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1 ONG
ONG [ɔεnʒe]feminine noun( = organisation non gouvernementale) NGO* * *oɛnʒenom féminin (abbr = organisation non gouvernementale) NGO* * *ONG nf (abbr = organisation non gouvernementale) NGO.ⓘ ONG These non-governmental organizations are generally either humanitarian agencies or human rights groups, usually started up by individual initiatives. They have the following features in common: they are international in both remit and membership; they are private associative movements; they operate on a voluntary basis. Their activities range from the social, political and legal domains to the fields of science, religion and sport. The influence of human rights organizations (Amnesty International), environmental bodies (WWF), humanitarian aid concerns ( Médecins Sans Frontières) and third-world development agencies (Oxfam) is indicative of the significant role of the ONG worldwide. Another major factor is the strong political independence of such international movements whose primary motivating force is the desire for world justice rather than the more localized interests of the state. -
2 FLNKS
abr nm Front de libération nationale kanak et socialiste political movement in New Caledonia* * *FLNKS nm (abbr = Front de libération nationale kanak socialiste) Kanak independence movement in New Caledonia. -
3 lutte
lutte [lyt]1. feminine nouna. ( = combat) struggleb. ( = sport) wrestling2. compounds* * *lyt1) ( opposition entre personnes) conflict; ( plus pénible) struggle2) ( action énergique) fight; ( plus pénible) struggleêtre en lutte — to be fighting ou struggling
de haute lutte — fml [gagner, obtenir] after a hard-fought struggle
•Phrasal Verbs:* * *lyt nf1) (= combat) struggle2) SPORT* * *lutte nf1 ( opposition entre personnes) conflict (avec with; contre with); ( plus pénible) struggle; lutte sociale/religieuse/politique social/religious/political conflict; lutte d'influence power struggle; être en lutte contre or avec qn to be in conflict with sb; se livrer à une lutte sans merci contre qn to engage in a ruthless battle against sb;2 ( action énergique) fight (pour for; contre against); ( plus pénible) struggle; la lutte contre le cancer the fight against cancer; lutte antiterroriste/antipollution/antichômage fight against terrorism/pollution/unemployment; lutte contre le racisme fight against racism; être en lutte to be fighting ou struggling (pour for; contre against); de haute lutte fml [gagner, obtenir qch] after a hard-fought struggle;3 ( antagonisme entre forces) conflict, struggle; la lutte entre le bien et le mal the struggle between good and evil;4 ⇒ Les jeux et les sports Sport wrestling; prise de lutte wrestling hold; faire de la lutte to wrestle.lutte armée armed conflict; lutte biologique biological control; lutte de classes class war; lutte d'intérêts conflict of interest; lutte libre all-in wrestling; lutte pour la vie struggle for existence.[lyt] nom fémininla lutte pour l'indépendance/pour la liberté the struggle for independence/for freedom3. [efforts - contre un mal] fight4. [résistance] strugglela lutte d'un malade contre la mort a sick person's struggle for life ou battle against death5. [antagonisme] fight7. BIOLOGIElutte libre/gréco-romaine all-in/Graeco-Roman wrestlingde haute lutte locution adverbialeconquérir ou emporter quelque chose de haute lutte to obtain something after a hard fight————————en lutte locution adjectivale -
4 FLN
ɛfɛlɛn abr nmFront de libération nationale FLN (liberation front during the Algerian war)* * *one of the main political parties in Algeria, established as a resistance movement, in 1954, at the start of the war for independence -
5 combat
combat [kɔ̃ba]masculine nouna. (Military) battle• combat aérien/naval air/naval battleb. ( = action offensive) struggle• « étudiants, professeurs: même combat ! » "students and teachers fighting together"• combat de boxe/de catch boxing/wrestling match* * *kɔ̃banom masculin1) Armée fighting [U]combats aériens/terrestres — air/land battles
livrer un combat — to campaign ( contre against; pour for)
3) Sport bout•Phrasal Verbs:* * *kɔ̃ba1. vbSee:2. nm1) (= bataille) battle2) (sportif) fight3) (politique) fight3. combats nmplfighting no plLes combats ont repris ce matin. — Fighting started again this morning.
* * *combat nm1 Mil fighting ¢; violents combats fierce fighting; combats sporadiques sporadic fighting; les combats ont repris the fighting has broken out again; cessation des combats end to the fighting; combats aériens/terrestres air/land battles; livrer combat to join battle (à with; contre against); envoyer au combat to send into combat; mettre hors de combat to disable; partir au combat to set off for battle;2 Pol struggle (contre against; pour for); combat pour l'indépendance struggle for independence; combat d'idées/politique ideological/political struggle; mener le combat to lead the struggle; littérature/presse de combat militant literature/press; livrer un combat to campaign (contre against; pour for);3 Sport bout; combat de boxe/catch boxing/wrestling bout; (mettre) hors de combat (to put) out of action.combat de coqs cock fight; combat de gladiateurs gladiatorial combat; combat rapproché close combat; combat de rue street fighting; combat singulier single combat.[kɔ̃ba] verbe→ link=combattre combattre————————[kɔ̃ba] nom masculincombat aérien/naval air/sea battleet le combat cessa faute de combattants Corneille (allusion) and the combat ceased for want of fighters2. [lutte physique] fight————————de combat locution adjectivaleavion de combat warplane, fighter plane2. [de choc] militant -
6 fédéralisme
fedeʀalismnom masculin federalism* * *fedeʀalism nm* * *fédéralisme nm federalism.[federalism] nom masculin2. (Suisse) political tendency defending the independence of the Swiss cantons from federal authority -
7 Gaulle , General Charles de
(1890-1970). Prime minister 1944-1946, President 1958-1969.De Gaulle was without doubt the most influential French politician of the twentieth century. Leader of the Free French forces in World War 2, General de Gaulle went on to become the instigator, and the first president, of France's fifth republic. He oversaw French decolonisation of Algeria and other colonies, but was also a strong nationalist, who believed in France's independent nuclear deterrent, and withdrew France from NATO's military command in a move to affirm France's independence with regard notably to the USA. He was one of the leading proponents of the European Economic Community, the EEC, precursor of the European Union, but memorably blocked Britain's application for membership in 1960, considering that Britain was too aligned with the USA.A firm believer in strong central power, he designed the constitution of the Fifth Republic to give very great powers to the President (far greater than in any other major western democracy), leaving the French Parliament as second fiddle. He also sought to model the European Community in the same way, concentrating power in the hands of the Commission, and opposing the extension of the powers of the European Parliament.Notwithstanding, de Gaulle remains an iconic figure in the life of modernFrance, and a point of reference for politicians, notably those on the right. For over thirty years, French conservative political parties have vied with each other to portray themselves as the true bearers of Gaullist values; but with the passing of time, de Gaulle's influence on French politics, and the emblematic value of his name, are declining. The modern UMP party, the party of Presient Sarkozy, may be descended in direct lineage from de Gaulle's RFP and UDR parties, and may define itself as being "gaullist", but the meaning of the word, in that case, has changed.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Gaulle , General Charles de
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