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41 glass
1. стекло2. стеклянная оптика, pl очки3. стакан, бокал4. зеркало- A glass- acid-etched glass
- acidproof glass
- acid-resistant glass
- aircraft glass
- alabaster glass
- alarm glass
- alkali glass
- alkali-free glass
- alkaline earth glass
- alkali-resistant glass
- alumina glass
- aluminate glass
- aluminosilicate glass
- amber glass
- ampule glass
- ancient glass
- annealed glass
- antique glass
- apparatus glass
- architectural glass
- armored glass
- art glass
- auto glass
- automobile glass
- aventurine glass
- banded glass
- barium crystal glass
- baryta crown glass
- basalt glass
- base glass
- bent glass
- beveled glass
- binary glass
- blank glass
- blistery glass
- blown glass
- Bohemian glass
- Bohemian crystal glass
- bone glass
- borate glass
- borax glass
- borosilicate glass
- bottle glass
- bottom glass
- broken glass
- brown glass
- bubble glass
- building glass
- bulb glass
- bulletproof glass
- bull's eye glass
- cadmium sulfide glass
- cadmium sulfoselenide glass
- cased glass
- cast glass
- cathedral glass
- cellular glass
- ceramic-coated glass
- ceramized glass
- cerise glass
- cerium-decolorized glass
- chalcogenide glass
- chemical glass
- chemically strengthened glass
- chilled glass
- cladding glass
- clear glass
- clock glass
- clouded glass
- cloudy glass
- coated glass
- cobalt glass
- colloidal glass
- colored glass
- colorless glass
- commercial glass
- complex glass
- construction glass
- container glass
- cooking glass
- cool glass
- copper ruby glass
- cord glass
- cordy glass
- corrugated glass
- Coulbern glass
- cover glass
- cover-coat glass
- crown glass
- crushed glass
- crystal glass
- crystal-sheet glass
- cupping glass
- curved glass
- cylinder glass
- dead glass
- decolorized glass
- decorated glass
- decorative glass
- depolished glass
- devitrified glass
- devitrifying glass
- dichroic glass
- diffuse glass
- diffusing glass
- dimming glass
- disperse-strengthened glass
- dolomite glass
- domestic glass
- doped glass
- double glass
- double-water glass
- drawn glass
- dull glass
- durable glass
- E glass
- electric glass
- electrically conducted glass
- electrode glass
- etched glass
- extra-thick sheet glass
- extra-thin sheet glass
- eye-protecting glass
- fancy glass
- fast-setting glass
- feldspar glass
- fiber glass
- fiberizable glass
- fibrous glass
- fine-annealed glass
- fined glass
- fireproof glass
- flame-protection glass
- flame-resisting glass
- flashed glass
- flat glass
- flint glass
- float glass
- float-process glass
- fluid glass
- fluorescent glass
- fluoride glass
- fluoride opal glass
- foam glass
- foamed glass
- Fourcault glass
- free-blown glass
- frit glass
- frosted glass
- full crystal glass
- glazing plate glass
- granulated glass
- gray glass
- green glass
- greenhouse glass
- hammered glass
- handblown glass
- hand-made glass
- hard glass
- hardened glass
- heat-absorbing glass
- heat-insulating glass
- heat-intercepting glass
- heat-resisting glass
- heat shock resistant glass
- heat-strengthened glass
- heat-transmitting glass
- high-fusible glass
- high-melting glass
- high-silica glass
- high-transmission glass
- hollow glass
- homogeneous glass
- host glass
- household glass
- hydratable glass
- illuminating glass
- illuminator glass
- infrared glass
- infrared-absorbing glass
- inhomogeneous glass
- inorganic glass
- insulating glass
- insulator glass
- jewelry glass
- laboratory glass
- laminated glass
- lamp glass
- laser glass
- lead glass
- lead crystal glass
- lead-free glass
- light glass
- lime-soda glass
- liquid glass
- long glass
- long crown glass
- low-alkali glass
- low-expansion glass
- low-fusible glass
- low-melting glass
- machine-drawn glass
- machine-made glass
- manifold plate glass
- marbled glass
- medical glass
- metal-coated glass
- metallized glass
- microporous glass
- milk glass
- mirror glass
- mixed-alkali glass
- modified glass
- molten glass
- molten refined glass
- multicomponent glass
- multilayer laminated glass
- natural glass
- newly melted glass
- nonshatterable glass
- nuclear waste glass
- obscured glass
- offhand glass
- opaque glass
- ophthalmic glass
- optical glass
- original glass
- ovenproof glass
- overlaid glass
- overlay glass
- oxide glass
- packing glass
- pane glass
- parent glass
- particular glass
- pharmaceutics glass
- photographic glass
- pigmented glass
- plate glass
- polymer-coated glass
- pot glass
- potash glass
- potassium glass
- powder glass
- powdered glass
- pressed glass
- protecting glass
- protection glass
- quartz glass
- quartz-like glass
- quenched glass
- quick-setting glass
- raw cast glass
- recycled glass
- reduced glass
- refined glass
- refractory glass
- rolled glass
- rough glass
- safety glass
- sand-matted glass
- scrap glass
- seedy glass
- shatterproof glass
- sheet glass
- shielding glass
- Shirasu glass
- short glass
- shotproof glass
- shunk glass
- signal glass
- silica glass
- silicate glass
- silvering glass
- silvering quality glass
- sintered glass
- skimmed glass
- slow-setting glass
- smoke glass
- smoked glass
