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path+finding

  • 21 радиолокатор


    radar (rdr)
    (радиолокационная станция)
    устройство для обнаружения и определения методами радиопокации местоположения объектов (ла) в воздухе. работает в метровом, дециметровом и сантиметровом диапазонах волн. — abbreviation for radio detecting and ranging. equipment for finding the direction and distance of an object by reflecting radiation of high frequency from that object.
    - автоматического сопровожденияautomatic tracking radar
    -,аэродромный обзорный — airport surveillance radar (asr)
    рлс для управления с земли заходом на посадку ла, обеспечивающий оператора информацией о месте ла, определяемом расстоянием и пеленгом на ла. — а radar used in ground-сопtrolled approach system to present to radar operator information as to position, in distance and azimuth, of aircraft.
    -, бортовой — airborne radar
    -, вторичный (увд) — (атс) secondary radar
    -, вторичный обзорный — secondary surveillance radar (ssr)
    - дальнего действияlong-range radar
    -, диспетчерский (аэродромный) — aerodrome control radar
    -, доплеровский — doppler radar (doppler, dop)
    радиолокационная станция для измерения скорости движущегося объекта по смещению несущей частоты отраженного сигнала. смещение пропорциоиально скорости приближающегося или удаляющегося объекта, — а radar unit that measures the velocity of a moving object by the shift in carrier frequency of the returned signal. tile shift is proportionate to the velocity of the object as it approaches or recedes.
    -, импульсный — pulse-modulated radar
    рлс, излучающая серию дискретных импульсов, — radar in which the radiation consists of a series of discrete pulses.
    - кругового обзора (рко)surveillance radar (sre)
    -, метеорологический (погодный) — weather radar
    - обзора земли. (роз) — ground-mapping radar
    обеспечивает индикацию особенностей земной поверхности. — ground map display shows terrain feature.
    - ' обзорныйsurveillance radar (sre)
    для определения азимута (пеленга) и расстояния до летящего ла, находящегося в пределах действия рлс. — primary radar equipment used to establish distance and azimuth of all aircraft within its range.
    -, общего назначения — general-purpose radar
    -, панорамный — ground-mapping radar
    - ' поисковыйsearch radar
    -, посадочный (наземный) — precision approach radar (par)
    - ' предупреждения столкновений (самолетов в воздухе)collision-warning radar
    - сопровожденияtracking radar
    - точного захода на посадку (посадочный)precision approach radar (par)
    для точного определения места, дальности, пеленга и высоты ла при заходе на посадку относительно заданной траектории полета, — used to determine accuratelу position in range, azimuth and level of aircraft during approach relative to selected approach path.
    - управления воздушным движениемair traffic control radar (atc radar)
    - управления заходом на посадкуapproach control radar
    - управления полетом в режимe следования рельефу местностиterrain-following radar
    - цветного изображенияcolor radar
    дальность действия р. — radar range
    луч р. — radar beam
    по р. — by the radar

