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21 Foreign policy
The guiding principle of Portuguese foreign policy since the founding of the monarchy in the 12th century has been the maintenance of Portugal's status first as an independent kingdom and, later, as a sovereign nation-state. For the first 800 years of its existence, Portuguese foreign policy and diplomacy sought to maintain the independence of the Portuguese monarchy, especially in relationship to the larger and more powerful Spanish monarchy. During this period, the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, which began with a treaty of commerce and friendship signed between the kings of Portugal and England in 1386 (the Treaty of Windsor) and continued with the Methuen Treaty in 1703, sought to use England ( Great Britain after 1707) as a counterweight to its landward neighbor, Spain.As three invasions of Portugal by Napoleon's armies during the first decade of the 19th century proved, however, Spain was not the only threat to Portugal's independence and security. Portugal's ally, Britain, provided a counterweight also to a threatening France on more than one occasion between 1790 and 1830. During the 19th century, Portugal's foreign policy became largely subordinate to that of her oldest ally, Britain, and standard Portuguese histories describe Portugal's situation as that of a "protectorate" of Britain. In two key aspects during this time of international weakness and internal turmoil, Portugal's foreign policy was under great pressure from her ally, world power Britain: responses to European conflicts and to the situation of Portugal's scattered, largely impoverished overseas empire. Portugal's efforts to retain massive, resource-rich Brazil in her empire failed by 1822, when Brazil declared its independence. Britain's policy of favoring greater trade and commerce opportunities in an autonomous Brazil was at odds with Portugal's desperate efforts to hold Brazil.Following the loss of Brazil and a renewed interest in empire in tropical Africa, Portugal sought to regain a more independent initiative in her foreign policy and, especially after 1875, overseas imperial questions dominated foreign policy concerns. From this juncture, through the first Republic (1910-26) and during the Estado Novo, a primary purpose of Portuguese foreign policy was to maintain Portuguese India, Macau, and its colonies in Africa: Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau. Under the direction of the dictator, Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, further efforts were made to reclaim a measure of independence of foreign policy, despite the tradition of British dominance. Salazar recognized the importance of an Atlantic orientation of the country's foreign policy. As Herbert Pell, U.S. Ambassador to Portugal (1937-41), observed in a June 1939 report to the U.S. Department of State, Portugal's leaders understood that Portugal must side with "that nation which dominates the Atlantic."During the 1930s, greater efforts were made in Lisbon in economic, financial, and foreign policy initiatives to assert a greater measure of flexibility in her dependence on ally Britain. German economic interests made inroads in an economy whose infrastructure in transportation, communication, and commerce had long been dominated by British commerce and investors. Portugal's foreign policy during World War II was challenged as both Allied and Axis powers tested the viability of Portugal's official policy of neutrality, qualified by a customary bow to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, who served as minister of foreign affairs, as well as prime minister, during 1936-45, sought to sell his version of neutrality to both sides in the war and to do so in a way that would benefit Portugal's still weak economy and finance. Portugal's status as a neutral was keenly tested in several cases, including Portugal's agreeing to lease military bases to Britain and the United States in the Azores Islands and in the wolfram (tungsten ore) question. Portugal's foreign policy experienced severe pressures from the Allies in both cases, and Salazar made it clear to his British and American counterparts that Portugal sought to claim the right to make independent choices in policy, despite Portugal's military and economic weakness. In tense diplomatic negotiations with the Allies over Portugal's wolfram exports to Germany as of 1944, Salazar grew disheartened and briefly considered resigning over the wolfram question. Foreign policy pressure on this question diminished quickly on 6 June 1944, as Salazar decreed that wolfram mining, sales, and exports to both sides would cease for the remainder of the war. After the United States joined the Allies in the war and pursued an Atlantic strategy, Portugal discovered that her relationship with the dominant ally in the emerging United Nations was changing and that the U.S. would replace Britain as the key Atlantic ally during succeeding decades. Beginning in 1943-44, and continuing to 1949, when Portugal became, with the United States, a founding member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Luso-American relations assumed center stage in her foreign policy.During the Cold War, Portuguese foreign policy was aligned with that of the United States and its allies in Western Europe. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the focus of Portuguese foreign policy shifted away from defending and maintaining the African colonies toward integration with Europe. Since Portugal became a member of the European Economic Community in 1986, and this evolved into the European Union (EU), all Portuguese governments have sought to align Portugal's foreign policy with that of the EU in general and to be more independent of the United States. Since 1986, Portugal's bilateral commercial and diplomatic relations with Britain, France, and Spain have strengthened, especially those with Spain, which are more open and mutually beneficial than at any other time in history.Within the EU, Portugal has sought to play a role in the promotion of democracy and human rights, while maintaining its security ties to NATO. Currently, a Portuguese politician, José Manuel Durão Barroso, is president of the Commission of the EU, and Portugal has held the six-month rotating presidency of the EU three times, in 1992, 2000, and 2007. -
