-
1 Pasteur, Louis
[br]b. 27 December 1822 Dole, Franced. 28 September 1895 Paris, France[br]French chemist, founder of stereochemistry, developer of microbiology and immunology, and exponent of the germ theory of disease.[br]Sustained by the family tanning business in Dole, near the Swiss border, Pasteur's school career was undistinguished, sufficing to gain him entry into the teacher-training college in Paris, the Ecole Normale, There the chemical lectures by the great organic chemist J.B.A.Dumas (1800–84) fired Pasteur's enthusiasm for chemistry which never left him. Pasteur's first research, carried out at the Ecole, was into tartaric acid and resulted in the discovery of its two optically active forms resulting from dissymmetrical forms of their molecules. This led to the development of stereochemistry. Next, an interest in alcoholic fermentation, first as Professor of Chemistry at Lille University in 1854 and then back at the Ecole from 1857, led him to deny the possibility of spontaneous generation of animal life. Doubt had previously been cast on this, but it was Pasteur's classic research that finally established that the putrefaction of broth or the fermentation of sugar could not occur spontaneously in sterile conditions, and could only be caused by airborne micro-organisms. As a result, he introduced pasteurization or brief, moderate heating to kill pathogens in milk, wine and other foods. The suppuration of wounds was regarded as a similar process, leading Lister to apply Pasteur's principles to revolutionize surgery. In 1860, Pasteur himself decided to turn to medical research. His first study again had important industrial implications, for the silk industry was badly affected by diseases of the silkworm. After prolonged and careful investigation, Pasteur found ways of dealing with the two main infections. In 1868, however, he had a stroke, which prevented him from active carrying out experimentation and restricted him to directing research, which actually was more congenial to him. Success with disease in larger animals came slowly. In 1879 he observed that a chicken treated with a weakened culture of chicken-cholera bacillus would not develop symptoms of the disease when treated with an active culture. He compared this result with Jenner's vaccination against smallpox and decided to search for a vaccine against the cattle disease anthrax. In May 1881 he staged a demonstration which clearly showed the success of his new vaccine. Pasteur's next success, finding a vaccine which could protect against and treat rabies, made him world famous, especially after a person was cured in 1885. In recognition of his work, the Pasteur Institute was set up in Paris by public subscription and opened in 1888. Pasteur's genius transcended the boundaries between science, medicine and technology, and his achievements have had significant consequences for all three fields.[br]BibliographyPasteur published over 500 books, monographs and scientific papers, reproduced in the magnificent Oeuvres de Pasteur, 1922–39, ed. Pasteur Vallery-Radot, 7 vols, Paris.Further ReadingP.Vallery-Radot, 1900, La vie de Louis Pasteur, Paris: Hachette; 1958, Louis Pasteur. A Great Life in Brief, English trans., New York (the standard biography).E.Duclaux, 1896, Pasteur: Histoire d ' un esprit, Paris; 1920, English trans., Philadelphia (perceptive on the development of Pasteur's thought in relation to contemporary science).R.Dobos, 1950, Louis Pasteur, Free Lance of Science, Boston, Mass.; 1955, French trans.LRD -
2 сибиреязвенная вакцина
1) Agriculture: anthrax vaccine2) Makarov: Pasteur's vaccine (вакцина Пастера)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > сибиреязвенная вакцина
-
3 вакцина Пастера
Immunology: Pasteur's vaccine (сибиреязвенная вакцина)
См. также в других словарях:
Pasteur Institute of India — Pasteur Institute of India, Coonoor is an Autonomous Body under the control of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi. The Institute produces Antirabies Vaccine (Sheep brain BPL inactivated) and the DTP group of … Wikipedia
vaccine — [ vaksin ] n. f. • 1749; lat. méd. variola vaccina « variole de la vache » 1 ♦ Maladie infectieuse observée chez la vache (⇒ cow pox), le cheval, due à un virus morphologiquement identique au virus de la variole humaine, et dont l inoculation… … Encyclopédie Universelle
PASTEUR (L.) — Trois raisons font de Louis Pasteur une grande figure de l’humanité. La première tient à son œuvre scientifique. Pasteur a renouvelé des chapitres entiers de la physique et de la chimie; plus qu’aucun autre peut être, il a révélé l’importance du… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Vaccine interference — is a phenomenon which occurs when two or more vaccines are mixed together in the same formulation. This most frequently occurs with live attenuated vaccines, where one of the vaccine components is more robust than the others and suppresses the… … Wikipedia
Pasteur Institute — The Pasteur Institute ( fr. Institut Pasteur) is a French non profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, micro organisms, diseases and vaccines. It is named after Louis Pasteur, its founder and first director, who had… … Wikipedia
Pasteur , Louis — (1822–1895) French chemist and microbiologist Pasteur, the son of a tanner, was born at Dôle in France and studied chemistry at the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris where he obtained his doctorate for crystallographic studies in 1847. His first… … Scientists
Vaccine — For other uses, see Vaccine (disambiguation). A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease causing microorganism, and is often made from… … Wikipedia
vaccine — /vak seen / or, esp. Brit., /vak seen, sin/, n. 1. any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer immunity against a specific disease, usually employing an innocuous form of the disease agent, as killed or weakened bacteria or viruses … Universalium
Vaccine — La vaccine, communément appelée « variole de la vache », est une maladie infectieuse des bovidés (Cowpox) et des équidés (Horsepox). Le virus, semblable à celui de la variole, fournit un vaccin qui permet d immuniser l homme contre… … Wikipédia en Français
vaccine — Originally, the live v. (vaccinia, cowpox) virus inoculated in the skin as prophylaxis against smallpox and obtained from the skin of calves inoculated with seed virus. Usage has extended the meaning to include essentially any preparation… … Medical dictionary
Pasteur, Louis — born Dec. 27, 1822, Dole, France died Sept. 28, 1895, Saint Cloud, near Paris French chemist and microbiologist. Early in his career, after studies at the École Normale Supérieure, he researched the effects of polarized light on chemical… … Universalium