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > радиолокатор

  • 22 радиомаяк


    radio beacon
    наземная передающая радиостанция, сигналами которой пользуются для опрелеления местоположения ла. — а radio transmitter, usually nondirectional, which emits identifiable signals for direction finding.
    - (маршрутный)radio range
    -, аварийный (сигнальный) — emergency (locator, locating) radio beacon
    маяк для автоматической выдачи приводного сигнала к месту аварии, — the radio beacon provides a homing signal for search aircraft by automatically transmitting a distress signal.
    -, аварийный, подводный — under-water emergency locator /locating/ beacon
    -, ближний маркерный (в системе е двумя радиомаяками) — middle marker (мм)
    радиопередатчик в наземной системе посадки по приборам, служащий для указания пролета над определенной точкой на посадочной прямой и предупреждения о подходе к входной кромке впп. располагается в 1000 м дпя осп и 1050ё150 м для илс от впп (рис. 121). — а marker beacon, associated with the instrument landing system or the standard beam approach system, used to define the final predetermined point during a beam approach and indicating the proximity of the aerodrome boundary.
    -, ближний маркерный (в системе с тремя радиомаяками, 75 м от впп) — inner marker (im)
    -, ближний приводной mapкерный (с двумя маяками бпрм) 1000 м для осп н 1050ё150 м для илс от впп) — locator middle marker (lmm)
    -, ближний приводной (маркерный) (с тремя маяками) — locator inner marker (lim)
    -, веерный маркерный — fan marker (fm)
    обеспечивает вертикальное излучение в виде веера. — fan marker (beacon) radiates emissions in vertical fanshaped pattern.
    - ворvhf omnidirectional radio range (vor)
    - вор/дме (маршрутный, дальномерный) — vor/dme station /beacon/
    -, всенаправленный — omnirange station, omnidirectional range (station)
    наземная радионавигационная станция для определения пеленга на данную станцию с летящего ла. — in the aeronautical radionavigation service, a land station that provides а direct indication of the bearing (omnibearing) of that station from an aircraft.
    -, всенаправленный (системы вор) — vqr radio station
    -, всенаправленный укв — vhf omnidirectional radio range (vor)
    -, глиссадный — glide slope beacon
    маяк с равносигнальной зоной для вывода самолета на глиссаду (траекторию) планирования при посадке (рис. 121). — directional radio beacon which provides an aircraft, during approach and landing, with indications of its vertical position relative to the desired approach path.
    -, дальний, маркерный — outer marker (ом)
    устанавливается на расстоянии 4000 м для системы осп и 7400 м для илс от впп (рис. 121). — ils marker beacon which defines the first predetermined point during а beam approach.
    -, дальний приводной маркерный (дпрм) устанавливается на расстоянии 4000 м для системы осп и 7400 м для илс от впп. — locator outer marker (lom)
    -, дальномерный (дме) — dме ground beacon /station/
    -, конусный маркерный — z marker (beacon)
    радиомаяк, обеспечивающий вертикальное излучение в виде конуса. — а radio beacon, the emissions of which radiate in a vertical cone-shaped pattern.
    -, курсовой — localizer (loc)
    маяк с равносигнальной зоной в горизонтальной плоскости для вывода самолета на взлетно-посадочную полосу. — а directional radio beacon associated with ils which provides to an aircraft, during approach and landing, an indication of its lateral position relative to the runway served.
    -, маркерный — marker
    маяк, обеспечивающий излучение сигнала для обозначения ограниченной зоны, расположенной вертикально над маяком. — а radio beacon which radiates а signal to define an area above the beacon.
    -, маршрутный — radio range
    -, маршрутный, системы вор — vhf omnidirectional radio range (vor), vor radio station
    -, направленный — directional radio beacon (db)
    -, ненаправленный — non-directional radio beacon (ndb)
    -, опознавательный — identification beacon
    авиационный радиомаяк, излучающий кодированный сигнал дня опознавания объекта (ла). — an aeronautical beacon emitting a coded signal by means of which a particular point of reference can be identified.
    -, пограничный — boundary marker
    -, приводной — locator beacon
    всенаправленный радиомаяк небольшой мощности, используемый в системе посадки no приборам (илс). — а non-directional radio beacan of low power associated with all ils system.
    -, приводной (маршрутный) — locator beacon
    -, приводной (пеленговый радиомаяк) — homing beacon
    -, приводной аварийный (сигнальный) — emergency locator /locating/ radio beacon
    - приводной ненаправленныйnon-directional homing beacon
    -, средний маркерный (рис. 121) — middle marker (мм)
    -, средний приводной маркерный (с тремя маяками) — locator middle marker (lmm)
    -, трассовый — radio range
    -, ультракоротковолновый всенаправленный (системы вор) — very-high-frequency (vhf) omnidirectional radio range (station)

    "vor" means very high frequency omnirange station.

