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1 vánë
past tense of auta-, q.v. WJ:366 -
2 auta-
1 vb. "go away, leave" leave the point of the speaker's thought; old "strong" past tense anwë, usually replaced by vánë, perfect avánië but when the meaning is purely physical "went away to another place" rather than "disappear", the past tense oantë, perfect oantië was used. Past participle vanwa "gone, lost, no longer to be had, vanished, departed, dead, past and over" WJ:366 2 vb. "invent, originate, devise" GAWA/GOWO This could be obsoleted by \# 1 above; on the other hand, the verbs would be quite distinct in the past tense, where auta- \#2 would likely have the straightforward form *autanë. -
3 car-
1 vb. "make, do, build, form" 1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit. Regarding the form carize- PE17:128, see -s \#1. Pa.t. carnë KAR, PE17:74, 144. The infinitival aorist stem carë "k" by Patrick Wynne called a general aorist infinitive in VT49:34 occurs in ecë nin carë sa I can do it VT49:34, also in áva carë "don't do it" WJ:371 and uin carë PE17:68; in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the simplest aorist infinitive, the same source referring to carië as the general infinitive of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar k "those who form words" WJ:391, cf. VT49:16, continuative cára, future caruva PE17:144, carita "k", infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" VT42:33, with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalyas "your doing it" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle \#carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina "k", read perhaps *cárina. Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15. PE17:68 refers to a simple past passive participle of the form carinwa kari-nwa. Rare past participle active ? cárienwa k *having done PE17:68, unless this is also a kind of passive participle the wording of the source is unclear. Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë "káre" "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë LR:362 even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë war-made, made war see \#ohtacar-. Also *cárië with various suffixes: cárier "kárier" is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence *"they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto "k" must also be *"they made" cf. -lto. Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë hard to make / do, urucarin made with difficulty PE17:154, saucarya evil-doing PE17:68. 2 prep. "with" carelyë "with thee", prepositional element evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien VT43:29 -
4 mat-
1 vb. "eat" MAT, VT45:32, also given as mata- VT39:5, pa.t. mantë "ate" VT39:7. The form matumnë is said to be future-past: "was going to eat", with the "OQ" Old Quenya? future-past element umnë VT48:32; possibly this could function independently as a form of the verb to be, hence was to be. It is not clear if the form matumnë is itself "Old Quenya" as if this is an archaic future-past formation, or it is just umnë as an independent word that is archaic. Note: Tolkien's translation of matumnë is actually "I was going to eat", but the pronoun "I" does not seem to be expressed in the Quenya form. Adj. or pseudo-participle \#matya eating in melumatya honey-eating PE17:68 -
5 ua-
negative verb not do, not be. If a verb is to be negated, ua coming before the verb receives any pronominal endings and presumably also any endings for plurality or duality, -r or -t, whereas the uninflected tense-stem of the verb follows: With the ending -n for I, one can thus have constructions like uan carë *I do not aorist, uan carnë *I did not past, uan cára *I am not doing present, uan caruva *I shall not do future. The verb ua- can itself be fully conjugated: \#ua aorist or present?, únë past, úva future, \#uië perfect the aorist and perfect are attested only with the ending -n I. In archaic Quenya these tense-forms could be combined with an uninflected aorist stem, e.g. future *úvan carë = later Quenya uan caruva, I shall not do. In later Quenya, only the forms ua present or aorist and occasionally the past tense form \#únë were used in normal prose únen *I did not, was not. PE17:144; compare FS for úva as a future-tense negative verb will not -
6 ohtacar-
stem of the past tense ohtacárë -"káre" vb. "war-made", made war + allative = make war upon LR:47, SD:246; ohtacárië in LR:56. The past tense could probably also be *ohtacarnë with the better-attested pa.t. of car- make. -
7 ava-
2 prefix indicating something forbidden: avaquétima "not to be said, that must not be said", avanyárima "not to be told or related" WJ:370 3 prefix "without" ARsup2/sup, AWA. In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" q.v. 4 vb with pa.t. avanë. This verb is not clearly glossed; apparently meaning refuse or prohibit WJ:370. Cf. áva, Avamanyar. What is seems to be more or less the same verb has its principal tenses listed with the ending -n I in VT49:13: aorist avan, present ávan ávëan, future auvan for older avuvan, past avanen or auvan, perfect avávien. In one version of the paradigm, the present tense ávëan and past avanen are marked as archaic/poetic forms. One text seemingly uses the pa.t.aunë in the sense was not, as a negative verb, but this may have been a short-lived idea of Tolkiens the text was revised. -
8 talta-
vb. "slip, slide down, collapse, slope" TALÁT; reduplicated stem in the participle talta-taltala in Markirya, simply translated "falling" in MC:215. Strong intransitive conjugation: present talta, aorist talt- derived from talati talti, hence presumably *talti- with endings and *taltë without any, past talantë, perfect ataltië. Weak transitive conjugation: present taltëa, aorist talta, past taltanë. This is said to be the conjugation type of a certain class of verbs, namely √TALAT stems PE17:186. -
9 hlar-