- soda glass
- soda-ash glass
- soda-lime glass
- soda-silica glass
- soft glass
- solar-absorbing glass
- solar-reflecting glass
- soluble glass
- water glass
- special glass
- stained glass
- steady glass
- streak glass
- strengthened glass
- striated glass
- structural glass
- superhard glass
- tank glass
- technical glass
- tempered glass
- thermally strengthened glass
- thermometer glass
- three-layer sandwich glass
- toughened glass
- transparent glass
- triplex glass
- tube glass
- two-colored glass
- uviol glass
- valve-bulb glass
- volumetric glass
- waste glass
- watch glass
- water glass
- waterproof glass
- wavy glass
- white flint glass
- window glass -
42 equipment
equipment [ɪˈkwɪpmənt]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━✎ The French word équipement has an extra e in the middle.* * *[ɪ'kwɪpmənt]noun Industry, Military, Sport équipement m; (office, electrical, photographic) matériel ma piece ou item of equipment — un article
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43 rocket
( неуправляемая) ракета, см. тж. missile; ракетный двигатель; свеча ( особенно переходящая в восходящую петлю) ; стрелять ракетамиfree(-flight, -fly) rocket — неуправляемая ракета
liquid(-fueled, -propellant, -propelled) rocket — жидкостная ракета или ракетный двигатель
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44 satellite
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45 Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 2 August 1802 Lille, Franced. 28 April 1872 Lille, France[br]French photographer, photographic innovator and entrepreneur.[br]After beginning his working life in a tobacco company, Blanquart-Evrard became Laboratory Assistant to a chemist. He also became interested in painting on ivory and porcelain, foreshadowing a life-long interest in science and art. Following his marriage to the daughter of a textile merchant, Blanquart-Evrard became a partner in the family business in Lyon. During the 1840s he became interested in Talbot's calotype process and found that by applying gallic acid alone, as a developing agent after exposure, the exposure time could be shorter and the resulting image clearer. Blanquart-Evrard recognized that his process was well suited to producing positive prints in large numbers. During 1851 and 1852, in association with an artist friend, he became involved in producing quantities of prints for book illustrations. In 1849 he had announced a glass negative process similar to that devised two years earlier by Niepcc de St Victor. The carrying agent for silver salts was albumen, and more far-reaching was his albumen-coated printing-out paper announced in 1850. Albumen printing paper was widely adopted and the vast majority of photographs made in the nineteenth century were printed in this form. In 1870 Blanquart-Evrard began an association with the pioneer colour photographer Ducos du Hauron with a view to opening a three-colour printing establishment. Unfortunately plans were delayed by the Franco-Prussian War, and Blanquart-Evrard died in 1872 before the project could be brought to fruition.[br]Bibliography1851, Traité de photographie sur papier, Paris (provides details of his improvements to Talbot's process).Further ReadingJ.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstein, New York.JWBiographical history of technology > Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré
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46 Cousteau, Jacques-Yves
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 11 June 1910 Saint-André-de-Cubzac, France[br]French marine explorer who invented the aqualung.[br]He was the son of a country lawyer who became legal advisor and travelling companion to certain rich Americans. At an early age Cousteau acquired a love of travel, of the sea and of cinematography: he made his first film at the age of 13. After an interrupted education he nevertheless passed the difficult entrance examination to the Ecole Navale in Brest, but his naval career was cut short in 1936 by injuries received in a serious motor accident. For his long recuperation he was drafted to Toulon. There he met Philippe Tailliez, a fellow naval officer, and Frédéric Dumas, a champion spearfisher, with whom he formed a long association and began to develop his underwater swimming and photography. He apparently took little part in the Second World War, but under cover he applied his photographic skills to espionage, for which he was awarded the Légion d'honneur after the war.Cousteau sought greater freedom of movement underwater and, with Emile Gagnan, who worked in the laboratory of Air Liquide, he began experimenting to improve portable underwater breathing apparatus. As a result, in 1943 they invented the aqualung. Its simple design and robust construction provided a reliable and low-cost unit and revolutionized scientific and recreational diving. Gagnan shunned publicity, but Cousteau revelled in the new freedom to explore and photograph underwater and exploited the publicity potential to the full.The Undersea Research Group was set up by the French Navy in 1944 and, based