22 neutral policy
= neutrality policy политика нейтралитета -
23 neutralitetspolitik
policy of neutrality. -
24 политика нейтралитета
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25 политика нейтралитета
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > политика нейтралитета
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26 политика нейтралитета
policy of neutrality, neutral policyРусско-английский политический словарь > политика нейтралитета
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27 политика политик·а
(политическая деятельность, курс) policy; (политические события) politicsвырабатывать политику — to make / elaborate policy
заниматься политикой — to deal in / to be engaged in politics, to politicize
критиковать чью-л. политику — to assault / to criticize smb.'s policy
навязать стране какую-л. политику — to force / to impose a policy on a country
одобрять чью-л. политику — to approve / to endorse a policy
оправдывать свою политику — to justify / to validate one's policy
определять политику — to shape / to determine the policy
осуждать чью-л политику — to condemn smb.'s policy
отказаться от проводимой политики — to abandon / to give up / to drop the policy
очернить чью-л. политику — to denigrate smb.'s policy
пересмотреть свою политику — to re-examine / to review / to revise one's policy
поддерживать политику — to uphold / to support a policy
проводить политику — to carry on / to conduct / to follow / to pursue a policy
смягчить политику в отношении какой-л. страны — to moderate a policy toward a country
стать приверженцем какой-л. политики — to commit oneself to a policy
авантюристическая политика — policy of adventure, adventurist(ic) policy
аграрная политика — agrarian / farm policy
агрессивная политика, политика агрессии — policy of aggression, aggressive policy
аннексионистская политика, политика аннексий — policy of annexation, annexationist policy
близорукая / недальновидная политика — shallow / short-sighted policy
"большая политика" — "big politics"
внешняя политика — foreign / external / exterior policy / politics
выступать против чьей-л. внешней политики — to attack smb.'s foreign / policy
дискредитировать чью-л. внешнюю политику — to discredit smb.'s foreign policy
изменить внешнюю политику применительно к чему-л. — to adopt one's foreign policy to smth.
клеветать на чью-л. внешнюю политику — to libel smb.'s foreign policy
неправильно понимать / интерпретировать чью-л. внешнюю политику — to misunderstand smb.'s foreign policy
пересмотреть предпосылки (своей) внешней политики — to re-examine the premises of one's foreign policy
скрывать истинный характер (своей) внешней политики — to disguise the true nature of one's foreign policy
главный / центральный вопрос внешней политики — core of foreign policy
изменения / сдвиги во внешней политике — shifts in foreign policy
определяющий / решающий фактор внешней политики — key determinant factor of foreign policy
цели (и задачи) внешней политики — objectives of foreign policy, foreign policy objectives
внутренняя политика — domestic / internal / home policy / politics
воинственная политика — fighting / belligerent policy
выжидательная политика — wait-and-see / temporizing / expectant / Fabian policy, waiting game
дальновидная политика — forward-looking / far-sighted policy
денежно-кредитная / монетарная политика — monetary policy
эффективность денежно-кредитной политики — effectiveness / strength of monetary policy
захватническая политика — annexationist / expansionist policy
кадровая политика — cadres / personnel policy
капитулянтская политика — defeatist policy, policy of defeat / capitulation
классовая политика — class / class-motivated policy
кредитная политика — credit control, lending / credit / crediting policy
международная политика — international policy / politics
изменить внешнюю политику применительно к чему-л. — to adapt international policy to smth.
радикально изменить внешнюю политику — radically to change / to reverse international policy
мирная политика, политика мира — policy of peace
мировая политика — world politics / policy
миролюбивая политика — peace / peaceable / peaceful policy
придерживаться миролюбивой политики — to abide by / to adhere to a peaceful policy
надклассовая политика — aboveclass policy, policy independent of class
налоговая политика — fiscal / tax / taxation policy
наступательная политика — vigorous / active policy
независимая политика — policy of go-it-alone, independent policy
нереальная / оторванная от жизни политика — unrealistic politics
последовательная политика — coherent / consistent policy
расистская иммиграционная политика — racist / racial immigration policy, racist policy on immigration
реваншистская политика — revenge-seeking / revanchist policy
согласованная политика — coordinated / agreed policy
соглашательская политика — policy of class collaboration / conciliation / compromise
тонкая политика — subtle policy; kid-glove policy амер. разг.
торговая политика — trade / commercial policy
трезвая политика — sober / sound policy
умеренная политика — middle-of-the-road / moderate policy
финансово-бюджетная / фискальная политика — fiscal policy
в фарватере чьей-л. политики — in the wake of smb.'s policy
политика балансирования на грани войны — brink-of-war policy; policy of brinkmanship амер.