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > радиомаяк

  • 23 Senefelder, Alois

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 6 November 1771 Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic)
    d. 26 February 1834 Munich, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of lithography.
    [br]
    Soon after his birth, Senefelder's family moved to Mannheim, where his father, an actor, had obtained a position in the state theatre. He was educated there, until he gained a scholarship to the university of Ingolstadt. The young Senefelder wanted to follow his father on to the stage, but the latter insisted that he study law. He nevertheless found time to write short pieces for the theatre. One of these, when he was 18 years old, was an encouraging success. When his father died in 1791, he gave up his studies and took to a new life as poet and actor. However, the wandering life of a repertory actor palled after two years and he settled for the more comfortable pursuit of playwriting. He had some of his work printed, which acquainted him with the art of printing, but he fell out with his bookseller. He therefore resolved to carry out his own printing, but he could not afford the equipment of a conventional letterpress printer. He began to explore other ways of printing and so set out on the path that was to lead to an entirely new method.
    He tried writing in reverse on a copper plate with some acid-resisting material and etching the plate, to leave a relief image that could then be inked and printed. He knew that oily substances would resist acid, but it required many experiments to arrive at a composition of wax, soap and charcoal dust dissolved in rainwater. The plates wore down with repeated polishing, so he substituted stone plates. He continued to etch them and managed to make good prints with them, but he went on to make the surprising discovery that etching was unnecessary. If the image to be printed was made with the oily composition and the stone moistened, he found that only the oily image received the ink while the moistened part rejected it. The printing surface was neither raised (as in letterpress printing) nor incised (as in intaglio printing): Senefelder had discovered the third method of printing.
    He arrived at a workable process over the years 1796 to 1799, and in 1800 he was granted an English patent. In the same year, lithography (or "writing on stone") was introduced into France and Senefelder himself took it to England, but it was some time before it became widespread; it was taken up by artists especially for high-quality printing of art works. Meanwhile, Senefelder improved his techniques, finding that other materials, even paper, could be used in place of stone. In fact, zinc plates were widely used from the 1820s, but the name "lithography" stuck. Although he won world renown and was honoured by most of the crowned heads of Europe, he never became rich because he dissipated his profits through restless experimenting.
    With the later application of the offset principle, initiated by Barclay, lithography has become the most widely used method of printing.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1911, Alois Senefelder, Inventor of Lithography, trans. J.W.Muller, New York: Fuchs \& Line (Senefelder's autobiography).
    Further Reading
    W.Weber, 1981, Alois Senefelder, Erfinder der Lithographie, Frankfurt-am-Main: Polygraph Verlag.
    M.Tyman, 1970, Lithography 1800–1950, London: Oxford University Press (describes the invention and its development; with biographical details).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Senefelder, Alois

  • 24 автоматический

    автоматическая аэродромная радиолокационная система
    automated radar terminal system
    автоматическая балансировка
    self-balance
    автоматическая бортовая система управления
    automatic flight control system
    автоматическая информация в районе аэродрома
    automatic terminal information
    автоматическая коррекция ошибок
    automatic error correction
    автоматическая метеостанция
    automatic weather station
    автоматическая настройка
    self-aligning
    автоматическая обработка данных
    automatic data processing
    автоматическая посадка
    1. automatic landing
    2. autoland автоматическая прокладка маршрута
    self-routing
    автоматическая регулировка усиления
    automatic gain control
    автоматическая система объявления тревоги
    autoalarm system
    автоматическая смазка
    self-oiling
    автоматическая установка закрылков
    automatic flap positioning
    автоматический ввод
    automatic input
    автоматический заход на посадку
    1. automatic approach
    2. autoapproach автоматический контроль
    self-test
    автоматический контроль траектории
    automatic path control
    автоматический курсограф
    automatic plotter
    автоматический пеленгатор
    automatic direction finder
    автоматический полет
    1. automatic flight
    2. computer-directed flight автоматический регулятор температуры выходящих газов
    automatic exhaust temperature control
    автоматическое бронирование мест
    automatic seat reservation
    автоматическое выравнивание воздушного судна перед посадкой
    autoflare
    автоматическое измерение дальности
    automatic range measurement
    автоматическое измерение угла превышения
    automatic elevation measurement
    автоматическое парирование сноса
    automatic decrab
    автоматическое радиопеленгационное оборудование
    automatic direction-finding equipment
    автоматическое реверсирование
    forced reversing
    автоматическое регулирование громкости
    automatic volume control
    автоматическое регулирование заправки
    self-priming
    автоматическое регулирование наддува
    automatic boost control
    автоматическое сигнальное устройство
    automatic signalling device
    автоматическое сопровождение по дальности
    automatic range tracking
    автоматическое управление
    automatic control
    автоматическое управление полетом
    automatic flight control
    автоматическое управление уровнем
    automatic level control
    автоматическое флюгирование
    1. automatic feathering
    2. autofeathering автоматическое флюгирование по отрицательной тяге
    drag-actuated autofeathering
    автоматическое флюгирование по предельным оборотам
    overspeed-actuated autofeathering
    автоматическое флюгирование при падении крутящего момента
    positive torque drop autofeathering
    блок автоматического определения дальности
    automatic range unit
    воздушный винт с автоматической регулировкой
    automatically controllable propeller
    вычислитель параметров автоматического ухода на второй круг
    auto go around computer
    дальность автоматического сопровождения
    autotracking range
    дублированная система автоматического управления посадкой
    dual autoland system
    комплексная автоматическая система
    integrated automatic system
    оборудование автоматического управления полетом
    automatic flight control equipment
    оборудование автоматической передачи данных
    automatic data transfer equipment
    оборудование автоматической стабилизации
    automatic stabilization equipment
    пилотировать с помощью автоматического управления
    fly automatically
    посадка с автоматическим выравниванием
    autoflare landing
    режим автоматической посадки
    autoland mode
    с автоматическим управлением
    self-monitoring
    сигнал автоматического парирования сноса
    automatic decrab signal
    система автоматического захода на посадку
    automatic approach system
    система автоматического контроля
    1. automatic test system
    2. automatic monitor system система автоматического парирования крена
    bank counteract system
    (при отказе одного из двигателей) система автоматического управления
    robot-control system
    (полетом) система автоматического управления параллельной работой генераторов
    generator autoparalleling system
    система автоматической посадки
    1. autoland system
    2. automatic landing system система автоматической сигнализации углов атаки, скольжения и перегрузок
    angle-of-attack, slip and acceleration warning system
    система автоматической стабилизации
    automatic stabilization system
    (воздушного судна) с системой автоматической смазки, автоматически смазывающийся
    self-lubrication
    устройство автоматического сопровождения
    automatic range tracker
    фильтр с автоматической очисткой
    1. depolluting filter
    2. self-cleaning filter

