servant" were so intimately combined. His early work towards the first geological map of France and on the water supply of Paris helped to win him election to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1768 at the youthful age of 25. In the same year he used some of his private income to buy a part-share in the "tax farm", a private company which leased from the Government the right to collect certain indirect taxes.In 1772 Lavoisier began his researches into the related phenomena of combustion, respiration and the calcination or oxidation of metals. This culminated in the early 1780s in the overthrow of the prevailing theory, based on an imponderable combustion principle called "phlogiston", and the substitution of the modern explanation of these processes. At the same time, understanding of the nature of acids, bases and salts was placed on a sounder footing. More important, Lavoisier defined a chemical element in its modern sense and showed how it should be applied by drawing up the first modern list of the chemical elements. With the revolution in chemistry initiated by Lavoisier, chemists could begin to understand correctly the fundamental processes of their science. This understanding was the foundationo of the astonishing advance in scientific and industrial chemistry that has taken place since then. As an academician, Lavoisier was paid by the Government to carry out investigations into a wide variety of practical questions with a chemical bias, such as the manufacture of starch and the distillation of phosphorus. In 1775 Louis XVI ordered the setting up of the Gunpowder Commission to improve the supply and quality of gunpowder, deficiencies in which had hampered France's war efforts. Lavoisier was a member of the Commission and, as usual, took the leading part, drawing up its report and supervising its implementation. As a result, the industry became profitable, output increased so that France could even export powder, and the range of the powder increased by two-thirds. This was a material factor in France's war effort in the Revolution and the Napoleonic wars.As if his chemical researches and official duties were not enough, Lavoisier began to apply his scientific principles to agriculture when he purchased an estate at Frechines, near Blois. After ten years' work on his experimental farm there, Lavoisier was able to describe his results in the memoir "Results of some agricultural experiments and reflections on their relation to political economy" (Paris, 1788), which holds historic importance in agriculture and economics. In spite of his services to the nation and to humanity, his association with the tax farm was to have tragic consequences: during the reign of terror in 1794 the Revolutionaries consigned to the guillotine all the tax farmers, including Lavoisier.[br]Bibliography1862–93, Oeuvres de Lavoisier, Vols I–IV, ed. J.B.A.Dumas; Vols V–VI, ed. E.Grimaux, Paris (Lavoisier's collected works).Further ReadingD.I.Duveen and H.S.Klickstein, 1954, A Bibliography of the Works of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier 1743–1794, London: William Dawson (contains valuable biographical material).D.McKie, 1952, Antoine Lavoisier, Scientist, Economist, Social Reformer, London: Constable (the best modern, general biography).H.Guerlac, 1975, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, Chemist and Revolutionary, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (a more recent work).LRDBiographical history of technology > Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent
-
104 общественная наука
общественная наука
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
social science
The study of society and of the relationship of individual members within society, including economics, history, political science, psychology, anthropology, and sociology. (Source: CED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > общественная наука
-
105 Sozialwissenschaften
общественная наука
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
social science
The study of society and of the relationship of individual members within society, including economics, history, political science, psychology, anthropology, and sociology. (Source: CED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Sozialwissenschaften
-
106 общественная наука
общественная наука
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
social science
The study of society and of the relationship of individual members within society, including economics, history, political science, psychology, anthropology, and sociology. (Source: CED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > общественная наука
-
107 social science
общественная наука
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
social science
The study of society and of the relationship of individual members within society, including economics, history, political science, psychology, anthropology, and sociology. (Source: CED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > social science
См. также в других словарях:
China Youth University for Political Sciences — 中国青年政治学院 Motto 实事求是 朝气蓬勃 (Pursue truth through facts and remain vigorous in practice) Established 1948 Type Public President L … Wikipedia
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Cambridge — The Faculty of Social and Political Sciences is part of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Cambridge. It comprises three departments: Politics, Social and Developmental Psychology, and Sociology. It also includes… … Wikipedia
List of members of the National Academy of Sciences (Social and political sciences) — ocial and political sciences … Wikipedia
Tehran School of Political Sciences — infobox University name = Tehran School of Political Science native name=مدرسه علوم سياسی تهران established= 1899 type= Public staff= chancellor= city= Tehran country= IranThe Tehran School of Political Science ( fa. مدرسه علوم سياسی تهران), was… … Wikipedia
Sciences, Academy of — ▪ French organization French Académie des Sciences institution established in Paris in 1666 under the patronage of Louis XIV to advise the French government on scientific matters. This advisory role has been largely taken over by other… … Universalium
political science — political scientist. a social science dealing with political institutions and with the principles and conduct of government. [1770 80] * * * Academic discipline concerned with the empirical study of government and politics. Political scientists… … Universalium
SCIENCES SOCIALES (PRÉHISTOIRE DES) — Les sciences sociales sont fréquemment aujourd’hui l’objet d’un double discours. Tantôt, devant le relatif échec de la croissance quantitative, on se préoccupe de revenir de la Lune pour enfin mieux aménager la Terre, et on se tourne avec un… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Sciences Po — is a French abbreviation of sciences politiques , or political science, which is a division of the social sciences. It is also an epithet of the former Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques , founded in Paris in 1872 to train future French civil… … Wikipedia
Political engineering — is a concept in political science that deals with the designing of political institutions in a society. [http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/politics/undergrad/syllabi/V53.0810 brams s05.pdf Political Engineering: The Design of Institutions, Dr. Jeffrey … Wikipedia
Political Economy — Political Economy † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Political Economy SCIENCE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY (ECONOMICS). I. DEFINITIONS Political economy (Greek, oikonomia the management of a household or family, politike pertaining to the… … Catholic encyclopedia
political economy — political economist. 1. a social science dealing with political policies and economic processes, their interrelations, and their influence on social institutions. 2. (in the 17th 18th centuries) the art of management of communities, esp. as… … Universalium