политика "большой дубинки" (политика открытого вмешательства США во внутренние дела латиноамериканских стран до 1933 г.) — Big Stick policy
политика булавочных / мелких уколов — policy of pin-pricks
политика, ведущая к инфляции — inflationary policy
политика взаимных уступок — give-and-take policy, policy of accommodation
"политика выкручивания рук" — arm-twisting policy, policy of arm-twisting
политика государства, направленная на усиление своего господства — power politics
политика дальнего прицела — far-reaching / range policy
"политика дефляции" — "deflation policy"
"политика доброго соседа" (политика США в отношении стран Латинской Америки, провозглашённая президентом Ф.Д. Рузвельтом, 1933-45 гг.) — "good-neighbour policy"
"политика завинчивания гаек" по отношению к кому-л. — "policy of tightening the screws" on smb.
политика "замораживания" (приостановки роста доходов) — incomes standstill policy
политика запугивания — policy of intimidation / deterrence
политика затыкания рта парл. разг. — gag law (rule)
политика корректирования / приспособления — adjustment policy
политика мира — policy of peace, peace policy
"политика монетаризма" — monetarist policy
"политика наведения мостов" — policy of bridge-building
политика, направленная на стимулирование экономического роста — expansionary policy
политика невмешательства — policy of noninterference, let alone / hands-off policy
"политика открытых дверей" ("равных возможностей" капиталовложений в определённых странах) — open-door policy
"политика открытого неба" — open-skies policy
"политика плаща и кинжала" — cloak and dagger policy
политика, построенная на заблуждениях — policy built on delusions
политика, проводимая в пользу одной партии — partisan politics / policy
политика с позиции силы — position-of-strength policy, policy of force
политика сдерживания роста заработной платы — wage-freeze policy, политика сильной руки machismo исп.
"политика увязок" — policy of linkage
политика холодной войны — cold war politics / policy
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28 Neutralitätspolitik
f policy of neutrality* * *Neut|ra|li|täts|po|li|tikfpolicy of neutrality* * *Neutralitätspolitik f policy of neutrality -
29 neutralnoś|ć
/'neu'tralnoɕtɕ/ f sgt 1. (bezstronność) neutrality, impartiality- zachowywać neutralność to remain neutral- rozstrzygając spór starał się zachować neutralność when resolving an argument he tried to remain impartial2. Polit. neutrality- naruszenie a. pogwałcenie neutralności the violation of neutrality- ogłosić a. proklamować swoją neutralność to declare one’s neutrality- przestrzegać neutralności a. zachować neutralność w sprawach międzynarodowych to follow a. maintain a policy of neutrality in international affairs- Szwajcaria w czasie wojny zachowała neutralność Switzerland remained neutral a. maintained its neutrality in the war- □ neutralność pieniądza Ekon. (the) neutrality of moneyThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > neutralnoś|ć
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30 вооруженный нейтралитет
Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > вооруженный нейтралитет
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31 валютная политика
1. exchange policy2. monetary policyРусско-английский большой базовый словарь > валютная политика
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32 отступление от политики
1. departure from policy2. policy departureРусско-английский большой базовый словарь > отступление от политики
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33 polity|ka
f sgt 1. (całokształt spraw dotyczących rządzenia państwem) politics (+ v sg)- interesować się polityką to be interested in politics- w przyszłości ma zamiar poświęcić się polityce in the future he intends to go into politics- nie lubię dyskusji o polityce I don’t like discussions on politics2. (linia postępowania rządu) policy- polityka wewnętrzna/zagraniczna internal/foreign policy- polityka gospodarcza/społeczna economic/social policy3. (strategia postępowania) policy- polityka partii/firmy party/company policy- polityka cenowa pricing policy- polityka otwartych drzwi an open-door immigration policy4. (postępowanie) policy- przyjęli politykę nieangażowania się they have adopted the a. a policy of neutrality- krótkowzroczna polityka a short-sighted policy- polityka personalna personnel policyThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > polity|ka
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34 политика
1. statesman2. policy to3. policymaker4. politico5. politician6. policy; politics7. politicsСинонимический ряд:дипломат (сущ.) дипломат -
35 политика нейтралитета
1) Military: policy of neutrality2) Law: neutrality policyУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > политика нейтралитета
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36 puolueettomuuspolitiikka
yks.nom. puolueettomuuspolitiikka; yks.gen. puolueettomuuspolitiikan; yks.part. puolueettomuuspolitiikkaa; yks.ill. puolueettomuuspolitiikkaan; mon.gen. puolueettomuuspolitiikkojen puolueettomuuspolitiikkain; mon.part. puolueettomuuspolitiikkoja; mon.ill. puolueettomuuspolitiikkoihinpolicy of neutrality (noun)* * *administration and government• policy of neutrality -
37 neutralista
◆ agg. neutralistic, of neutrality (pred.): politica neutralista, neutralist policy (o policy of neutrality). -
38 baki
