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  • 21 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 22 передача

    communications, communication, dispatch, (напр. сигналов) dissemination, drive, exchange, gear авто, gearing, passing вчт., ( сигнала) propagation, relay, relaying, rendering, rendition, sending, speed, transfer, transference, transmission
    * * *
    переда́ча ж.
    1. свз. transmission; (передаваемая информация, сообщения) traffic [exchange] of messages; (особ. метод передачи в линию) signalling
    переда́ча А сбра́сывает переда́чу Б — transmission A silences transmission B
    вести́ переда́чу «вслепу́ю» — send [transmit] blind
    вести́ переда́чу для опознава́ния ав. — transmit for identification
    вести́ переда́чу с буквопеча́тающим контро́лем — type the home copy while sending
    запи́сывать переда́чу ( об операторе) — transcribe [record] a transmission [a message]
    2. ( вид излучения) emission, transmission
    на второ́й переда́че — in second gear
    на пе́рвой переда́че — in first gear
    на прямо́й переда́че — on direct gear
    на тре́тьей переда́че — in third gear
    переключа́ть переда́чу авто — change [shift] the gears
    переходи́ть на вы́сшую переда́чу авто — upshift
    переходи́ть на ни́зшую переда́чу авто — downshift
    рабо́тать че́рез повыша́ющую переда́чу мех. — be geared up
    рабо́тать че́рез понижа́ющую переда́чу мех. — be geared down
    амплиту́дно-модули́рованная переда́ча — amplitude-modulated [AM] transmission
    переда́ча «бли́ндом» рад. — blind transmission
    ве́дущаяся переда́ча свз. — transmission [communication] in progress
    переда́ча в зо́не прямо́й ви́димости рад. — line-of-sight transmission
    переда́ча да́нных с непреры́вным автомати́ческим запро́сом подтвержде́ния — continuous-ARQ data communication
    переда́ча да́нных с ожида́нием подтвержде́ния — stop-and-wait ARQ data communication
    внестуди́йная переда́ча — outside broadcasting; outdoor pick-up
    гидравли́ческая переда́ча — hydraulic transmission
    гидродинами́ческая переда́ча — hydrodynamic [hydraulic rotary] transmission
    гидростати́ческая переда́ча — hydrostatic [(positive-)displacement hydraulic] transmission
    гла́вная переда́ча — final drive
    переда́ча да́нных — ( внутри и между ЭВМ и периферийными устройствами) data transfer; ( по линиям связи) data communication, data transmission
    переда́ча двумя́ боковы́ми полоса́ми — double-sideband [DSB] transmission
    зубча́тая переда́ча — gearing, gear train, gear transmission
    зубча́тая, винтова́я переда́ча — crossed-axis helical [hypoid] gearing, skew gearing
    зубча́тая, геликоида́льная переда́ча — crossed-axis helical gearing
    зубча́тая, гиперболо́идная переда́ча — hyperboloid(al) gearing
    зубча́тая, гипо́идная переда́ча — hypoid gearing
    зубча́тая, глобо́идная переда́ча — globoid gearing
    зубча́тая, кони́ческая переда́ча — bevel gearing
    зубча́тая, многоступе́нчатая переда́ча — multiple gearing
    зубча́тая переда́ча Но́викова — Novikov gearing
    зубча́тая, одноступе́нчатая переда́ча — single gearing
    зубча́тая, планета́рная переда́ча — planetary [epicyclic, sun-and-planet] gear
    зубча́тая, повыша́ющая переда́ча — step-up gear(ing)
    зубча́тая, понижа́ющая переда́ча — step-down gear(ing)
    зубча́тая, проста́я переда́ча — simple gearing
    зубча́тая переда́ча с вне́шним зацепле́нием — external gear train
    зубча́тая переда́ча с вну́тренним зацепле́нием — internal gear train
    зубча́тая, торо́идная переда́ча — toroidal-worm [globoid-worm] gearing
    зубча́тая, цикло́идная переда́ча — cycloidal gearing
    зубча́тая, цилиндри́ческая переда́ча — ( общий термин) cylindrical gearing; ( с косозубыми колёсами) helical gearing; ( с прямозубыми колёсами) spur gearing; ( с шевронными колёсами) herring-bone gearing
    зубча́тая, цилиндри́ческая, эвольве́нтная переда́ча — involute gearing
    зубча́тая, шевро́нная переда́ча — herring-bone gear, chevron gear drive
    индика́торная, дистанцио́нная переда́ча
    1. ( процесс) self-synchronous remote indication transmission
    2. ( устройство) (direct) self-synchronous transmission system
    кана́тная переда́ча — rope transmission
    карда́нная переда́ча — gimbal drive, gimbal gear
    клиноремё́нная переда́ча — V-belt transmission
    многокана́льная переда́ча — multichannel transmission
    многокра́тная переда́ча свз. — multiplex transmission
    переда́ча на одно́й боково́й полосе́ — single-sideband [SSB] transmission
    переда́ча негати́вным сигна́лом ( в фототелеграфной связи) — white transmission
    переда́ча непреры́вным излуче́нием без модуля́ции — unmodulated CW transmission, unmodulated CW emission
    нереверси́вная переда́ча — unidirectional drive
    плоскоремё́нная переда́ча — flat-belt [band] transmission
    переда́ча положи́тельным сигна́лом ( в фототелеграфной связи) — black transmission
    про́бная переда́ча в полё́те ав. — signal check
    про́бная, назе́мная переда́ча ав. — maintenance check
    про́бная переда́ча пе́ред вы́летом ав. — preflight check
    ре́ечная переда́ча — rack-and-gear drive, rack gear
    ремё́нная переда́ча — belt transmission
    переда́ча ре́чи ( системы передачи данных) — voice transmission (capability)
    блоки́ровать переда́чу ре́чи — depress voice capability
    рыча́жная переда́ча — linkage
    переда́ча с акти́вной па́узой свз. — nonreturn-to-zero [NRZ] signalling
    переда́ча с амплиту́дной манипуля́цией [АТ] — on-off keying, on-off [A1] transmission
    синхро́нная переда́ча (напр., сельсинная) — synchronized transmission (system) (as exemplified by synchro systems)
    синхро́нная, сельси́нная переда́ча в дифференциа́льном режи́ме — differential synchro system
    синхро́нная, сельси́нная переда́ча в индика́торном режи́ме — synchro repeater [synchro direct transmission] system
    синхро́нная, сельси́нная переда́ча в трансформа́торном режи́ме — synchro control-transformer [synchro detector] system
    синхро́нная, сельси́нная индика́торная переда́ча — synchro repeater [synchro direct transmission] system
    переда́ча с относи́тельной фа́зовой манипуля́цией [ОФМ] — phase-difference-shift keying [PDSK] transmission
    переда́ча с пасси́вной па́узой свз. — return-to-zero [RZ] signalling
    переда́ча с пода́вленной несу́щей — suppressed-carrier [SC] transmission
    переда́ча с части́чно пода́вленной боково́й полосо́й — asymmetrical-sideband [vestigial-sideband] transmission
    переда́ча с часто́тной манипуля́цией — frequency-shift-keying [FSK, F1] transmission
    переда́ча телевизио́нных изображе́ний — picture [video] transmission
    телегра́фная переда́ча — telegraph transmission
    переда́ча тепла́ — heat transfer
    переда́ча управле́ния вчт. — transfer (of control)
    переда́ча управле́ния по, напр. отрица́тельному результа́ту — transfer (of control) on, e. g., negative
    переда́ча управле́ния, безусло́вная вчт. — unconditional transfer of control, jump
    переда́ча управле́ния, усло́вная — conditional transfer of control, branch
    фототелегра́фная переда́ча — facsimile transmission
    фрикцио́нная переда́ча — friction transmission, friction gear(ing)
    цветна́я переда́ча тлв. — colour transmission
    цепна́я переда́ча — chain gear, chain(-and-sprocket) transmission; chain drive gearing, chain(-and-sprocket) drive
    часто́тно-модули́рованная переда́ча — frequency-modulated [FM] transmission
    червя́чная переда́ча — worm gearing
    шароди́сковая переда́ча — ball-and-disk gear(ing)
    электри́ческая переда́ча — electrical transmission
    электромехани́ческая переда́ча — electromechanical transmission
    переда́ча эне́ргии
    1. (явление в физических процессах, напр. при соударениях) energy transfer
    2. ( электроснабжение) power transmission
    переда́ча эне́ргии на постоя́нном то́ке — direct-current power transmission
    * * *
    1) transfer; 2) gear

