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1 pledge of states
Военный термин: обязательства государств -
2 pledge of states
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3 pledge of states
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4 pledge of states
English-Russian dictionary of terms that are used in computer games > pledge of states
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5 pledge
1. n залог, закладto take out of pledge, to redeem a pledge — выкупить из заклада
to be in pledge — быть в залоге, быть заложенным
2. n знак, символ, залог3. n обет, обещание; обязательство4. n публичное обещание лидера партии придерживаться определённой политикиmaking the pledge — обещающий; обещание
5. n тост6. n амер. студ. жарг. обещание вступить в студенческое общество7. v закладывать, отдавать в залог8. v давать торжественное обещание, заверять9. v ручаться10. v произносить тост, пить за здоровьеСинонимический ряд:1. compact (noun) compact; oath; plight; vow2. promise (noun) assurance; covenant; earnest; guarantee; guaranty; pawn; promise; security; token; warrant; word3. charge (verb) bind; charge; obligate4. commit (verb) commit; contract; dedicate; devote; engage; pass; promise; undertake5. covenant (verb) covenant; plight; swear; vouch; vow6. drink (verb) drink; toast7. pawn (verb) hock; impignorate; mortgage; pawn8. secure (verb) guarantee; secure -
6 pledge
1. nзалог; обязательство; взнос; эк. обеспечение ( по ссуде)- announcement of pledgesto get a pledge of noninterference in the affairs of... — получать обязательство не вмешиваться в чьи-л. дела
- election pledge
- financial pledges
- initial pledges
- paper pledge
- pledge of states
- pledges of contribution 2. vпринимать на себя обязательства; обязыватьсяto be pledged — быть обязанным, брать на себя обязательство
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7 pledge
обязательство; обещать -
8 Pledge of Allegiance
ⓘ Pledge of Allegiance Dans les écoles américaines, les élèves se rassemblent tous les jours dans la Homeroom avant le début des cours pour l'appel et pour prêter serment au drapeau. Debout, la main droite sur le cœur, ils jurent fidélité et loyauté aux États-Unis d'Amérique en prononçant ces paroles: I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Les immigrants qui prennent la nationalité américaine prêtent ce même serment. -
9 pledge
adj.1 corresponder uno al brindis que se le hace.2 comprometerse.s.1 promesa (promise)2 prenda (token)3 compromiso, empeño.vt.1 prometer (promesa)PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE La Pledge of Allegiance se originó en 1892 durante las celebraciones que sirvieron para conmemorar el 400 aniversario del descubrimiento de Ámerica por parte de Cristóbal Colón. Hoy en día forma parte del ritual diario que se lleva a cabo en todas las escuelas estadounidenses: los alumnos recitan la Pledge of Allegiance con la mano derecha sobre el corazón y prometen lealtad a la bandera y al gobierno americano: “I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands: one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all” (“Juro lealtad a la bandera de los Estados Unidos de América y a la república que representa, una nación bajo Dios, indivisible, con libertad y justicia para todos”).2 dar la palabra.3 empeñar, pignorar, poner a responder, dar en prenda. (pt & pp pledged) -
10 Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag
Клятва, которую приносят в начале каждого школьного дня при подъеме флага миллионы американских школьников. Текст был написан Ф. Беллами [Bellamy, Francis], председателем Комитета по национальным школьным программам празднования 400-летия открытия Америки в 1890. Утвержден в настоящем виде Конгрессом [ Congress, U.S.] в 1954. Текст клятвы: "Обязуюсь хранить верность флагу Соединенных Штатов Америки и Республике, которую он олицетворяет, единой перед Богом, неделимой, свободной и справедливой ко всем" ["I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all"]тж Pledge of AllegianceEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag
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11 Pledge of Allegiance
Inoun US Serment m au drapeauIIDans les écoles américaines, les élèves se rassemblent tous les jours dans la Homeroom avant le début des cours pour l'appel et pour prêter serment au drapeau. Debout, la main droite sur le cœur, ils jurent fidélité et loyauté aux États-Unis d'Amérique en prononçant ces paroles: I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Les immigrants qui prennent la nationalité américaine prêtent ce même serment -
12 Pledge of Allegience to the Flag
[ˊpledʒǝvǝˊli:dʒǝns] клятва верности флагу Соединённых Штатов. Произносится наизусть учащимися школ при подъёме флага в начале каждого школьного дня: «Обязуюсь хранить верность флагу Соединённых Штатов Америки и Республике, которую он олицетворяет, единой перед Богом, неделимой, свободной и справедливой ко всем» [‘I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all’]. Фраза under God, добавленная в 1954, более шестидесяти лет спустя после того, как впервые был опубликован текст клятвы, вызвала много споров, т.к. в США, согласно Конституции, церковь отделена от государства [separation of church and state]США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Pledge of Allegience to the Flag
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13 action
n1) действие, мера, шаг, выступление, акция2) юр. судебное дело; иск3) воен. боевые действия; бой, сражение•to bolster international actions against a country — подкреплять международные меры против какой-л. страны
to bring into action — 1) бросать / вводить в бой 2) приводить в действие
to bring legal action against smb — возбуждать дело против кого-л.; подавать в суд на кого-л.