------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -baki[English Word] impartial[English Plural] translation for applicative[Part of Speech] adjective------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -baki[English Word] neutral[Part of Speech] adjective[Swahili Example] mtu baki, siasa ya baki------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -baki[English Word] be left over[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -baki[English Word] remain[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -baki[English Word] stay[Part of Speech] verb[Swahili Definition] kutoondoka[Swahili Example] Mmoja aliingia chumbani na mwingine akabaki hapa [Masomo 167][English Example] One entered the room and the other stayed here.------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] baki[Swahili Plural] mabaki[English Word] balance[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] baki[Swahili Plural] mabaki[English Word] neutrality[Part of Speech] noun[English Example] a neutral/impartial person, policy of neutrality------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] baki[Swahili Plural] mabaki[English Word] remainder[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] baki[Swahili Plural] mabaki[English Word] remains (that which remains)[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6[Swahili Definition] kitu kilichobaki [Masomo 304][Swahili Example] Mjukuu wangu hata leo unaweza kuona mabaki ya maisha ya kale [Masomo 304][English Example] My grandchild even today you can see what remains of ancient life.------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] baki[Swahili Plural] mabaki[English Word] residue[English Plural] residues[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6------------------------------------------------------------ -
39 apostarse
1 to bet* * *IVPRIIapostarse en un lugar — to position o.s. in o at a place
1.VT to bet (a, en on)•
apostar algo a algo — to bet sth on sthha apostado su futuro político a la victoria en las elecciones — he has staked his political future on the election victory
2.VI to bet (a, por on)no me gusta apostar a los caballos — I don't like to bet o gamble on the horses
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apostar por algo, apostó por la calidad en vez de la cantidad — he opted o went for quality not quantitycreía en el proyecto y apostó por nosotros — he believed in the project and was behind us all the way o backed us all the way
han apostado por una política de neutralidad — they have committed themselves to a policy of neutrality
- no creo que él sea culpable -pues yo apuesto a que sí — "I don't think he's guilty" - "I bet he is"
3.See:apostarseIIIVPR to bet¿qué te apuestas a que gano yo? — what do you bet that I'll win?
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apostárselas a o con algn — to compete with sb* * *= station, post.Ex. Acquisition of material is through an office of the Library of Congress stationed in Jakarta as well as direct purchasing from vendors.Ex. The agents then posted themselves strategically around the restaurant.* * *= station, post.Ex: Acquisition of material is through an office of the Library of Congress stationed in Jakarta as well as direct purchasing from vendors.
Ex: The agents then posted themselves strategically around the restaurant.* * *
■apostarse verbo reflexivo to bet: ¿qué te apuestas?, what do you bet?
' apostarse' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
apostar
- jugar
* * *vpr[jugarse] to bet;apostarse algo con alguien to bet sb sth;¿qué te apuestas a que no viene? how much do you bet he won't come?vprto post oneself;se apostó detrás de un árbol he posted himself behind a tree* * *v/r MIL position o.s. -
40 дотримуватися політики нейтралітету
Українсько-англійський юридичний словник > дотримуватися політики нейтралітету
См. также в других словарях:
Neutrality (international relations) — For other uses, see Neutral. A map of the world showing the countries in question: neutral countries in green, countries claiming to be neutral in yellow, and countries neutral in the past in blue. A neutral power in a particular war is a… … Wikipedia
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policy */*/*/ — UK [ˈpɒləsɪ] / US [ˈpɑləsɪ] noun Word forms policy : singular policy plural policies 1) a) [countable/uncountable] a set of plans or actions agreed on by a government, political party, business, or other group It is not the hospital s policy to… … English dictionary
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Neutrality Acts of 1930s — For other Neutrality Acts, see Neutrality Act. U.S. Congressional opposition to U.S. involvement in wars and interventions … Wikipedia
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neutrality — /nooh tral i tee, nyooh /, n. 1. the state of being neutral. 2. the policy or status of a nation that does not participate in a war between other nations: the continuous neutrality of Switzerland. 3. neutral status, as of a seaport during a war.… … Universalium
Neutrality Act of 1794 — For other Neutrality Acts, see Neutrality Act. The Neutrality Act of 1794 made it illegal for an American to wage war against any country at peace with the United States. The Act declared in part:[1] “ If any person shall within the territory or… … Wikipedia
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