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > передача

  • 23 цепь

    catena, chain, circuit, linkwork, network, ( в вентильной матрице) path, ( кинематическая) sequence, ( ДНК) strand, train
    * * *
    цепь ж.
    1. мех., мат., хим. chain
    2. эл. (electric) circuit; элк. circuit, network
    брать цепь на прове́рку свз. — take a circuit for testing
    вводи́ть [включа́ть] в цепь — ( без конкретизации цепи) эл., элк. bring in(to) circuit; ( конкретная цепь) bring in(to) the (e. g., field) circuit
    включа́ться в цепь свз. — cut in a circuit
    держа́ть цепь под напряже́нием — hold [keep] a circuit alive
    заземля́ть цепь — брит. earth a circuit; амер. ground a circuit
    замыва́ть цепь эл., элк. — complete [close] a circuit
    защища́ть цепь — protect a circuit
    защища́ть цепь пла́вким предохрани́телем — fuse a circuit
    защища́ть цепь предохрани́телем на, напр. 6 А — fuse a circuit for, e. g., 6 A
    цепь зумми́рует — the circuit sings [is singing]
    изоли́ровать цепь — ( с помощью изоляционных материалов) insulate a circuit (this refers to use of insulating materials); (от воздействия, напр. другой цепи; не путать с применением изоляционных материалов) isolate a circuit (e. g., from other circuits; not to be confused with insulation)
    коммути́ровать цепь эл., элк. — switch a circuit
    компенси́ровать цепь ( для устранения амплитудных и фазовых искажений) свз. — equalize [condition] a circuit
    нагружа́ть цепь эл., элк. — load [put load on] a circuit
    нара́щивать цепь свз. — extend a circuit
    обесто́чивать цепь — de-energize a circuit
    организова́ть цепь (свя́зи) — obtain [construct] a circuit
    несимметри́чная иску́сственная цепь организу́ется с по́мощью лине́йных трансформа́торов — a simplex circuit is obtained by means of repeating coils
    освобожда́ть цепь свз. — release a circuit
    подгота́вливать цепь эл., элк., свз. — prepare a circuit in readiness for use [for operation], arm a circuit
    прозва́нивать цепь — test a circuit for continuity
    производи́ть замыка́ние це́пи по постоя́нному то́ку ( в передаче данных) — complete a d.c. connection over the local loop
    цепь рабо́тает на, напр. индукти́вную нагру́зку эл., элк. — a circuit operates into, e. g., an inductive load
    размыка́ть цепь эл., элк. — open [break] a circuit
    скре́щивать це́пи возду́шной ли́нией свя́зи — transpose the circuits of an overhead communication line
    уплотня́ть цепь — ( с помощью искусственных цепей или без конкретизации метода) свз. use a circuit for multichannel operation; ( временным или частотным разделением) multiplex a circuit, use a circuit for multiplex operation
    уплотня́ть цепь временны́м разделе́нием сигна́лов свз. — operate [work] a circuit in time-division multiplex
    уплотня́ть цепь переда́чей че́рез сре́дние то́чки лине́йных трансформа́торов свз. — operate on a simplexed [half-phantom, earthed-phantom] circuit
    уплотня́ть цепь, напр. тремя́ вч телефо́нными кана́лами свз. — carry [establish, set up], e. g., three carrier telephone channels over a single line
    уплотня́ть цепь часто́тным разделе́нием сигна́лов свз. — operate [use, work] a circuit in frequency-division multiplex
    цепь авари́йной защи́ты эл. — safety circuit
    цепь авари́йной сигнализа́ции эл. — alarm circuit
    автоколеба́тельная цепь элк. — astable circuit
    акти́вная цепь эл. — active circuit
    а́нкерная цепь — anchor [tension] chain
    ано́дная цепь элк. — anode [plate] circuit
    апериоди́ческая цепь элк. — aperiodic circuit
    арендо́ванная цепь свз. — leased wire [private line] circuit
    безро́ликовая цепь — rollerless chain
    бесшу́мная цепь — noiseless [silent] chain
    цепь блокиро́вки эл. — blocking [locked, holding] circuit
    бло́чная цепь — block chain
    бокова́я цепь хим. — side chain
    букси́рная цепь — tow chain
    вертлю́жная цепь — buckle chain
    взаи́мная цепь — reciprocal circuit
    цепь вне́шней нагру́зки эл. — external load circuit
    вне́шняя цепь эл. — external circuit
    вну́тренняя цепь эл. — internal circuit
    цепь возбужде́ния элк. — excitation [drive] circuit
    цепь возвра́та ( в исходное положение) элк. — reset circuit
    цепь возвра́та че́рез зе́млю эл. — ground return circuit
    возду́шная цепь эл. — open-wire [overhead] circuit
    втори́чная цепь эл. — secondary circuit
    вту́лочная цепь — sleeve-type chain
    вту́лочная, безро́ликовая цепь — combination chain
    вту́лочно-ро́ликовая цепь — (bush) roller chain
    вту́лочно-ро́ликовая цепь двойно́го ша́га — double-pitch roller chain
    вту́лочно-ро́ликовая цепь норма́льного ша́га — standard pitch roller chain
    вту́лочно-ро́ликовая, трёхря́дная цепь — triple strand roller chain
    входна́я цепь эл., элк. — input circuit
    высева́ющая цепь с.-х. — feed chain
    цепь высо́кого напряже́ния эл. — high-tension [high-voltage] circuit
    выходна́я цепь эл. — output circuit
    гла́вная цепь эл. — main circuit
    цепь гла́вного то́ка эл. — main [power] circuit
    цепь гла́вной переда́чи авто — final drive chain
    цепь гла́вных вале́нтностей — main valency chain
    Г-обра́зная цепь эл., элк. — L-network, L-section network
    грузова́я цепь — lifting [loading] chain
    гу́сеничная цепь — track [crawler], chain
    двухпро́водная цепь эл. — two-wire circuit
    двухшарни́рная, ре́жущая цепь горн. — double ringed cutting chain
    демпфи́рующая цепь эл., элн. — damping [antihunt] circuit
    дешифру́ющая, часто́тно-избира́тельная цепь эл., элн. — frequency-selective filter circuit
    дифференци́рующая цепь элк., вчт. — differentiating circuit
    длиннозве́нная цепь — long link chain
    цепь для подве́ски бадьи́ горн. — kibble chain
    дуа́льная цепь эл. — dual [electrical] network
    цепь А явля́ется дуа́льной по отноше́нию к це́пи Б — circuit A is a dual of circuit B
    ду́плексная цепь свз. — duplex circuit
    цепь заде́ржки элк. — delay circuit, delay network
    за́дняя цепь — rear chain
    цепь зажига́ния — ignition circuit
    зажи́мная цепь — gripping chain
    цепь заземле́ния се́тки ла́мпы элк. — grid return
    заземлё́нная цепь — брит. earthed circuit; амер. grounded circuit
    цепь за́писи вчт. — write [writing] circuit
    заря́дная цепь эл. — charging circuit
    цепь защи́ты эл. — protective circuit
    землеме́рная цепь геод. — surveyors chain
    зубча́тая цепь — toothed chain
    цепь из зве́ньев с присоеди́нительными ла́пками — attachment chain
    измери́тельная цепь элк., изм. — measuring circuit
    индукти́вная цепь эл. — inductive circuit
    интегри́рующая цепь вчт., элк. — integrating circuit
    интегродифференци́рующая цепь вчт., элк. — integro-differentiating circuit
    иску́сственная, несимметри́чная цепь ( не путать с си́мплексной це́пью) свз. — simplexed [half-phantom, earthed-phantom] circuit (not to be confused with simplex)
    иску́сственная, симметри́чная цепь свз. — phantom circuit
    ка́бельная цепь свз. — cable circuit
    кинемати́ческая цепь — kinematic chain
    ковшо́вая цепь ( экскаватора) — bucket chain
    конве́йерная цепь — conveyer chain
    контро́льная цепь эл. — monitoring [control] circuit
    короткозве́нная цепь — shortlink chain
    корректи́рующая цепь элк. — compensating circuit
    кра́новая цепь — crane chain
    круглозве́нная цепь — round link chain
    крючко́вая цепь — hook-link chain
    ле́нточная цепь — band chain
    лине́йная цепь эл., элк. — line [link, linear] circuit
    магни́тная цепь эл. — magnetic circuit
    магни́тная, неразветвлё́нная цепь эл. — undivided magnetic circuit
    цепь манипуля́ции свз. — keying circuit
    цепь Ма́ркова мат. — Markov(ian) chain
    цепь межкаска́дной свя́зи элк. — interstage circuit
    ме́рная цепь геод. — surveyor's [poll] chain
    многозве́нная цепь эл. — iterated [ladder] network
    многоря́дная цепь — multiple strand chain
    многофа́зная цепь эл. — polyphase circuit
    молекуля́рная цепь — molecular chain
    цепь навесно́го устро́йства, блокиро́вочная с.-х. — linkage check chain
    цепь нагру́зки эл. элк. — load circuit
    цепь нака́ла элк. — filament [heater] circuit
    цепь нака́чки элк. — pump(ing) circuit
    направля́ющая цепь — guide chain
    неза́мкнутая цепь эл. — open [incomplete] circuit
    неиспра́вная цепь эл., элк. — inoperative [faulty] circuit, circuit out of order
    нелине́йная цепь эл. — nonlinear circuit
    неразветвлё́нная цепь
    1. эл. series circuit
    2. хим. unbranched chain
    неуплотнё́нная цепь свз. — single-channel circuit
    обвя́зочная цепь ( для грузов) — sling chain
    обесто́ченная цепь эл. — dead circuit
    обра́тная цепь эл. — return circuit
    цепь обра́тной свя́зи эл., элк. — feedback circuit, feedback path
    цепь обра́тной свя́зи с временно́й заде́ржкой эл., элк. — delayed feedback circuit
    окисли́тельно-восстанови́тельная цепь хим. — redox chain
    основна́я цепь
    1. эл. main circuit
    2. хим. man chain
    цепь ответвле́ний свз. — tap circuit
    ответвлё́нная цепь свз. — derived [branch] circuit
    цепь отключе́ния эл., элн. — disabling circuit
    цепь отпира́ния эл., элн. — enabling circuit
    паралле́льная цепь эл. — parallel circuit
    пасси́вная цепь эл. — passive circuit, passive network
    перви́чная цепь эл. — primary circuit
    цепь пере́дней переда́чи — primary drive chain
    цепь переме́нного то́ка эл. — alternating current [a.c.] circuit
    цепь перено́са вчт. — carry circuit
    цепь Пика́ра свз. — simplexed [half-phantom, earthed phantom] chain
    плана́рная цепь полупр. — planar circuit
    пласти́нчатая цепь — leaf [laminated] chain
    плоскозве́нная цепь — link chain
    побо́чная цепь эл. — parasitic circuit
    П-обра́зная цепь эл. — pi-network, pisection network
    подаю́щая цепь — pick-up chain
    подводя́щая цепь — gathering chain
    подка́пывающая цепь — digger chain
    подъё́мная цепь — hoisting chain
    полиме́рная цепь — polymer chain
    после́довательная цепь эл. — series circuit
    цепь постоя́нного то́ка — direct current [d.c.] circuit
    предохрани́тельная цепь — safety [check] chain
    приводна́я цепь — driving [sprocket] chain
    цепь противоскольже́ния — [non-skid, tyre] chain
    пряма́я цепь хим. — straight chain
    цепь прямо́го вы́зова свз. — ring-down circuit
    пускова́я цепь — starting circuit; trigger circuit
    цепь ра́венств мат. — continual equality
    разбо́рная цепь — dismountable [detachable] chain
    разветвлё́нная цепь
    1. эл. parallel circuit
    2. хим. branched chain
    развя́зывающая цепь эл. — isolation [isolating] network
    разгово́рная цепь тлф. — talking circuit
    устана́вливать разгово́рную цепь — establish [set up] a talking circuit
    раздели́тельная цепь эл. — isolating circuit
    цепь размыка́ния маршру́та ж.-д. — route release circuit
    разря́дная цепь эл. — discharge circuit
    цепь реаги́рующих веще́ств — reaction chain
    реакти́вная цепь эл. — reactive circuit
    цепь регули́рования автмт. — control circuit
    ре́жущая цепь горн. — cutting chain
    ре́жущая цепь цепно́го переключа́теля — trenching chain
    резерви́рующая цепь т. над. — redundant circuit
    резона́нсная цепь эл. — resonant circuit
    реле́йная цепь эл. — relay circuit
    ре́льсовая цепь — track circuit, ground return
    ре́льсовая, двухни́точная цепь — double track circuit
    ре́льсовая, за́мкнутая цепь — closed track circuit
    ре́льсовая, и́мпульсная цепь — half-wave track circuit
    ре́льсовая, норма́льно-за́мкнутая цепь — closed track circuit
    ре́льсовая, однони́точная цепь — single-rail track circuit
    реша́ющая цепь вчт. — competing network
    ро́ликовая цепь — roller chain
    цепь с акти́вным сопротивле́нием — resistive circuit
    цепь самоблокиро́вки эл. — self-blocking circuit
    сва́рочная цепь — welding circuit
    цепь с возвра́том че́рез зе́млю — earth-return circuit
    цепь свя́зи — свз. communication circuit; ( между каскадами или приборами) coupling circuit
    цепь сдви́га вчт. — shift(ing) circuit
    силова́я цепь эл. — power circuit
    симметри́чная цепь эл. — balanced circuit
    цепь синхрониза́ции элк. — sync circuit
    сквозна́я цепь свз. — built-up [through] circuit
    скребко́вая цепь — flight chain
    служе́бная цепь свз. — order [engineers] circuit
    цепь смеще́ния элк. — bias chain
    соедини́тельная цепь — coupling chain
    цепь сопряже́ния хим. — conjugated chain
    составна́я цепь эл. — composite [compound] circuit
    цепь с отво́дами эл. — tapped circuit
    цепь с переме́нными во вре́мени пара́метрами эл. — time-varying (electric) network
    цепь сравне́ния вчт. — comparison circuit
    цепь с распо́рками — stud chain
    цепь с распределё́нными пара́метрами эл., элк. — distributed-parameter [distributed-constant] circuit
    цепь с сосредото́ченными пара́метрами — lumped-parameter [lumped-constant] circuit
    строби́рующая цепь элк. — gate circuit
    сумми́рующая цепь вчт. — add(ing) circuit
    суперфанто́мная цепь свз. — double phantom [superphantom] circuit
    суперфанто́мная цепь с возвра́том че́рез зе́млю свз. — earth-return double phantom circuit
    цепь суперфанто́мная, телегра́фная — double phantom balanced telegraph circuit
    цепь сце́пки — coupling chain
    цепь с чи́сто акти́вным сопротивле́нием — purely resistive circuit
    цепь счи́тывания вчт. — read(ing) circuit
    цепь то́ка — current circuit
    цепь то́ка замыва́ется че́рез … — the current takes the path through …
    цепь толка́теля горн. — haul chain
    цепь толка́теля, ро́ликовая горн. — haul roller chain
    тормозна́я цепь
    1. drag [locking] chain
    транзи́тная цепь свз. — built-up [through] circuit
    транспортё́рная цепь — conveyer chain
    транспортё́рная цепь со скребка́ми — paddled conveyer chain
    трёхфа́зная цепь — three-phase circuit
    тя́говая цепь — hauling [haulage, putt] chain
    цепь тя́говых дви́гателей — traction motor circuit
    цепь у́зких строб-и́мпульсов рлк. — narrow-gate circuit
    цепь ультрау́зких строб-и́мпульсов — N2 -gate circuit
    цепь управле́ния эл., элк. — control circuit
    уравнове́шенная цепь эл. — balanced circuit
    фазоинверти́рующая цепь элк. — phasenverting circuit
    фазосдвига́ющая цепь элк. — phase-shifting circuit
    фанто́мная цепь свз. — phantom circuit
    фанто́мная, телегра́фная цепь с возвра́том по земле́ — earth-return phantom circuit
    феррорезона́нсная цепь эл. — ferroresonance circuit
    физи́ческая цепь свз. — physical circuit
    хрони́рующая цепь элк. — clock [timing] circuit
    шарни́рная цепь — articulated-link [pintle] chain
    шарни́рная цепь из пло́ских зве́ньев — flat-link chain
    шарни́рная, ре́жущая цепь горн. — cutting link chain
    штырева́я цепь — pintle chain
    шумя́щая цепь свз. — noisy circuit
    шунти́рующая цепь эл. — shunt circuit
    эквивале́нтная цепь эл. — equivalent circuit
    электри́ческая цепь — (electric) circuit
    электровзрывна́я цепь — electroblasting chain
    электростати́ческая цепь — electrostatic circuit
    электротя́говая цепь — electric traction circuit
    я́корная цепь мор. — anchor chain, anchor cable
    выбира́ть я́корную цепь — heave on the chain
    цепь я́коря эл. — armature circuit