to call off one's industrial action — отменять забастовку
to carry out terrorist actions — осуществлять террористические акты / акты террора
to condemn smb's actions — осуждать чьи-л. действия / шаги
to connive at aggressive actions — попустительствовать агрессивным действиям, закрывать глаза на агрессивные действия
to contemplate actions — намечать меры / шаги
to dismiss an action — прекращать / закрывать дело
to fight a rearguard action — 1) воен. вести арьергардные бои 2) делать последние попытки отстоять свою позицию
to initiate action(s) — начинать действие, приступать к действиям
to invalidate actions — аннулировать / лишать юридической силы какие-л. действия / меры / шаги
to lift an action — отменять какую-л. акцию / меру
to plan further actions — планировать дальнейшие акции / шаги
to pledge to take actions — обязываться предпринять меры / шаги
to preclude any actions — предотвращать / исключать любые действия
to prevent smb's actions — пресекать чьи-л. действия
to refrain from any actions — воздерживаться от каких-л. действий
to spark off the latest wave of legislative action — служить толчком к последней волне законодательной активности
to support smb's actions — поддерживать чьи-л. действия
to take actions against smb (on smth) — принимать меры против кого-л.
to take legal action against smb — подавать в суд на кого-л.; привлекать кого-л. к судебной ответственности; возбуждать дело против кого-л.
to translate smth into a positive action — претворять что-л. в дела
to undermine smb's concerted actions — подрывать чьи-л. согласованные действия
- action against separatismto wink at aggressive actions — попустительствовать агрессивным действиям, закрывать глаза на агрессивные действия
- action against terrorism
- action at law
- action for damages
- Action on Smoking and Health
- actions match one's words
- adventurous actions
- affirmative action
- aggressive actions
- anti-government actions
- anti-monopoly actions
- anti-NATO actions
- anti-racist actions
- anti-war actions
- appropriate actions
- arbitrary police actions
- armed actions
- ASH
- at risk of vindictive actions from smb
- barbarous actions
- brutal actions
- civic action
- civil action
- collective actions
- combined actions
- concerted actions
- congressional actions
- coordinated actions
- coordination of actions
- counter action
- course of action
- court action
- covert actions
- criminal action
- decisive actions
- delaying actions
- deliberate action
- democratic actions
- diplomatic action
- direct action
- disciplinary action against smb
- disciplinary action
- dishonorable action
- disunity of actions
- drastic actions
- effective actions
- efficiency of actions
- emergence actions
- enemy actions
- energetic actions
- enforcement actions
- escalation of military actions
- executive action
- external action - follow-up actions
- formal actions
- friendly action
- full-scale actions
- government actions
- harsh actions
- hasty actions
- heavy-handed actions
- high-handed actions
- holding actions
- illegal actions
- illegitimate actions
- immediate actions
- in action
- indirect action
- injurious actions
- integrated actions
- international actions
- job action
- joint actions
- killed in action
- lawful actions
- lawless actions
- legal action
- legislative actions
- legitimate actions
- limited industrial action
- line of action
- MIA
- militant actions
- military action
- missing in action
- more overt actions
- multilateral actions
- national action
- nationwide action
- nonreversible actions
- nonviolent actions
- one-sided actions
- open action
- overt action against smb
- peace action
- plan of actions
- police actions
- police took no action
- political action
- popular action
- positive actions
- powerful actions
- precipitate actions
- predatory actions
- preventive actions
- prompt actions
- protest action
- provocative action
- punitive action
- radical actions
- rash actions
- rearguard action
- reciprocal actions
- reflex actions
- renunciation of forcible actions
- repressive actions
- resolute actions
- retaliatory actions
- reversible actions
- revolutionary actions
- secondary actions
- separate actions
- social actions
- sordid actions - spontaneous actions
- strike action
- strikers have ended their action
- strong actions
- subversive actions
- sweeping security action
- swift actions
- sympathetic action
- targeted action
- terrorist action
- timely actions
- tit-for-tat action
- tough actions
- treacherous action
- unconstitutional actions
- unilateral actions
- united actions
- unity of actions
- urgent actions
- vigorous actions
- violent actions
- wave of student action -
14 contribution
n1) вклад (во что-л.); содействие (чему-л.)2) взнос (денежный и т.п.); пожертвования3) контрибуция•to accept contributions — принимать взносы / пожертвования
to apportion the contributions among members — определять размеры взносов членов (организации, союза и т.п.)
to make a contribution — вносить / делать взнос; делать пожертвование
to make a contribution to smth — вносить / делать вклад во что-л.; способствовать чему-л.; содействовать чему-л.
to reduce contributions — сокращать сумму взносов / пожертвований
to withdraw one's overdue contributions from the UN — отказываться от уплаты своей задолженности по взносам в ООН
- annual contributionsto withhold contributions — задерживать уплату взносов (в международную организацию и т.п.)
- assessed contributions
- budget contributions
- campaign contributions
- considerable contribution
- contribution to the common cause
- contributions of member-states
- effective contribution
- essential contribution
- financial contributions
- government contribution
- great contribution
- important contribution
- incontestable contribution
- invaluable contribution
- mandatory contribution
- monetary contributions
- optional contribution
- outstanding contribution
- payable contributions
- positive contribution
- significant contribution
- substantial contribution
- tangible contribution
- token contribution
- voluntary contribution
- weighty contribution -
15 accept
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16 World War II
(1939-1945)In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
См. также в других словарях:
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