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > автоматический

  • 25 оборудование

    оборудование сущ
    equipment
    аварийное оборудование
    emergency equipment
    аварийное светосигнальное оборудование
    emergency lighting
    аварийно-спасательное оборудование
    1. life-saving equipment
    2. survival equipment 3. emergence escape equipment 4. safety equipment авиационное оборудование
    aeronautical equipment
    автоматизированное оборудование
    automated equipment
    автоматическое радиопеленгационное оборудование
    automatic direction-finding equipment
    аэродромное навигационное оборудование
    terminal navigation facilities
    аэродромное светосигнальное оборудование
    aerodrome lighting
    блок связи с радиолокационным оборудованием
    radar coupling unit
    бортовое метеорологическое оборудование
    airborne weather equipment
    бортовое навигационное оборудование
    aircraft navigation equipment
    бортовое оборудование
    1. aircraft equipment
    2. airborne equipment бортовое оборудование зональной навигации
    area navigation equipment
    бортовое поисковое оборудование
    airborne search equipment
    бортовое связное оборудование
    aircraft communication equipment
    бортовое стационарное оборудование
    aircraft fixed equipment
    бортовое съемное оборудование
    stores
    бортовое электронное оборудование
    airborne avionics
    буфетно-кухонное оборудование
    catering equipment
    бытовое оборудование
    domestic equipment
    выставка технического оборудования для обслуживания воздушных судов
    aircraft maintenance engineering exhibition
    дальномерное оборудование
    distance measuring equipment
    закупка оборудования
    equipment procurement
    заменять оборудование воздушного судна
    reequip an aircraft
    инженер по радиоэлектронному оборудованию
    radio engineer
    инженер по электронному оборудованию
    electronics engineer
    испытательное оборудование
    test equipment
    кислородное оборудование
    oxygen dispensing equipment
    комплект аварийно-спасательного оборудования
    air rescue kit
    комплект оборудования для заправки и слива топлива
    refuelling unit
    комплект оборудования для удаления воздушного судна
    aircraft recovery kit
    комплект светотехнического оборудования ВПП
    runway lighting unit
    навигационное оборудование
    navaids
    навигационное оборудование инерциального типа
    inertial navigational equipment
    наземное оборудование
    ground equipment
    наземное оборудование для обслуживания
    ground service equipment
    некомплектное оборудование
    loose equipment
    несъемное оборудование
    fixed equipment
    нивелировочное оборудование
    rigging equipment
    оборудование автоматического управления полетом
    automatic flight control equipment
    оборудование автоматической передачи данных
    automatic data transfer equipment
    оборудование автоматической стабилизации
    automatic stabilization equipment
    оборудование безэховой аэродинамической трубы
    unechoic wind tunnel facilities
    оборудование воздушных трасс
    airways facilities
    оборудование встроенного контроля
    built-in test equipment
    оборудование глиссадной системы
    glide-path equipment
    оборудование дистанционного управления
    remote control equipment
    оборудование для аварийного приводнения
    ditching equipment
    оборудование для буксировки планера
    glider tow equipment
    оборудование для демонстрационных полетов
    sign towing equipment
    оборудование для загрузки
    1. cargo-loading equipment
    2. loading equipment оборудование для запуска планера
    glider launch equipment
    оборудование для измерения высоты облачности
    ceiling measurement equipment
    оборудование для испытания
    test facilities
    оборудование для крепления груза
    cargo tie-down device
    оборудование для обеспечения захода на посадку
    approach facilities
    оборудование для обнаружения турбулентности
    turbulence detection equipment
    оборудование для обслуживания воздушного судна
    aircraft servicing equipment