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > цепь

  • 24 в

    аварийная ситуация в полете
    in-flight emergency
    аварийное табло в кабине экипажа
    cabin emergency light
    аварийный клапан сброса давления в системе кондиционирования
    conditioned air emergency valve
    автоматическая информация в районе аэродрома
    automatic terminal information
    автомат тяги в системе автопилота
    autopilot auto throttle
    аэровокзал в форме полумесяца
    crescent-shaped terminal
    аэродинамическая труба для испытаний на сваливание в штопор
    spin wind tunnel
    аэродинамическая труба для испытания моделей в натуральную величину
    full-scale wind tunnel
    балансировка в горизонтальном полете
    horizontal trim
    балансировка в полете
    operational trim
    безопасная дистанция в полете
    in-flight safe distance
    билет в одном направлении
    one-way ticket
    билет на полет в одном направлении
    single ticket
    боковой обзор в полете
    sideway inflight view
    в аварийной обстановке
    in emergency
    введение в вираж
    banking
    введение в действие пассажирских и грузовых тарифов
    fares and rates enforcement
    ввод в эксплуатацию
    introduction into service
    вводить воздушное судно в крен
    roll in the aircraft
    вводить в штопор
    put into the spin
    вводить в эксплуатацию
    1. go into service
    2. come into operation 3. place in service 4. enter service 5. introduce into service 6. put in service 7. put in operation вводить шестерни в зацепление
    mesh gears
    в воздухе
    1. up
    2. aloft вентилятор в кольцевом обтекателе
    duct fan
    вертолет в режиме висения
    hovering helicopter
    верхний обзор в полете
    upward inflight view
    ветер в верхних слоях атмосферы
    1. upper wind
    2. aloft wind ветер в направлении курса полета
    tailwind
    в заданном диапазоне
    within the range
    в западном направлении
    westward
    взлет в условиях плохой видимости
    low visibility takeoff
    в зоне влияния земли
    in ground effect
    в зоне действия луча
    on the beam
    видимость в полете
    flight visibility
    видимость в пределах допуска
    marginal visibility
    видимость у земли в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome ground visibility
    визуальная оценка расстояния в полете
    distance assessment
    визуальный контакт в полете
    flight visual contact
    визуальный ориентир в полете
    flight visual cue
    в интересах безопасности
    in interests of safety
    висение в зоне влияния земли
    hovering in the ground effect
    вихрь в направлении линии полета
    line vortex
    в конце участка
    at the end of segment
    (полета) в конце хода
    at the end of stroke
    (поршня) в конце цикла
    at the end of
    в начале участка
    at the start of segment
    (полета) в начале цикла
    at the start of cycle
    в обратном направлении
    backward
    в ожидании разрешения
    pending clearance
    возвращаться в пункт вылета
    fly back
    воздух в пограничном слое
    boundary-layer air
    воздух в турбулентном состоянии
    rough air
    воздухозаборник в нижней части фюзеляжа
    belly intake
    воздушная обстановка в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome air picture
    воздушное судно в зоне ожидания
    holding aircraft
    воздушное судно в полете
    1. making way aircraft
    2. aircraft on flight 3. in-flight aircraft воздушное судно, дозаправляемое в полете
    receiver aircraft
    воздушное судно, занесенное в реестр
    aircraft on register
    воздушное судно, находящееся в воздухе
    airborne aircraft
    воздушное судно, находящееся в эксплуатации владельца
    owner-operated aircraft
    воздушное судно, нуждающееся в помощи
    aircraft requiring assistance
    воздушное судно, прибывающее в конечный аэропорт
    terminating aircraft
    в подветренную сторону
    alee
    в поле зрения
    in sight
    в пределах
    within the frame of
    в процессе взлета
    during takeoff
    в процессе полета
    1. while in flight
    2. in flight в процессе руления
    while taxiing
    в рабочем состоянии
    operational
    в режиме
    in mode
    в режиме большого шага
    in coarse pitch
    в режиме готовности
    in alert
    в режиме малого шага
    in fine pitch
    в режиме самоориентирования
    when castoring
    время в рейсе
    1. chock-to-chock time
    2. ramp-to-ramp time 3. block-to-block hours 4. block-to-block time 5. ramp-to-ramp hours время налета в ночных условиях
    night flying time
    время налета в часах
    hour's flying time
    время фактического нахождения в воздухе
    actual airborne time
    в ряд
    abreast
    в случае задержки
    in the case of delay
    в случае происшествия
    in the event of a mishap
    в случая отказа
    in the event of malfunction
    в соответствии с техническими условиями
    in conformity with the specifications
    в состоянии бедствия
    in distress
    в состоянии готовности
    when under way
    в условиях обтекания
    airflow conditions
    в хвостовой части
    1. abaft
    2. aft вход в зону аэродрома
    1. entry into the aerodrome zone
    2. inward flight входить в глиссаду
    gain the glide path
    входить в зону глиссады
    reach the glide path
    входить в круг движения
    enter the traffic circuit
    входить в облачность
    enter clouds
    входить в разворот
    1. roll into the turn
    2. initiate the turn 3. enter the turn входить в условия
    penetrate conditions
    входить в штопор
    enter the spin
    входить в этап выравнивания
    entry into the flare
    вхожу в круг
    on the upwind leg
    в целях безопасности
    for reasons of safety
    выполнять полет в зоне ожидания
    hold over the aids
    выполнять полет в определенных условиях
    fly under conditions
    выполнять полет в режиме ожидания над аэродромом
    hold over the beacon
    выполнять установленный порядок действий в аварийной ситуации
    execute an emergency procedure
    выравнивание в линию горизонта
    levelling-off
    выравнивание при входе в створ ВПП
    runway alignment
    высота в зоне ожидания
    holding altitude
    высота в кабине
    cabin pressure
    высота плоскости ограничения препятствий в зоне взлета
    takeoff surface level
    высота полета в зоне ожидания
    holding flight level
    высотомер, показания которого выведены в ответчик
    squawk altimeter
    выход в равносигнальную зону
    bracketing
    в эксплуатации
    in service
    в эксплуатацию
    in operation
    гасить скорость в полете
    decelerate in the flight
    головокружение при полете в сплошной облачности
    cloud vertigo
    горизонт, видимый в полете
    in-flight apparent horizon
    господство в воздухе
    air supremacy
    граница высот повторного запуска в полете
    inflight restart envelope
    грубая ошибка в процессе полета
    in flight blunder
    груз, сброшенный в полете
    jettisoned load in flight
    давление в аэродинамической трубе
    wind-tunnel pressure
    давление в кабине
    cabin pressure
    давление в невозмущенном потоке
    undisturbed pressure
    давление в свободном потоке
    free-stream pressure
    давление в системе подачи топлива
    fuel supply pressure
    давление в системе стояночного тормоза
    perking pressure
    давление в скачке уплотнения
    shock pressure
    давление в спутной струе
    wake pressure
    давление в топливном баке
    tank pressure
    давление в тормозной системе
    brake pressure
    давление в точке отбора
    tapping pressure
    давление на входе в воздухозаборник
    air intake pressure
    дальность видимости в полете
    flight visual range
    дальность полета в невозмущенной атмосфере
    still-air flight range
    данные в узлах координатной сетки
    grid-point data
    данные о результатах испытания в воздухе
    air data
    двигатель, расположенный в крыле
    in-wing mounted
    двигатель, установленный в мотогондоле
    naccele-mounted engine
    двигатель, установленный в отдельной гондоле
    podded engine
    двигатель, установленный в фюзеляже
    in-board engine
    движение в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome traffic
    движение в зоне аэропорта
    airport traffic
    действия в момент касания ВПП
    touchdown operations
    делать отметку в свидетельстве
    endorse the license
    делитель потока в заборном устройстве
    inlet splitter
    держать шарик в центре
    keep the ball centered
    дозаправка топливом в полете
    air refuelling
    дозаправлять топливом в полете
    refuel in flight
    допуск к работе в качестве пилота
    act as a pilot authority
    доставка пассажиров в аэропорт вылета
    pickup service
    единый тариф на полет в двух направлениях
    two-way fare
    завоевывать господство в воздухе
    gain the air supremacy
    задатчик высоты в кабине
    cabin altitude selector
    задержка в базовом аэропорту
    terminal delay
    зал таможенного досмотра в аэропорту
    airport customs room
    замер в полете
    inflight measurement
    заносить воздушное судно в реестр
    enter the aircraft
    запись вибрации в полете
    inflight vibration recording
    запись в формуляре
    log book entry
    запись переговоров в кабине экипажа
    cockpit voice recording
    запускать воздушное судно в производство
    put the aircraft into production
    запускать двигатель в полете
    restart the engine in flight
    запуск в воздухе
    1. air starting
    2. airstart запуск в полете
    inflight starting
    запуск в полете без включения стартера
    inflight nonassisted starting
    запуск в режиме авторотации
    windmill starting
    заход на посадку в режиме планирования
    gliding approach
    заход на посадку в условиях ограниченной видимости
    low-visibility approach
    зона движения в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome traffic zone
    изменение направления ветра в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome wind shift
    измерение шума в процессе летных испытаний
    flight test noise measurement
    иметь место в полете
    be experienced in flight
    имитация в полете
    inflight simulation
    имитация полета в натуральных условиях
    full-scale flight
    индекс опознавания в коде ответчика
    squawk ident
    индикатор обстановки в вертикальной плоскости
    vertical-situation indicator
    инструктаж при аварийной обстановке в полете
    inflight emergency instruction
    искусственные сооружения в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome culture
    испытание в аэродинамической трубе
    wind-tunnel test
    испытание в воздухе
    air trial
    испытание в гидроканале
    towing basing test
    испытание в двухмерном потоке
    two-dimensional flow test
    испытание вертолета в условиях снежного и пыльного вихрей
    rotocraft snow and dust test
    испытание воздушного судна в термобарокамере
    aircraft environmental test
    испытание в реальных условиях
    direct test
    испытание в режиме висения
    hovering test
    испытание в свободном полете
    free-flight test
    испытание двигателя в полете
    inflight engine test
    испытания в барокамере
    altitude-chamber test
    испытания по замеру нагрузки в полете
    flight stress measurement tests
    испытываемый в полете
    under flight test
    испытывать в полете
    test in flight
    исследование конфликтной ситуации в воздушном движении
    air conflict search
    канал в ступице турбины
    turbine bore
    канал передачи данных в полете
    flight data link
    карта особых явлений погоды в верхних слоях атмосферы
    high level significant weather chart
    кнопка запуска двигателя в воздухе
    flight restart button
    кок винта в сборе
    cone assy
    компенсация за отказ в перевозке
    denied boarding compensation
    компоновка кресел в салоне первого класса
    first-class seating
    компоновка кресел в салоне смешанного класса
    mixed-class seating
    компоновка кресел в салоне туристического класса
    economy-class seating
    компоновка приборной доски в кабине экипажа
    cockpit panel layout
    контракт на обслуживание в аэропорту
    airport handling contract
    контроль в зоне
    area watch
    контур уровня шума в районе аэропорта
    airport noise contour
    концевой выключатель в системе воздушного судна
    aircraft limit switch
    кривая в полярной системе координат
    polar curve
    крутящий момент воздушного винта в режиме авторотации
    propeller windmill torque
    курс в зоне ожидания
    holding course
    летать в курсовом режиме
    fly heading mode
    летать в режиме бреющего полета
    fly at a low level
    летать в светлое время суток
    fly by day
    летать в строю
    fly in formation
    летать в темное время суток
    fly at night
    летать по приборам в процессе тренировок
    fly under screen
    лететь в северном направлении
    fly northbound
    летная подготовка в условиях, приближенных к реальным
    line oriental flight training
    линия руления воздушного судна в зоне стоянки
    aircraft stand taxilane
    люк в крыле
    wing manhole
    маневр в полете
    inflight manoeuvre
    маршрут перехода в эшелона на участок захода на посадку
    feeder route
    маршрут полета в направлении от вторичных радиосредств
    track from secondary radio facility
    меры безопасности в полете
    flight safety precautions
    метеоусловия в пределах допуска
    marginal weather
    механизм для создания условий полета в нестабильной атмосфере
    rough air mechanism
    механизм открытия защелки в полете
    mechanical flight release latch
    мешать обзору в полете
    obscure inflight view
    набор высоты в крейсерском режиме
    cruise climb
    навигация в зоне подхода
    approach navigation
    нагрузка в полете
    flight load
    нагрузка в полете от поверхности управления
    flight control load
    надежность в полете
    inflight reliability
    направление в сторону подъема
    up-slope direction
    направление в сторону уклона
    down-slope direction
    направляющийся в
    bound for
    наработка в часах
    1. running hours
    2. endurance hours на участке маршрута в восточном направлении
    on the eastbound leg
    необходимые меры предосторожности в полете
    flight reasonable precautions
    неожиданное препятствие в полете
    hidden flight hazard
    неправильно оцененное расстояние в полете
    misjudged flight distance
    неправильно принятое в полете решение
    improper in-flight decision
    нижний обзор в полете
    downward inflight view
    носитель информации в виде металлической ленты
    metal tape medium
    носитель информации в виде пластиковой пленки
    plastic tape medium
    носитель информации в виде фольги
    engraved foil medium
    носитель информации в виде фотопленки
    photographic paper medium
    обзор в полете
    inflight view
    оборудование для полетов в темное время суток
    night-flying equipment
    обслуживание в процессе стоянки
    standing operation
    обслуживание пассажиров в городском аэровокзале
    city-terminal coach service
    обучение в процессе полетов
    flying training
    объем воздушных перевозка в тоннах груза
    airlift tonnage
    обязанности экипажа в аварийной обстановке
    crew emergency duty
    обязательно к выполнению в соответствии со статьей
    be compulsory Article
    ограничения, указанные в свидетельстве
    license limitations
    ожидание в процессе полета
    hold en-route
