-
1 OUR
As described in the entry WE, the 3rd person pl. pronouns distinguish plural forms from dual (depending on whether two or more persons are involved) and exclusive forms from inclusive (depending on whether the party addressed is included in “we/our”). Tolkien revised the relevant endings repeatedly. According to one late resolution described in VT49:16, the endings for exclusive “our” are –lma in the plural and –mma as a dual form, hence *aldalma “our tree” (with an “our” of at least three persons, not including the party addressed), but *aldamma “our tree = my and one other person’s tree”. The corresponding inclusive forms are –lwa (plural) and –ngwa (dual). Since the subject ending corresponding to the former is attested as “-lwe, –lve” (VT49:51), –lwa can surely also appear as *-lva, as in *omentielva “our meeting” (attested in the genitive case: omentielvo “of our meeting”, WJ:367). Hence *aldalwa/aldalva “our tree” (an “our” of at least three persons, including the party addressed), dual *aldangwa “our tree = thy and my tree”. – An independent word for plural exclusive "our" appears in VT43:19, 35: menya (also menyë modifying a plural noun). The corresponding plural inclusive form should apparently be *venya (pl. *venyë) for archaic *wenya (pl. wenyai > wenyë). The dual forms would most likely be *mentya (excl.) and *ventya (incl.); compare me, we/ve as the independent pronouns for “we” (with dual forms met, wet/*vet and dative forms *ment, * went/vent, from which the independent possessive pronouns are apparently derived by adding the adjectival ending -ya). – Notice that in an earlier conceptual phase, the forms in –mm- were plural (not as later dual) inclusive, and the forms in –lm- were plural inclusive rather than exclusive. This is why the word translated “of our meeting” appeared as omentielmo in the first edition of LotR, but was changed to omentielvo in the Second Edition. Cf. also Átaremma “our Father” as the first word of Tolkien’s translation of the Lord’s Prayer (VT43:12); this “our” is obviously meant to be plural exclusive rather than dual as it later became (according to Tolkien’s later conventions, “our Father” would be *Átarelma when a group of three or more persons addresses a party not included in “our”, in this case the Father himself).
См. также в других словарях:
party — noun 1 political group ADJECTIVE ▪ political ▪ centre/center, centre right/center right, left wing, right wing ▪ centrist, fascist, leftist … Collocations dictionary
party — ► NOUN (pl. parties) 1) a social gathering of invited guests. 2) a formally organized political group that puts forward candidates for local or national office. 3) a group of people taking part in an activity or trip. 4) a person or group forming … English terms dictionary
party — par·ty n pl parties 1 a: one (as a person, group, or entity) constituting alone or with others one of the sides of a proceeding, transaction, or agreement the parties to a contract a person who signed the instrument as a party to the instrument… … Law dictionary
party man — noun a member of a political party who follows strictly the party line • Syn: ↑party liner • Hypernyms: ↑politician, ↑politico, ↑pol, ↑political leader * * * noun : a member or adherent of a political party; … Useful english dictionary
party spirit — noun devotion to a political party • Hypernyms: ↑devotion * * * party spirit noun 1. The unreasonable spirit of a party man 2. A festive atmosphere • • • Main Entry: ↑party * * * ˌparty ˈspirit [ … Useful english dictionary
party politics — noun plural but usually singular in construction : politics engaged in by, expressed through the medium of, or considered from the viewpoint of political parties as distinguished from other interests (as geographical sections or economic classes) … Useful english dictionary
party piece — noun An act or turn that one is known for performing to entertain others • • • Main Entry: ↑party * * * party piece UK US noun [countable] [singular party piece plural … Useful english dictionary
party political — UK US adjective only before noun british relating to party politics or done by a political party a party political broadcast on behalf of the Labour Party Thesaurus: relating to political parties and their supportershyponym * * * ˌparty… … Useful english dictionary
party line — noun Date: 1834 1. the policy or practice of a political party 2. a single telephone circuit connecting two or more subscribers with the exchange called also party wire 3. the principles or policies of an individual or organization; also the… … New Collegiate Dictionary
party wall — ˌparty ˈwall noun [countable] PROPERTY LAW a dividing wall between two houses, apartments etc, which belongs to both owners * * * party wall UK US noun [C] PROPERTY ► a wall that is shared by two buildings: »Any building owner wishing to… … Financial and business terms
party favor — noun souvenir consisting of a small gift given to a guest at a party • Syn: ↑party favour, ↑favor, ↑favour • Hypernyms: ↑keepsake, ↑souvenir, ↑token, ↑relic … Useful english dictionary