    оборудование для обслуживания грузов
    cargo-handling equipment
    оборудование для обслуживания пассажиров
    passenger-handling equipment
    оборудование для полетов в темное время суток
    night-flying equipment
    оборудование для полетов по приборам
    blind flight equipment
    оборудование для снижения шума
    hush kit
    оборудование для технического обслуживания
    maintenance facilities
    оборудование дозировки
    metering equipment
    оборудование зоны посадки
    landing area facilities
    оборудование кабины экипажа
    cockpit equipment
    оборудование коммутации
    change-over equipment
    оборудование места стоянки
    ramp facilities
    оборудование места стоянки воздушного судна
    aircraft parking equipment
    оборудование наведения
    guidance equipment
    оборудование повышенной надежности
    reliable equipment
    оборудование подогрева карбюратора
    carburetor heat equipment
    оборудование предупреждения столкновений
    collision warning equipment
    оборудование системы кондиционирования
    air-conditioning equipment
    оборудование системы контроля окружающей среды
    environmental control system equipment
    оборудование стойки регистрации багажа
    baggage check-in facilities
    оборудование таможенного досмотра
    clearance facilities
    оборудование циркулярной связи
    conference facilities
    осветительное оборудование воздушного судна
    aircraft electrification
    отсек оборудования
    equipment compartment
    отсек электронного оборудования
    avionics compartment
    переносное бортовое оборудование
    aircraft portable equipment
    перечень необходимого бортового оборудования
    master minimum equipment list
    перечень необходимого исправного оборудования для полета
    minimum equipment item
    погрешность бортового оборудования
    airborne equipment error
    подвесное оборудование
    suspended equipment
    подъемное оборудование
    hoisting provisions
    подъемно-транспортное оборудование
    lifting and transporting equipment
    приборное оборудование воздушного судна
    aircraft hardware
    противопожарное оборудование
    fire fighting equipment
    противоугонное оборудование
    security equipment
    радиолокационное оборудование
    radar facilities
    радиоэлектронное оборудование
    avionies equipment
    распыление подвесным оборудованием
    suspended spraying
    (с вертолета) резервное оборудование
    standby
    резервное оборудование воздушного судна
    aircraft standby facilities
    ремонтное оборудование
    repair facilities
    ремонт оборудования воздушного судна
    aircraft equipment overhaul
    ручное аварийно-спасательное оборудование
    hand safety equipment
    самолетное оборудование
    aeroplane equipment
    санитарное оборудование
    waste equipment
    светосигнальное оборудование
    lighting
    светосигнальное оборудование авиалинии
    airway lighting
    светосигнальное оборудование аэродрома для обеспечения безопасности
    aerodrome security lighting
    светосигнальное оборудование ближней зоны приближения
    inner approach lighting
    светосигнальное оборудование ВПП
    runway lighting
    светосигнальное оборудование концевой полосы торможения
    stopway lighting
    светотехническое оборудование
    lighting facilities
    система светосигнального оборудования летного поля
    airfield lighting system
    система энергопитания оборудования
    accessory power system
    складское оборудование аэропорта
    airport storage facilities
    снегоочистительное оборудование
    1. snow removal equipment
    2. snow clearing equipment спасательное оборудование
    1. recovery equipment
    2. rescue equipment списание оборудования
    equipment final disposal
    схема размещения наземных средств и оборудования
    facility chart
    топливозаправочное оборудование
    fueling equipment
    угломерное оборудование
    angle measurement equipment
    учебно-тренировочное оборудование
    training aids
    эксплуатация оборудования аэропорта
    airport facilities operation
    электронное оборудование
    1. avionics
    2. electronic device