    опознавание в полете
    aerial identification
    опробование систем управления в кабине экипажа
    cockpit drill
    опыт работы в авиации
    aeronautical experience
    органы управления в кабине экипажа
    flight compartment controls
    осадки в виде крупных хлопьев снега
    snow grains precipitation
    осадки в виде ледяных крупинок
    ice pellets precipitation
    ослабление видимости в атмосфере
    atmospheric attenuation
    ослабление сигналов в атмосфере
    atmospheric loss
    ослаблять давление в пневматике
    deflate the tire
    осмотр в конце рабочего дня
    daily inspection
    особые меры в полете
    in-flight extreme care
    оставаться в горизонтальном положении
    remain level
    отводить воздух в атмосферу
    discharge air overboard
    отказ в перевозке
    1. denial of carriage
    2. denied boarding 3. bumping отработка действий на случай аварийной обстановки в аэропорту
    aerodrome emergency exercise
    отражатель в механизме реверса тяги
    power reversal ejector
    отсутствие ветра в районе
    aerodrome calm
    оценка пилотом ситуации в полете
    pilot judgement
    ошибка в настройке
    alignment error
    падение в перевернутом положении
    tip-over fall
    парить в воздухе
    sail
    перебои в зажигании
    misfire
    перебои в работе двигателя
    1. rough engine operations
    2. engine trouble переводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полет
    put the aircraft over
    перевозка с оплатой в кредит
    collect transportation
    передача в пункте стыковки авиарейсов
    interline transfer
    передвижной диспетчерский пункт в районе ВПП
    runway control van
    передний обзор в полете
    forward inflight view
    переход в режим горизонтального полета
    puchover
    переходить в режим набора высоты
    entry into climb
    повторный запуск в полете
    flight restart
    подача топлива в систему воздушного судна
    aircraft fuel supply
    подниматься в воздух
    ago aloft
    пожар в отсеке шасси
    wheel-well fire
    поиск в условном квадрате
    square search
    полет в восточном направлении
    eastbound flight
    полет в зоне ожидания
    1. holding
    2. holding flight полет в направлении на станцию
    flight inbound the station
    полет в направлении от станции
    flight outbound the station
    полет в невозмущенной атмосфере
    still-air flight
    полет в нормальных метеоусловиях
    normal weather operation
    полет в обоих направлениях
    back-to-back flight
    полет в одном направлении
    one-way flight
    полет в пределах континента
    coast-to-coast flight
    полет в режиме висения
    hover flight
    полет в режиме ожидания
    holding operation
    полет в режиме ожидания на маршруте
    holding en-route operation
    полет в связи с особыми обстоятельствами
    special event flight
    полет в сложных метеоусловиях
    bad-weather flight
    полет в строю
    formation flight
    полет в условиях болтанки
    1. bumpy-air flight
    2. turbulent flight полет в условиях отсутствия видимости
    nonvisual flight
    полет в условиях плохой видимости
    low-visibility flight
    полет в установленной зоне
    standoff flight
    полет в установленном секторе
    sector flight
    полетное время, продолжительность полета в данный день
    flying time today
    полет по кругу в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome traffic circuit operation
    полет с дозаправкой топлива в воздухе
    refuelling flight
    полеты в районе открытого моря
    off-shore operations
    полеты в светлое время суток
    daylight operations
    полеты в темное время суток
    night operations
    положение амортизатора в обжатом состоянии
    shock strut compressed position
    положение в воздушном пространстве
    air position
    помпаж в воздухозаборнике
    air intake surge
    попадание в порыв ветра
    gust penetration
    попадание в турбулентность
    turbulence penetration
    порядок действий в аварийной обстановке
    emergency procedure
    порядок эксплуатации в зимних условиях
    snow plan
    посадка в режиме авторотации в выключенным двигателем
    power-off autorotative landing
    посадка в светлое время суток
    day landing
    посадка в сложных метеоусловиях
    bad weather landing
    посадка в темное время суток
    night landing
    потери в воздухозаборнике
    intake losses
    поток в промежуточных аэродромах
    pick-up traffic
    потолок в режиме висения
    hovering ceiling
    правила полета в аварийной обстановке
    emergency flight procedures
    представлять в закодированном виде
    submit in code
    предупреждение столкновений в воздухе
    mid air collision control
    препятствие в зоне захода на посадку
    approach area hazard
    препятствие в районе аэропорта
    airport hazard
    прибывать в зону аэродрома
    arrive over the aerodrome
    приведение в действие
    actuation
    приведение эшелонов в соответствие
    correlation of levels
    приводить в действие
    actuate
    приводить воздушное судно в состояние летной годности
    return an aircraft to flyable status
    приводить в рабочее состояние
    prepare for service
    приводить в состояние готовности
    alert to
    пригодный для полета только в светлое время суток
    available for daylight operation
    приспособление для захвата объектов в процессе полета
    flight pick-up equipment
    проверено в полете
    flight checked
    проверка в кабине экипажа
    cockpit check
    проверка в полете
    flight check
    проверка в процессе облета
    flyby check
    прогноз в графическом изображении
    pictorial forecast
    продолжительность в режиме висения
    hovering endurance
    продувать в аэродинамической трубе
    test in the wind tunnel
    производить посадку в самолет
    emplane
    происшествие в районе аэропорта
    airport-related accident
    прокладка в системе двигателя
    engine gasket
    прокладка маршрута в районе аэродрома
    terminal routing
    пропуск на вход в аэропорт
    airport laissez-passer
    просвет в облачности
    cloud gap
    пространственная ориентация в полете
    inflight spatial orientation
    пространственное положение в момент удара
    attitude at impact
    противобликовая защита в кабине
    cabin glare protection
    профиль волны в свободном поле
    free-field signature
    профиль местности в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome ground profile
    пружина распора в выпущенном положении
    downlock bungee spring
    (опоры шасси) пункт назначения, указанный в авиабилете
    ticketed destination
    пункт назначения, указанный в купоне авиабилета
    coupon destination
    работа в режиме запуска двигателя
    engine start mode
    работа только в режиме приема
    receiving only
    радиолокационный обзор в полете
    inflight radar scanning
    радиус действия радиолокатора в режиме поиска
    radar search range
    разворот в процессе планирования
    gliding turn
    разворот в режиме висения
    hovering turn
    разворот в сторону приближения
    inbound turn
    разворот в сторону удаления
    outbound turn
    размещать в воздушном судне
    fill an aircraft with
    разница в тарифах по классам
    class differential
    разрешение в процессе полета по маршруту
    en-route clearance
    разрешение на полет в зоне ожидания
    holding clearance
    расстояние в милях
    mileage
    расстояние в милях между указанными в билете пунктами
    ticketed point mileage
    расчетное время в пути
    estimated time en-route
    регистрация в зале ожидания
    concourse check
    регулятор давления в кабине
    cabin pressure regulator
    режим воздушного потока в заборнике воздуха
    inlet airflow schedule
    режим малого газа в заданных пределах
    deadband idle
    речевой регистратор переговоров в кабине экипажа
    cockpit voice recorder
    руководство по производству полетов в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome rules
    рулежная дорожка в районе аэровокзала
    terminal taxiway
    сближение в полете
    air miss
    сваливание в штопор
    spin stall
    сдавать в багаж
    park in the baggage
    сдвиг ветра в зоне полета
    flight wind shear
    сигнал бедствия в коде ответчика
    squawk mayday
    сигнал входа в глиссаду
    on-slope signal
    сигнал действий в полете
    flight urgency signal
    сигнализация аварийной обстановки в полете
    air alert warning
    сигнал между воздушными судами в полете
    air-to-air signal
    сигнальные огни входа в створ ВПП
    runway alignment indicator lights
    система предупреждения конфликтных ситуаций в полете
    conflict alert system
    система распространения информации в определенные интервалы времени
    fixed-time dissemination system
    система регулирования температуры воздуха в кабине
    cabin temperature control system
    скольжение в направлении полета
    forwardslip
    скорость в условиях турбулентности
    1. rough-air speed
    2. rough airspeed скрытое препятствие в районе ВПП
    runway hidden hazard
    сложные метеоусловия в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome adverse weather
    служба управления движением в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome control service
    служба управления движением в зоне аэропорта
    airport traffic service
    смесеобразование в карбюраторе
    carburetion
    с момента ввода в эксплуатацию
    since placed in service
    снежный заряд в зоне полета
    inflight snow showers
    снижение в режиме авторотации
    autorotative descent
    снижение в режиме планирования
    gliding descent
    снижение в режиме торможения
    braked descent
    снимать груз в контейнере
    discharge the cargo
    событие в результате непреднамеренных действий
    unintentional occurrence
    совершать посадку в направлении ветра
    land downwind
    согласованность в действиях
    coherence
    списание девиации в полете
    airswinging
    списание девиации компаса в полете
    air compass swinging
    списание радиодевиации в полете
    airborne error measurement
    способность выполнять посадку в сложных метеорологических условиях
    all-weather landing capability
    срок службы в часах налета
    flying life
    срываться в штопор
    1. fall into the spin
    2. fail into the spin ставить в определенное положение
    pose
    столкновение в воздухе
    1. mid-air collision
    2. aerial collision схема в зоне ожидания
    holding pattern
    схема входа в диспетчерскую зону
    entry procedure
    схема входа в зону ожидания
    holding entry procedure
    схема движения в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome traffic pattern
    схема полета в зоне ожидания
    holding procedure
    схема полета по приборам в зоне ожидания
    instrument holding procedure
    счетчик пройденного километража в полете
    air-mileage indicator
    считывание показаний приборов в полете
    flight instrument reading
    тариф в местной валюте
    local currency fare
    тариф в одном направлении
    directional rate
    тариф для полета в одном направлении
    single fare
    тариф за перевозку грузов в специальном приспособлении для комплектования
    unit load device rate
    тариф на полет в ночное время суток
    night fare
    тариф на полет с возвратом в течение суток
    day round trip fare
    телесное повреждение в результате авиационного происшествия
    accident serious injury
    температура в данной точке
    local temperature
    температура воздуха в трубопроводе
    duct air temperature
    температура газов на входе в турбину
    turbine entry temperature
    температура на входе в турбину
    turbine inlet temperature
    траектория полета в зоне ожидания
    holding path
    трение в опорах
    bearing friction
    тренировка в барокамере
    altitude chamber drill
    турбулентность в атмосфере без облаков
    clear air turbulence
    турбулентность в облаках
    turbulence in clouds
    турбулентность в спутном следе
    wake turbulence
    тяга в полете
    flight thrust
    угроза применения взрывчатого устройства в полете
    inflight bomb threat
    удельный расход топлива на кг тяги в час
    thrust specific fuel consumption
    удерживать контакты в замкнутом положении
    hold contacts closed
    удостоверяющая запись в свидетельстве
    licence endorsement
    указания по условиям эксплуатации в полете
    inflight operational instructions
    указатель входа в створ ВПП
    runway alignment indicator
    указатель высоты в кабине
    cabin altitude indicator
    указатель местоположения в полете
    air position indicator
    указатель перепада давления в кабине
    cabin pressure indicator
    указатель уровня в баке
    tank level indicator
    уменьшение ограничений в воздушных перевозках
    air transport facilitation
    упаковывать в контейнере
    containerize
    упаковывать груз в контейнере
    containerize the cargo
    управление в зоне
    area control
    управление в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome control
    управление в зоне захода на посадку
    approach control
    уровень шума в населенном пункте
    community noise level
    уровень шумового фона в кабине экипажа
    flight deck aural environment
    уровень шумового фона в районе аэропорта
    acoustic airport environment
    уровень электролита в аккумуляторе
    battery electrolyte level
    усилие в системе управления
    control force
    условия в полете
    in-flight conditions
    условия в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome environment
    условия в районе ВПП
    runway environment
    условия нагружения в полете
    flight loading conditions
    условное обозначение в сообщении о ходе полета
    flight report identification
    условное обозначение события в полете
    flight occurrence identification
    устанавливать наличие воздушной пробки в системе
    determine air in a system
    установка в определенное положение
    positioning
    установка в положение для захода на посадку
    approach setting
    установленные обязанности в полете
    prescribed flight duty
    установленный в гондоле
    nacelle-mounted
    устойчивость в полете
    inflight stability
    устройство отображения информации в кабине экипажа
    cockpit display
    устройство разворота в нейтральное положение
    self-centering device
    уточнение плана полета по сведениям, полученным в полете
    inflight operational planning
    ухудшение в полете
    flight deterioration
    участие в расследовании
    participation in the investigation
    форма крыла в плане
    wing planform
    характеристика в зоне ожидания
    holding performance
    цифровая система наведения в полете
    digital flight guidance system
    чартерный рейс в связи с особыми обстоятельствами
    special event charter
    число оборотов в минуту
    revolutions per minute
    чрезвычайное обстоятельство в полете
    flight emergency circumstance
    шаг в режиме торможения
    braking pitch
    шасси, убирающееся в фюзеляж
    inward retracting landing gear
    шлиц в головке винта
    screw head slot
    эксплуатировать в заданных условиях
    operate under the conditions
    эксплуатировать в соответствии с техникой безопасности
    operate safety
    этапа полета в пределах одного государства
    domestic flight stage
    этап входа в глиссаду
    glide capture phase
    этап полета, указанный в полетном купоне
    flight coupon stage
    эшелонирование в зоне ожидание
    holding stack