in Toulon, it provided Cousteau with the Opportunity to develop underwater exploration and filming techniques and equipment. Its first aims were minesweeping and exploration, but in 1948 Cousteau pioneered an extension to marine archaeology. In 1950 he raised the funds to acquire a surplus US-built minesweeper, which he fitted out to further his quest for exploration and adventure and named Calypso. Cousteau also sought and achieved public acclaim with the publication in 1953 of The Silent World, an account of his submarine observations, illustrated by his own brilliant photography. The book was an immediate success and was translated into twenty-two languages. In 1955 Calypso sailed through the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean, and the outcome was a film bearing the same title as the book: it won an Oscar and the Palme d'Or at the Cannes film festival. This was his favoured medium for the expression of his ideas and observations, and a stream of films on the same theme kept his name before the public.Cousteau's fame earned him appointment by Prince Rainier as Director of the Oceanographie Institute in Monaco in 1957, a post he held until 1988. With its museum and research centre, it offered Cousteau a useful base for his worldwide activities.In the 1980s Cousteau turned again to technological development. Like others before him, he was concerned to reduce ships' fuel consumption by harnessing wind power. True to form, he raised grants from various sources to fund research and enlisted technical help, namely Lucien Malavard, Professor of Aerodynamics at the Sorbonne. Malavard designed a 44 ft (13.4 m) high non-rotating cylinder, which was fitted onto a catamaran hull, christened Moulin à vent. It was intended that its maiden Atlantic crossing in 1983 should herald a new age in ship propulsion, with large royalties to Cousteau. Unfortunately the vessel was damaged in a storm and limped to the USA under diesel power. A more robust vessel, the Alcyone, was fitted with two "Turbosails" in 1985 and proved successful, with a 40 per cent reduction in fuel consumption. However, oil prices fell, removing the incentive to fit the new device; the lucrative sales did not materialize and Alcyone remained the only vessel with Turbosails, sharing with Calypso Cousteau's voyages of adventure and exploration. In September 1995, Cousteau was among the critics of the decision by the French President Jacques Chirac to resume testing of nuclear explosive devices under the Mururoa atoll in the South Pacific.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsLégion d'honneur. Croix de Guerre with Palm. Officier du Mérite Maritime and numerous scientific and artistic awards listed in such directories as Who's Who.Bibliography1953, The Silent World.1972, The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau, 21 vols.Further ReadingR.Munson, 1991, Cousteau, the Captain and His World, London: Robert Hale (published in the USA 1989).LRD -
47 Monckhoven, Désiré Charles Emanuel van
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1834 Ghent, Belgium d. 1882[br]Belgian chemist, photographic researcher, inventor and author.[br]Born in Belgium of German stock, Monckhoven spoke German and French with equal fluency. He originally studied chemistry, but devoted the greater part of his working life to photography. His improved solar enlarger of 1864 was seen by his contemporaries as one of the significant innovations of the day. In 1867 he moved to Vienna, where he became involved in portrait photography, but returned to Ghent in 1870. In 1871 he announced his discovery of a practicable collodion dry-plate process, and later in the decade he conducted research into the carbon printing process. In 1879 Monckhoven constructed a comprehensively equipped laboratory where he commenced a series of experiments on gelatine dry-plate emulsions, including some which yielded the discovery that the ripening of silver bromide was greatly accelerated by ammonia; this allowed the production of emulsions of much greater sensitivity. He was a prolific author, and his 1852 book on photography, Traité général de photographie, published when he was only 18, became one of the standard texts of his day.[br]Bibliography1852, Traité général de photographie, Paris.Further ReadingJ.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstean, New York.JWBiographical history of technology > Monckhoven, Désiré Charles Emanuel van
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48 APEL
APEL, aeronautical photographic experimental laboratoryEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > APEL
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49 NADC-AP
NADC-AP, Naval Air Development Center - Aeronautical Photographic Experimental LaboratoryEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > NADC-AP
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50 NAMC-APEL
NAMC-APEL, Naval Air Materiel Center - Aeronautical Photographic Experimental LaboratoryEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > NAMC-APEL
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