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > оборудование

  • 26 положение

    положение сущ
    1. location
    2. position взлетное положение закрылков
    flap takeoff position
    воздушный винт во флюгерном положении
    feathered propeller
    восстанавливать заданное положение
    recover to
    восстановление заданного положения
    flight recovery
    входить во флюгерное положение
    go to feather
    выводить воздушный винт из флюгерного положения
    unfeather the propeller
    выводить из флюгерного положения
    unfeather
    выдерживать горизонтальное положение
    keep level
    географическое положение на данный момент
    current geographical position
    горизонтальное положение
    level attitude
    датчик относительного положения
    position sensor
    датчик положения аэродинамических тормозов
    air-brake pickoff
    датчик положения ручки управления
    stick pickoff
    датчик положения сектора газа
    throttle pickoff
    датчик пространственного положения
    attitude sensor
    датчик сигнализации положения шасси
    gear position glide-path transmitter
    датчик указателя положения закрылков
    flaps position transmitter
    замер с целью определения положения
    spot measurement
    замок выпущенного положения ставить на замок выпущенного положения
    downlock
    замок выпущенного положения шасси
    gear down lock
    замок убранного положения
    uplock
    замок убранного положения шасси
    gear up lock
    защелка замка выпущенного положения
    1. downlatch
    2. downlock latch защелка замка убранного положения
    1. uplatch
    2. uplock latch индикатор пространственного положения
    attitude display
    информация о положении
    position information
    исходное положение
    key position
    концевой выключатель замка выпущенного положения
    down-lock limit switch
    (шасси) концевой выключатель замка убранного положения
    un-lock limit switch
    (шасси) линия положения
    line of position
    линия положения воздушного судна
    aircraft position line
    линия положения, определяемая азимутом
    radial
    метод определения положения
    fixing method
    механический указатель положения
    mechanical position indicator
    нивелировочное положение
    rigging position
    определение положения
    1. position-finding
    2. position indication определение положения счислением пути
    reckoning
    оставаться в горизонтальном положении
    remain level
    отбалансированное положение
    trim position
    открывать замок убранного положения
    release the uplock
    падение в перевернутом положении
    tip-over fall
    перевернутое положение
    inverted position
    полетное положение закрылков
    flap en-route position
    положение амортизатора в обжатом состоянии
    shock strut compressed position
    положение в воздушном пространстве
    air position
    положение включено
    on position
    положение выключено
    off position
    положение закрылков при заходе на посадку
    flap approach position
    положение малого шага
    low-pitch position
    положение на линии исполнительного старта
    takeoff position
    положение, определенное методом счисления пути
    dead-reckoned position
    положение, определенное по радиолокатору
    radar track position
    положение по направлению трассы
    along-track position
    положение по тангажу
    pitch attitude
    положение при выравнивании перед посадкой
    flare attitude
    положение при запуске двигателей
    starting-up position
    положение при установке
    mounting position
    положение с высоко поднятой носовой частью фюзеляжа
    high nose-up attitude
    положение согласно последнему сообщению
    last reported position
    порядок передачи информации о положении
    position reporting procedure
    посадочное положение закрылков
    flap landing position
    пространственное положение
    attitude
    пространственное положение в момент удара
    attitude at impact
    проходная защелка положения сектора
    lever trip catch
    пружина распора в выпущенном положении
    downlock bungee spring
    (опоры шасси) расчетное положение воздушного судна
    estimated position of aircraft
    регистрация положения
    position recording
    серьга замка выпущенного положения
    down-lock lug
    серьга замка убранного положения
    up-lock lug
    система аварийного открытия замков убранного положения
    emergency uplock release system
    (шасси) система блокировки управления по положению реверса
    thrust reverser interlock system
    система индикации положения шасси
    landing gear indication system
    снимать шасси с замков убранного положения
    release the landing gear
    сообщение о положении воздушного судна
    aircraft position report
    сообщение о точном положении
    spot report
    стабилизация пространственного положения
    attitude hold
    ставить воздушный винт во флюгерное положение
    feather the propeller
    ставить в определенное положение
    pose
    ставить шасси на замок выпущенного положения
    lock the landing gear down
    ставить шасси на замок убранного положения
    lock the landing gear up
    статическая устойчивость при свободном положении рулей
    stick free static stability
    статическая устойчивость при фиксированном положении рулей
    stick fixed static stability
    строго вертикальное положение
    upright position
    табло сигнализации положения реверса тяги
    thrust reverser light
    точка отсчета положения
    position reference
    точное определение положения
    spotting
    (в процессе полета) убранное положение закрылков
    flap retracted position
    удерживать контакты в замкнутом положении
    hold contacts closed
    указатель положения
    1. location indicator
    2. position indicator указатель положения верхней мертвой точки
    top-center indicator
    указатель положения воздушного судна
    1. aircraft position indicator
    2. aircraft reference symbol (на шкале навигационного прибора) указатель положения закрылков
    flap position indicator
    указатель положения рулей
    1. control position indicator
    2. surface position indicator указатель положения рычага топлива
    throttle position indicator
    указатель положения рычага управления
    lever position indicator
    указатель положения стабилизатора
    stabilizer position indicator
    указатель положения шасси
    landing gear position indicator
    указатель пространственного положения
    attitude indicator
    указатель убранного положения шасси
    up indicator
    управление пространственным положением
    attitude flight control
    уровень положения глаз над антенной
    eye-to-aerial height
    уровень положения глаз над колесами шасси
    eye-to-wheel height
    уровень положения глаз над порогом ВПП
    eye height over the threshold
    устанавливать шасси на замки выпущенного положения
    lock the legs
    установка в определенное положение
    positioning
    установка во флюгерное положение
    feathering
    установка в положение для захода на посадку
    approach setting
    установка на замок выпущенного положения
    lockdown
    установка на замок убранного положения
    lockup
    установка угла положения крыла
    wing setting
    устройство разворота в нейтральное положение
    self-centering device
    фактическое положение воздушного судна
    aircraft's present position
    флюгерное положение
    1. feather
    2. feathered position цилиндр замка выпущенного положения
    downlock cylinder
    цилиндр открытия замка убранного положения
    uplock cylinder
    шаг во флюгерном положении
    feathering pitch
    шасси выпущено и установлено на замки выпущенного положения
    landing gear is down and locked