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > в

  • 25 команда

    brigade, command вчт., crew мор., operation, ( судна) hand, instruction, manning, order, command word, control word, instruction word
    * * *
    кома́нда ж.
    1. (преим., но не обязательно) вчт.
    видоизменя́ть кома́нду — modify an instruction
    выбира́ть кома́нду ( из программы) — fetch an instruction (from a program)
    выбира́ть кома́нду (из па́мяти) на, напр. реги́стр кома́нд — fetch an instruction (from memory and place it) in, e. g., the instruction register
    кома́нды выбира́ются (для исполне́ния) в той после́довательности, в кото́рой они́ нахо́дятся в ЗУ — instructions are executed in the sequence they are stored in memory cells
    кома́нда выполня́ется за оди́н маши́нный цикл [такт] — the instruction is executable in one machine phase
    выполня́ть кома́нду — execute an instruction
    задава́ть кома́нду с по́мощью … — specify an instruction by …
    кома́нды мо́гут объединя́ться в многооперацио́нные — instructions are combinable to form a multiple instruction
    кома́нда на (напр. включение, выравнивание и т. п.) — command to (e. g., start, flare, etc.)
    опознава́ть кома́нду — recognize an instruction
    переходи́ть к выполне́нию очередно́й кома́нды — proceed to [take] the next instruction in sequence
    по кома́нде — in response to a command, under a command, by a command, a command causes (something to do or to be done)
    проце́сс счи́тывания начина́ется по кома́нде с ЭВМ — the process of reading is initiated by an instruction from the computer
    пропусти́ть кома́нду — skip an instruction
    трактова́ть кома́нду — treat [interpret] an instruction as …
    кома́нда тре́бует … мкс для своего́ выполне́ния — the instruction is executable in … ms
    2. ( группа людей) crew, gang, party
    авари́йная кома́нда — crash crew, break-down gang; мор. damage control party
    авари́йная, аэродро́мная кома́нда — crash crew
    беза́дресная кома́нда — zero-address instruction
    кома́нда безусло́вного перехо́да — unconditional transfer [jump] instruction
    кома́нда блокиро́вки — ignore [disable] instruction
    кома́нда ветвле́ния — branch instruction
    кома́нда возвра́та — return instruction
    кома́нда вы́хода — exit instruction
    горноспаса́тельная кома́нда — mine rescue crew, mine rescue party
    кома́нда избира́ния — select command
    кома́нда исполне́ния — operate command
    кома́нда контро́льного перехо́да — break-point instruction
    ло́жная кома́нда — false [spurious] command
    маши́нная кома́нда — computer [machine] instruction
    многоа́дресная кома́нда — multiaddress [multiple-address] instruction
    кома́нда назе́много техни́ческого обслу́живания — ground crew
    неве́рная кома́нда — illegal instruction
    неразрешё́нная кома́нда — illegal instruction
    кома́нда обме́на (информа́цией) — exchange instruction
    кома́нда обраще́ния к носи́телю на бараба́не — drum (reference) instruction
    кома́нда обраще́ния к носи́телю на ле́нте — tape (reference) instruction
    кома́нда обраще́ния к па́мяти — memory reference instruction
    кома́нда обраще́ния к реги́стру — register reference instruction
    кома́нда обслу́живания, аэродро́мная — airfield servicing crew
    одноа́дресная кома́нда — single-address instruction
    кома́нда переда́чи управле́ния — (control) transfer [transfer-of-control] instruction
    кома́нда переполне́ния — overflow instruction
    кома́нда перехо́да — transfer [jump] instruction
    кома́нда перехо́да при невыполне́нии усло́вия — “jump if NOT” [“jump on NOT”] instruction
    кома́нда перехо́да при переполне́нии — “jump on overflow” instruction
    кома́нда про́пуска (напр. одной или нескольких команд) — skip instruction
    ремо́нтная кома́нда — repair gang
    кома́нда сдви́га — shift instruction
    кома́нда сортиро́вки — sort instruction
    кома́нда сравне́ния — compare instruction
    станда́ртная кома́нда — standard instruction
    теку́щая кома́нда — current instruction
    кома́нда телеуправле́ния — telecontrol command
    кома́нда управле́ния — control instruction
    кома́нда управле́ния опера́цией вво́да-вы́вода — input-output [I/ O] instruction
    кома́нда усло́вного перехо́да — conditional transfer [branch] instruction
    холоста́я кома́нда — dummy instruction
    цикли́ческая кома́нда — loop instruction
    * * *