verb "hear", future tense hlaruva "shall hear" in Markirya. Since the original root is SLAS, this verb may have the past tense *hlassë for slansē in more classical forms of Quenya, perhaps re-formed as *hlarnë or *hlarrë, for hlazze in spoken Noldorin Quenya. Compare \#hriz- snow root SRIS with past tense hrinsë/hrissë, as well as Tolkien's remarks in PE19:99. -
10 anta-
1 vb. "give" ANAsup1/sup, MC:215, 221, pa.t. antanë antanen I gave, VT49:14 or ánë, perfect ánië PE17:147, cf. QL:31. According to VT49:14, Tolkien noted that anta- was sometimes often with an ironic tone to refer to missiles, so that antanen hatal sena I gave him a spear as a present was often used with the real sense of I cast a spear at him. Usually the recipient of the thing given is mentioned in the dative or allative case like sena in this example, but there is also a construction similar to English present someone with something in which the recipient is the object and the gift appears in the instrumental case: antanenyes parmanen, I presented him with a book PE17:91. The verb occurs several times in FS: antalto"they gave"; strangely, no past tense marker seems to be present see -lto for the ending; antar a pl. verb translated "they gave", though in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the present tense "give" pl.; antaróta "he gave it" anta-ró-ta "gave-he-it", another verb occurring in Fíriel's Song, once again with no past tense marker. Also antáva "will give", future tense of anta- "give"; read perhaps *antuva in LotR-style Quenya; similarly antaváro "he will give" LR:63 might later have appeared as *antuvas with the ending -s rather than Qenya -ro for he. Antalë imperative "give thou" VT43:17, sc. anta "give" + the element le "thou", but this was a form Tolkien abandoned. Apparently ana was at one point considered as another imperative give, but Tolkien rewrote the text in question VT44:13, and the normal patterns would suggest *á anta with an independent imperative particle. -
11 fanta-
vb. "to veil, cloak, mantle" VT43:22, mainly used of veils cast over things that shone, or that were brighter and more vivid PE17:174; according to Tolkien usually the strong past tense fánë and perfect afánië were used, but later also fantanë in the past tense and then perhaps *afantië in the perfect? PE17:179-180 Cf halya- q.v., the stem of which Tolkien contrasted with the stem of this verb PE17:184. -
12 vanwa
adj. "gone, lost, no longer to be had, vanished, departed, dead, past, past and over, gone on the road, over" WJ:366, Nam, RGEO:67, WAN, LT1:264; older wanwa, PE17:143. The word was not applied to dead persons except those who would not return, either because of a special doom as in the case of Men or because of a special will of their own as Felagund or Míriel or a special ban of Mandos as Feanor PE17:143. Also see avanwa. -
13 caw-
vb. "bow" "k"1st pers aorist cawin "I bow" LT1:257; cf. cauca, cauco. In Tolkien's later Quenya, a verbal stem with w in this position does not seem to fit the general phonology well; intervocalic w would become v. We should perhaps read *cav- whereever the second consonant of the root follows a vowel, but the nasal-infixed past tense could be *canwë with the original quality of the consonant preserved. Compare such a past tense form as anwë, q.v. However, Tolkiens later verb luhta- may be preferred for intransitive bow. -
14 vanwië
noun "the past, past time" WAN -
15 menta-
1 vb. "send, cause to go" in a desired direction VT41:6, VT43:15. A similar-sounding primitive verb mentioned in PE17:93 is said to have past and perfect forms that would produce Quenya *mennë,*eménië, but here Tolkien seems to be discussing a distinct intransitive verb go and its Sindarin descendants, and Quenya menta- rather belongs to the causative transitive verbs which according to the same source has weak past-tense forms in -në, hence *mentanë sent, and likely *ementië as perfect has sent. -
16 en
1 interjection "there, look! yon yonder" EN, VT45:12 2, also ena, adv. still; quetir en they still say PE17:167 3 particle that may be inserted before a past tense form to indicate that it refers to a remote past VT45:12, apparently twice attested in Fíriel's Song LR:72, e.g. en cárë "k" "made" long ago. This particle may have been obsoleted by en still from a later source. -
17 -nwa
is said to be a passive suffix irregularly occurring in the word vanwa lost PE17:63, the word seems to be irregular since the underlying root means go away and so vanwa is in a sense a past active participle, *having gone. Compare PE17:68. -
18 tengwa-
2 vb. to read written matter, called a weak verb; aorist tengwa reads, present tense tengwëa is reading, past tense tengwane read, perfect etengwië has read, the latter without lengthening of the stem-vowel not **eténgwië because there is a consonant cluster following VT49:55. Gerund or verbal noun tengwië, also attested with a pronominal suffix + genitive: tengwiesto of your dual reading VT49:47, 48, 52, 54 -
19 men-
4 vb. "go" VT47:11, cf. VT42:30, VT49:23, attested in the aorist menë in the sentence imbi Menel Cemenyë menë Ráno tië "between Heaven and Earth goes the path of the Moon". In the verb nanwen- return or go/come back, -men- is changed to -wen- following nan- back etymological form cited as nan-men-, PE17:166. In examples from VT49:23, 24, Tolkien used men- in the sense of go as far as: 1st person sg. aorist menin menin coaryanna I arrive at or come/get to his house, endingless aorist menë, present tense ména- is on point of arrival, is just coming to an end, past tense mennë arrived, reached, in this tense usually with locative rather than allative mennen sís I arrived here, perfect eménië has just arrived, future menuva will arrive. All of these examples were first written with the verb as ten- rather than men-, Tolkien then emending the initial consonant. -
20 tar-
3 vb. stand, attested in the past tense: tarnë PE17:71
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