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > положение

  • 27 приемник

    приемник сущ
    receiver
    антенна маркерного приемника
    marker antenna
    бортовой приемник статического давления
    air inlet
    влагоотстойник приемника полного давления
    pilot tube water trap
    глиссадный приемник
    glide-path receiver
    двухканальный приемник
    twin-channel receiver
    заглушка приемника статического давления
    static vent plug
    курсовой приемник
    localizer receiver
    маркерный приемник
    marker receiver
    направленный приемник
    directional receiver
    пеленгаторный приемник
    direction-finding receiver
    приемник воздушного давления
    1. airspeed boom
    2. Pilot tube boom 3. airspeed tube 4. airspeed head приемник давления
    pressure head
    приемник полного давления
    1. Pilot tube
    2. Pitot probe приемник - процессор
    receiver-processor unit
    приемник сигналов всенаправленного радиомаяка
    omnirange receiver
    приемник системы наведения
    homing receiver
    приемник статического давления
    1. static pressure tap
    2. static port 3. static vent 4. static head приемник угловой информации
    angle receiver
    радиотелеграфный приемник
    radiotelegraph receiver
    система приемника воздушного давления
    pitot-static system
    спутниковый приемник
    satelliteborne receiver
    штанга приемника воздушного давления
    airspeed mast

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > приемник

  • 28 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

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