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > команда

  • 26 устройство

    attachment, apparatus, arrangement, assembly, device, element, facility, machine, gear, mean, project, rig, setup, station, structure, system, technology, unit, widget
    * * *
    устро́йство с.
    1. (приспособление, механизм и т. п.) apparatus, arrangement device, equipment, facility, means, gear
    2. (конструкция, расположение) arrangement, design
    благодаря́ тако́му устро́йству … — by this arrangement, …
    устро́йство авари́йной сигнализа́ции — alarm (device)
    устро́йство автомати́ческого выра́внивания с.-х. — self-levelling device
    автоно́мное устро́йство — self-contained unit
    автосцепно́е устро́йство — automatic coupler equipment
    амортизи́рующее устро́йство — shock absorber
    анало́говое устро́йство — analog device
    анало́говое, вычисли́тельное устро́йство — analog computing device
    анте́нное устро́йство (собственно антенна, привод и опора) — scanner (assembly)
    устро́йство АПВ эл. — automatic (circuit) recloser (см. тж. АПВ)
    арифмети́ческое устро́йство вчт. — arithmetic unit
    ба́зовое устро́йство ( в приборах со сменными блоками втычного типа) — mainframe
    балансиро́вочное устро́йство — balancer
    блоки́рующее устро́йство — interlock
    бры́згальное устро́йство — spraying device
    буквопеча́тающее устро́йство — полигр. character printing device; вчт. alphabetic printer
    букси́рное устро́йство — towing arrangement, towing gear
    бу́ферное устро́йство — buffer (unit)
    валоповоро́тное устро́йство — barring [jacking, shaft-turning] gear
    устро́йство вво́да — вчт. input device, input unit, input reader; ( перфокарточное) card reader
    устро́йство вво́да-вы́вода вчт. — input-output [I/ O] device
    взве́шивающее устро́йство — weigher
    видеоконтро́льное устро́йство [ВКУ] — picture monitor
    визи́рное устро́йство кфт. — finder system
    визи́рное, зерка́льное беспаралла́ксное устро́йство кфт. — (through-the-lens) reflex view-finder system
    вне́шние устро́йства вчт. — peripheral equipment
    водозабо́рное устро́йство — water intake
    водозабо́рное, высоконапо́рное устро́йство — high-pressure water intake
    водозабо́рное, низконапо́рное устро́йство — low-pressure water intake
    водоотво́дное устро́йство — drainage facility
    воздухоспускно́е устро́йство — air bleeder
    встря́хивающее устро́йство ( в пылевых фильтрах) — rapping gear
    входно́е устро́йство — input device, input unit
    устро́йство вы́вода — вчт. output device, output unit; ( с записью) output writer; ( с печатью) output printer; ( перфокарточное) (output) card punch
    выводно́е устро́йство полигр. — sheet delivery apparatus, delivery unit
    выпрямля́ющее устро́йство — rectifier (unit)
    вытяжно́е устро́йство — exhaust system
    вычисли́тельное устро́йство — computer, computing device
    вычисли́тельное, навигацио́нное устро́йство — navigation [flight] computer
    газоочистно́е устро́йство — gas-cleaning system, gas scrubber
    грузово́е устро́йство мор. — cargo(-handling) gear
    грузоподъё́мное устро́йство — hoisting apparatus, hoisting gear
    дальноме́рное устро́йство — distance-measuring device; ranging unit
    декоди́рующее устро́йство — decoder
    декомпрессио́нное устро́йство — decompressor
    демпфи́рующее устро́йство — damping device, damper; изм. dash-pot
    дифференци́рующее устро́йство вчт. — differential analyzer
    устро́йство для маркиро́вки проводо́в — wire-marking machine
    устро́йство для продо́льной ре́зки ле́нты полигр. — slitting machine
    дози́рующее устро́йство — metering device; (отвешивающее, отмеривающее и т. п.) measuring equipment
    дрена́жное устро́йство — drain(age) system
    дугогаси́тельное устро́йство эл. — arc control device
    забо́рное устро́йство — intake
    загру́зочное устро́йство — charging device
    задаю́щее устро́йство автмт. — reference-input element, reference-input unit, control-point setting device
    устро́йство заде́ржки — delay device
    зажи́мное устро́йство — clamping [holding] device
    заземля́ющее устро́йство — earthing [grounding] connection
    запомина́ющее устро́йство — вчт. storage, memory; брит. store
    выводи́ть из запомина́ющего устро́йства — retrieve from storage [from memory]
    засыла́ть в запомина́ющее устро́йство — transfer to [enter into] storage [memory]
    обраща́ться к запомина́ющему устро́йству — access, storage [memory]
    запомина́ющее, автоно́мное устро́йство — off-line storage, off-line memory
    запомина́ющее, ана́логовое устро́йство — analog storage, analog memory
    запомина́ющее, ассоциати́вное устро́йство — associative [content-addressable] memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство без разруше́ния информа́ции (при счи́тывании) — nondestructive (read-out) storage, NDRO storage, nondestructive memory
    запомина́ющее, бу́ферное устро́йство — buffer storage, buffer memory
    запомина́ющее, быстроде́йствующее устро́йство — quick-access [rapid-access] storage, quick-access [rapid-access] memory
    запомина́ющее, вне́шнее устро́йство [ВЗУ] — external storage, external memory
    запомина́ющее, вну́треннее устро́йство — internal storage, internal memory
    запомина́ющее, вспомога́тельное устро́йство — auxiliary storage, auxiliary memory
    запомина́ющее, динами́ческое устро́йство — dynamic storage, dynamic memory
    запомина́ющее, долговре́менное устро́йство — permanent storage, permanent memory
    запомина́ющее, магни́тное устро́йство — magnetic storage, magnetic memory
    запомина́ющее, магнитострикцио́нное устро́йство — magnetostrictive (delay-line) storage, magnetostrictive (delay-line) memory
    запомина́ющее, ма́тричное устро́йство — matrix storage, matrix memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на бараба́нах — drum storage
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на ди́сках — disk storage, disk memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на ле́нтах — tape storage, tape memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на магни́тных ка́ртах — magnetic card storage, magnetic card memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на магни́тных плё́нках — magnetic-film storage, magnetic-film memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на магни́тных серде́чниках — magnetic-core storage, magnetic-core memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на перфоле́нтах — punch tape storage
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на три́ггерах — flip-flop storage, flip-flop memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на ферри́товых серде́чниках — (ferrite) core storage, (ferrite) core memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на электроннолучевы́х тру́бках — cathode-ray tube memory, cathode-ray tube storage
    запомина́ющее, односторо́ннее устро́йство — read-only memory, ROM
    запомина́ющее, операти́вное устро́йство — on-line storage, on-line memory
    запомина́ющее, опти́ческое устро́йство — optical storage, optical memory
    запомина́ющее, оптоэлектро́нное устро́йство — optoelectronic (data) storage, optoelectronic (data) memory
    запомина́ющее, после́довательное устро́йство — serial(-access) storage, serial(-access) memory
    запомина́ющее, постоя́нное устро́йство — permanent [fixed] storage, permanent [fixed] memory
    запомина́ющее, рабо́чее устро́йство — working storage, working memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с бы́строй вы́боркой — quick-access [rapid-access] memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с нестира́емой за́писью — nonerasable storage, nonerasable memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство со стира́емой за́писью — erasable storage, erasable memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с поразря́дной вы́боркой — bit-organized memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с произво́льной вы́боркой — random access storage, random access memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с прямо́й вы́боркой ( слов или чисел) — word-organized [word-selection] storage, word-organized [word-selection] memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с разруше́нием информа́ции — volatile storage, volatile memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с совпаде́нием то́ков — coincident-current storage, coincident-current memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство стати́ческого ти́па — static storage
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с центра́льным проце́ссором — on-line storage, on-line memory
    запомина́ющее, три́ггерное устро́йство — flip-flop storage, flip-flop memory
    запомина́ющее, цикли́ческое устро́йство — circulating [cyclic] storage, circulating [cyclic] memory
    запомина́ющее, электроннолучево́е устро́йство — cathode-ray tube memory
    заря́дное устро́йство — charging unit, charger
    заря́дное, аккумуля́торное устро́йство — battery charger
    защи́тное устро́йство — protection device; ( преимущественно механическое) safe-guard
    звукозапи́сывающее устро́йство — sound recorder
    золосмывно́е устро́йство — ash sluicing device
    золотопромы́вочное устро́йство — gold washer
    золоулови́тельное устро́йство — fly-ash collector
    измери́тельное устро́йство — measuring device
    индика́торное устро́йство рлк. — display unit, indicator (unit), (radar) scope
    интегри́рующее устро́йство — integrator
    ка́бельное устро́йство — cable (hauling) gear
    кернова́тельное устро́йство нефт. — catcher, (split-ring) core lifter, spring lifter, core gripper
    коди́рующее устро́йство — coding device, (en)coder
    колошнико́вое устро́йство — (blast-furnace) top arrangement
    колошнико́вое, загру́зочное устро́йство — top charging gear
    контро́льное устро́йство — monitor (ing device)
    концево́е, ка́бельное устро́йство — cable termination
    копирова́льное устро́йство ( пантограф) — pantograph
    корректи́рующее устро́йство
    1. автмт. compensator, compensating device, compensating network, equalizer
    предусма́тривать корректи́рующее устро́йство, напр. в цепи́ — use [place] a compensator around, e. g., a circuit
    2. полигр. error correcting device
    кра́новое устро́йство ( бурильной машины) — crown block
    ле́ерное устро́йство мор. — life lines, life rails
    лентопротя́жное устро́йство — tape transport, tape-moving device
    листовыводно́е устро́йство полигр. — sheet delivery apparatus
    листоотдели́тельное устро́йство полигр. — sheet-separating unit
    логи́ческое устро́йство — logic unit
    микрофо́нно-телефо́нное устро́йство — microphone-earphone device
    мно́жительно-дели́тельное устро́йство — multiplication-division unit
    мно́жительное устро́йство — multiplier unit
    модели́рующее устро́йство — simulator
    модели́рующее устро́йство в и́стинном масшта́бе вре́мени — real-time simulator
    набо́рное устро́йство ( телетайпа или стартстопного телеграфного аппарата) — selector mechanism
    нагру́зочное устро́йство — loading device
    нажимно́е устро́йство ( прокатного стана) — screw-down mechanism
    нака́тное устро́йство полигр. — inking unit
    накладно́е устро́йство полигр. — laying-in apparatus
    намо́точное устро́йство — coiler, winding machine
    натяжно́е устро́йство — ( для регулирования длины полосы) прок. bridle, bridling equipment; ( ременной или иной передачи) tensioning device; ( конвейера) take-up
    натяжно́е, винтово́е устро́йство — ( конвейера) screw take-up; ( ременной или иной передачи) screw tensioner
    натяжно́е, входно́е устро́йство прок. — entry bridle
    натяжно́е, выходно́е устро́йство прок. — exit bridle
    натяжно́е устро́йство цепно́й переда́чи — chain tightener
    устро́йство обега́ющего контро́ля — data logger
    устро́йство обрабо́тки да́нных — data processor
    устро́йство обрабо́тки информа́ции — data-processing unit
    оконе́чное устро́йство — terminal
    оповести́тельное устро́йство — annunciator
    опу́дривающее устро́йство пласт. — duster, powdering device
    ороси́тельное устро́йство — spraying device, spraying system
    освети́тельное устро́йство — lighting unit
    основно́е устро́йство вчт. — primary device
    отклоня́ющее устро́йство — deflector; (в осциллоскопах, кинескопах) deflection yoke
    отсо́сное устро́йство тепл. — aspirator
    паропромы́вочное устро́йство — steam washer, steam scrubber
    перегово́рное устро́йство — intercom, intercommunication(s) system, interphone system
    перегово́рное, самолё́тное устро́йство — (aircraft) intercommunication [interphone] system
    перезапи́сывающее устро́йство — transcriber
    переключа́ющее устро́йство — switching device
    переключа́ющее устро́йство регулиро́вки напряже́ния под нагру́зкой — on-load tap-changer
    петлево́е устро́йство прок. — looper
    печа́тающее устро́йство — printer
    печа́тающее, автоно́мное устро́йство — off-line printer
    печа́тающее устро́йство бараба́нного ти́па — drum-type printer
    печа́тающее, бу́квенно-цифрово́е устро́йство — alpha(nu)merical printer
    печа́тающее, выходно́е устро́йство — output printer
    печа́тающее устро́йство колё́сного ти́па — wheel printer
    печа́тающее, ма́тричное устро́йство — wire-matrix impact printer
    печа́тающее, неавтоно́мное устро́йство — on-line printer
    печа́тающее, операти́вное устро́йство ( работающее в системном режиме) — on-line printer
    печа́тающее, постро́чно устро́йство — line [line-at-a-time] printer
    печа́тающее, ротацио́нное устро́йство — on-the-fly printer
    печа́тающее, цепно́е устро́йство — chain printer
    печа́тающее, цифрово́е устро́йство — numeric(al) printer
    печа́тающее, шта́нговое устро́йство — bar printer
    печа́тающее, электромехани́ческое устро́йство — electromechanical printer
    печа́тающее, электро́нное устро́йство — electronic printer
    печа́тающее, электростати́ческое устро́йство — electrostatic printer
    пита́ющее устро́йство — feeding device, feeder
    погру́зочно-разгру́зочные устро́йства — handling facilities
    устро́йство подгото́вки входны́х да́нных вчт. — input preparation equipment
    подпи́точное устро́йство тепл. — make-up system
    подъё́мное устро́йство — hoisting equipment, hoisting gear
    предохрани́тельное устро́йство ( механического типа) — (safe) guard
    приводно́е устро́йство — drive
    противообледени́тельное устро́йство — ( предотвращающее образование льда) anti-icing device; ( удаляющее образовавшийся лёд) de-icer
    противоотма́рочное устро́йство полигр. — offset preventing unit
    противоперегру́зочное устро́йство ав. — anti-g device
    противопомпа́жное устро́йство — antisurge device
    противоуго́нное устро́йство — anti-theft device
    пусково́е устро́йство — starting device, starter
    путевы́е устро́йства — wayside apparatus, track arrangement
    радиопередаю́щее устро́йство — radio transmitter
    радиоприё́мное устро́йство — radio receiver
    развё́ртывающее устро́йство — scanner, scanning system
    развё́ртывающее устро́йство бараба́нного ти́па ( в фототелеграфии) — drum-type scanner
    развё́ртывающее устро́йство плоскостно́го ти́па ( в фототелеграфии) — flat-bed scanner
    развё́ртывающее устро́йство ти́па «бегу́щий луч» ( в фототелеграфии) — flying-spot scanner
    разгру́зочное устро́йство — unloading installation, discharging device
    раскатно́е устро́йство
    1. полигр. inker unit
    2. эл. reeling-out unit
    раска́точное устро́йство рез. — unwinding device
    устро́йство распознава́ния зна́ков — character recognition machine
    устро́йство распознава́ния о́бразов — pattern recognition machine
    распредели́тельное устро́йство эл. — switch-gear
    распредели́тельное, закры́тое устро́йство эл. — indoor switch-gear
    распредели́тельное, компле́ктное устро́йство эл. — factory-assembled switch-gear
    распредели́тельное, откры́тое устро́йство эл. — outdoor switch-gear
    распредели́тельное устро́йство сбо́рного ти́па эл. — cubicle-type switch-gear
    распы́ливающее устро́йство — sprayer unit
    рассти́лочное устро́йство с.-х. — spreading device
    расто́почное устро́йство — lighting-up equipment
    устро́йство регистра́ции произво́дственных да́нных — process data logger
    регули́рующее устро́йство — regulator [governor] device
    резе́рвное устро́йство — stand-by facility, back-up device
    рулево́е устро́йство мор. — steering gear
    рыбозащи́тное устро́йство — fish protection structure
    рыбопропускно́е устро́йство — fish pass
    устро́йство СДЦ с однокра́тным вычита́нием — single(-subtraction) canceller
    сма́зочное устро́йство — lubricator
    смеси́тельное устро́йство — mixing device, mixer
    согласу́ющее устро́йство — matching device
    спаса́тельное устро́йство мор. — life-saving appliance
    спусково́е устро́йство
    1. мор. launching arrangement
    2. кфт. (shutter) release
    сра́внивающее устро́йство — comparator
    ста́лкивающее устро́йство ( с конвейера) — tripper
    станцио́нные устро́йства — station accomodation, station facilities
    стира́ющее устро́йство — eraser
    сто́порное устро́йство ( сталеразливочного ковша) — stopper-rod device
    сужа́ющее устро́йство гидр. — restriction, contraction
    сумми́рующее устро́йство — ( аналоговое) summer, summator; ( цифровое) adder
    сцепно́е устро́йство — coupler
    счё́тно-реша́ющее устро́йство — computing device, computer
    счё́тно-реша́ющее, навигацио́нное устро́йство — navigation computer
    счи́тывающее устро́йство вчт. — reader, reading machine
    счи́тывающее, алфави́тно-цифрово́е устро́йство — alphanumeric reader
    счи́тывающее, опти́ческое устро́йство — optical reader
    счи́тывающее устро́йство, рабо́тающее с бума́жным носи́телем — paper reader
    счи́тывающее, фотоэлектри́ческое устро́йство — photoelectric reader
    счи́тывающее, электромехани́ческое устро́йство — electromechanical reader
    телеизмери́тельное устро́йство — telemetering device
    тормозно́е устро́йство ( для спуска судна на воду) — arresting [checking] arrangement
    транскоди́рующее устро́йство — transcoder
    тягодутьево́е устро́йство — draft system
    тя́нущее устро́йство ( волочильного стана) — draw-out equipment
    увлажни́тельное устро́йство лес. — humidifier
    устро́йство ультразвуково́й сва́рки — ultrasonic welding [bonding] machine
    уплотни́тельное устро́йство — sealing device
    устро́йство управле́ния — control unit
    устро́йство устано́вки нуля́ ( регулятора) — origin-shift device
    устано́вочное устро́йство — adjusting device, adjuster
    фазосдвига́ющее устро́йство — phase shifter
    фокуси́рующее устро́йство — focuser
    фотопеча́тающее устро́йство — photoprinter
    хрони́рующее устро́йство — timer, synchronizer
    цветодели́тельное устро́йство полигр. — colour separator
    цейтра́ферное устро́йство кфт. — time-lapse mechanism
    цепенатяжно́е устро́йство — chain tightener
    цифрово́е устро́йство — digital device
    чита́ющее устро́йство ( для чтения текстов) вчт. — reader, reading machine
    шварто́вное устро́йство — mooring gear, mooring arrangement
    шле́пперное устро́йство прок. — transfer arrangement
    шлю́почное устро́йство ( для спуска на воду) — boat(-handling) gear
    шумозащи́тное устро́йство на приё́м тлф. — receiving-and-antinoise device
    экипиро́вочное устро́йство ж.-д. — servicing facilities
    электро́нное устро́йство — electronic device
    электропрои́грывающее устро́йство («вертушка») — turntable
    я́корное устро́йство — anchor(-handling) gear
    я́корно-шварто́вное устро́йство — ground tackle

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > устройство

  • 27 период работы

    1) General subject: dates of employment
    3) Mathematics: operating period
    6) Economy: working period
    7) Automobile industry: period of service (при эксплуатации с, перерывами)
    8) Information technology: time of operation
    10) Advertising: performance period
    11) SAP. shift period
    12) Automation: run-time
    13) Quality control: phase of operation
    14) Chemical weapons: period of performance

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > период работы

  • 28 команда

    1. ж. вчт. instruction

    задавать команду с помощью … — specify an instruction by …

    холостая команда; фиктивная команда — do-nothing instruction

    код команды; система команд; набор команд — instruction code

    команда-заготовка; скелетная команда — skeleton instruction

    2. ж. вчт. crew, gang, party
    3. command; team

    команда на освобождение; команда прекращения — quit command

    команда-подсказка; подсказанная команда — prompted command

    Синонимический ряд:
    распоряжение (сущ.) веление; повеление; приказ; приказание; распоряжение

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > команда

  • 29 спусковое устройство

    1. мор. launching arrangement

    благодаря такому устройству … — by this arrangement

    2. кфт. release

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > спусковое устройство

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См. также в других словарях:

  • Phase-shift mask — Phase shift masks are photomasks that take advantage of the interference generated by phase differences to improve image resolution in photolithography. There exist alternating [cite web|url = http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6977127.html | title …   Wikipedia

  • Phase-shift keying — Passband modulation v · d · e Analog modulation AM · …   Wikipedia

  • Phase shift module — A phase shifter is a microwave network which provides a controllable phase shift of the RF signal [Microwave Solid State Circuit Design, 2nd Ed., by Inder Bahl and Prakash Bhartia, John Wiley Sons, 2003 (Chapter 12)‏] [RF MEMS Theory, Design and… …   Wikipedia

  • Phase modulation — (PM) is a form of modulation that represents information as variations in the instantaneous phase of a carrier wave.Unlike its more popular counterpart, frequency modulation (FM), PM is not very widely used. This is because it tends to require… …   Wikipedia

  • Phase-locked loop — PLL redirects here. For other uses, see PLL (disambiguation). A phase locked loop or phase lock loop (PLL) is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is related to the phase of an input reference signal. It is an electronic… …   Wikipedia

  • Phase response curve — A phase response curve (PRC) illustrates the transient change in the cycle period of an oscillation induced by a perturbation as a function of the phase at which it is received. PRCs are used in various fields; examples of biological oscillations …   Wikipedia

  • Control theory — For control theory in psychology and sociology, see control theory (sociology) and Perceptual Control Theory. The concept of the feedback loop to control the dynamic behavior of the system: this is negative feedback, because the sensed value is… …   Wikipedia

  • Group delay and phase delay — Group delay is a measure of the time delay of the amplitude envelopes of the various sinusoidal components of a signal through a device under test, and is a function of frequency for each component. Phase delay is a similar measure of the time… …   Wikipedia

  • Frequency Shift Keying — Bildung eines binären FSK Signals. Oben: Quelldaten als eine Folge von logisch 1 und logisch 0. Mitte: Unmodulierte Trägerfrequenz Unten: Moduliertes FSK Signal. Die Frequenzumtastung (englisch Frequency Shift Keying, FSK) ist eine… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Frequenz-Shift-Keying — Bildung eines binären FSK Signals. Oben: Quelldaten als eine Folge von logisch 1 und logisch 0. Mitte: Unmodulierte Trägerfrequenz Unten: Moduliertes FSK Signal. Die Frequenzumtastung (englisch Frequency Shift Keying, FSK) ist eine… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Minimum Shift Keying — Bildung eines binären FSK Signals. Oben: Quelldaten als eine Folge von logisch 1 und logisch 0. Mitte: Unmodulierte Trägerfrequenz Unten: Moduliertes FSK Signal. Die Frequenzumtastung (englisch Frequency Shift Keying, FSK) ist eine… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

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