-
41 Bakewell, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 23 May 1725 Loughborough, Englandd. 1 October 1795 Loughborough, England[br]English livestock breeder who pioneered the practice of progeny testing for selecting breeding stock; he is particularly associated with the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep.[br]Robert Bakewell was the son of the tenant farming the 500-acre (200 hectare) Dishley Grange Farm, near Loughborough, where he was born. The family was sufficiently wealthy to allow Robert to travel, which he began to do at an early age, exploring the farming methods of the West Country, Norfolk, Ireland and Holland. On taking over the farm he continued the development of the irrigation scheme begun by his father. Arthur Young visited the farm during his tour of east England in 1771. At that time it consisted of 440 acres (178 hectares), 110 acres (45 hectares) of which were arable, and carried a stock of 60 horses, 400 sheep and 150 other assorted beasts. Of the arable land, 30 acres (12 hectares) were under root crops, mainly turnips.Bakewell was not the first to pioneer selective breeding, but he was the first successfully to apply selection to both the efficiency with which an animal utilized its food, and its physical appearance. He always had a clear idea of the animal he wanted, travelled extensively to collect a range of animals possessing the characteristics he sought, and then bred from these towards his goal. He was aware of the dangers of inbreeding, but would often use it to gain the qualities he wanted. His early experiments were with Longhorn cattle, which he developed as a meat rather than a draught animal, but his most famous achievement was the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep. He set out to produce an animal that would put on the most meat in the least time and with the least feeding. As his base he chose the Old Leicester, but there is still doubt as to which other breeds he may have introduced to produce the desired results. The Improved Leicester was smaller than its ancestor, with poorer wool quality but with greatly improved meat-production capacity.Bakewell let out his sires to other farms and was therefore able to study their development under differing conditions. However, he made stringent rules for those who hired these animals, requiring the exclusive use of his rams on the farms concerned and requiring particular dietary conditions to be met. To achieve this control he established the Dishley Society in 1783. Although his policies led to accusations of closed access to his stock, they enabled him to keep a close control of all offspring. He thereby pioneered the process now recognized as "progeny testing".Bakewell's fame and that of his farm spread throughout the country and overseas. He engaged in an extensive correspondence and acted as host to all of influence in British and overseas agriculture, but it would appear that he was an over-generous host, since he is known to have been in financial difficulties in about 1789. He was saved from bankruptcy by a public subscription raised to allow him to continue with his breeding experiments; this experience may well have been the reason why he was such a staunch advocate of State funding of agricultural research.[br]Further ReadingWilliam Houseman, 1894, biography, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society. 1–31. H.C.Parsons, 1957, Robert Bakewell (contains a more detailed account).R.Trow Smith, 1957, A History of British Livestock Husbandry to 1700, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.—A History of British Livestock Husbandry 1700 to 1900 (places Bakewell within the context of overall developments).M.L.Ryder, 1983, Sheep and Man, Duckworth (a scientifically detailed account which deals with Bakewell within the context of its particular subject).AP -
42 Brown, Charles Eugene Lancelot
[br]b. 17 June 1863 Winterthur, Switzerlandd. 2 May 1924 Montagnola, Italy[br]English engineer who developed polyphase electrical generation and transmission plant.[br]After attending the Technical College in Winterthur, Brown served with Emile Burgin in Basle before entering the Oerlikon engineering works near Zurich. Two years later he became Director of the electrical department of Oerlikon and from that time was involved in the development of electrical equipment for the generation and distribution of power. The Lauffen-Frankfurt 110-mile (177 km) transmission line of 1891 demonstrated the commercial feasibility of transmitting electrical power over great distances with three-phase alternating current. For this he designed a generator and early examples of oil-cooled transformers, and the scheme gave an impetus to the development of electric-power transmission throughout Europe. In 1891, in association with Walter Boveri, Brown founded the works of Brown Boveri \& Co. at Baden, Switzerland, and until his retirement in 1911 he devoted his energies to the design of polyphase alternating-current machinery. Important installations included the Frankfurt electricity works (1894), the Paderno-Milan transmission line, and the Lugano tramway of 1894, the first system in Europe to use three-phase traction motors. This tramway was followed by many other polyphase and mountain railways. The acquisition by Brown Boveri \& Co. in 1900 of the manufacturing rights of the Parsons steam turbine directed Brown's attention to problems associated with high-speed machines. Recognizing the high centrifugal stress involved, he began to employ solid cylindrical generator rotors with slots for the excitation winding, a method that has come to be universally adopted in large alternators.[br]Bibliography3 December 1901, British patent no. 24,632 (slotted rotor for alternators).Further ReadingObituary, 1924, The Engineer 137:543.Ake T.Vrenthem, 1980, Jonas Wenstrom and the Three Phase System, Stockholm, pp. 26–8 (obituary).75 Years of Brown Boveri, 1966, Baden, Switzerland (for a company history).GWBiographical history of technology > Brown, Charles Eugene Lancelot
-
43 Bullard, Edward Payson
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 18 April 1841 Uxbridge, Massachusetts, USAd. 22 December 1906 Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and machine-tool manufacturer who designed machines for boring.[br]Edward Payson Bullard served his apprenticeship at the Whitin Machine Works, Whitinsville, Massachusetts, and worked at the Colt Armory in Hartford, Connecticut, until 1863; he then entered the employ of Pratt \& Whitney, also in Hartford. He later formed a partnership with J.H.Prest and William Parsons manufacturing millwork and tools, the firm being known as Bullard \& Prest. In 1866 Bullard organized the Norwalk Iron Works Company of Norwalk, Connecticut, but afterwards withdrew and continued the business in Hartford. In 1868 the firm of Bullard \& Prest was dissolved and Bullard became Superintendent of a large machine shop in Athens, Georgia. He later organized the machine tool department of Post \& Co. at Cincinnati, and in 1872 he was made General Superintendent of the Gill Car Works at Columbus, Ohio. In 1875 he established a machinery business in Beekman Street, New York, under the name of Allis, Bullard \& Co. Mr Allis withdrew in 1877, and the Bullard Machine Company was organized.In 1880 Bullard secured entire control of the business and also became owner of the Bridgeport Machine Tool Works, Bridgeport, Connecticut. In 1883 he designed his first vertical boring and turning mill with a single head and belt feed and a 37 in. (94 cm) capacity; this was the first small boring machine designed to do the accurate work previously done on the face plate of a lathe. In 1889 Bullard gave up his New York interests and concentrated his entire attention on manufacturing at Bridgeport, the business being incorporated in 1894 as the Bullard Machine Tool Company. The company specialized in the construction of boring machines, the design being developed so that it became essentially a vertical turret lathe. After Bullard's death, his son Edward Payson Bullard II (b. 10 July 1872 Columbus, Ohio, USA; d. 26 June 1953 Fairfield, Connecticut, USA) continued as head of the company and further developed the boring machine into a vertical multi-spindle automatic lathe which he called the "Mult-au-matic" lathe. Both father and son were members of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven: Yale University Press; repub. 1926, New York and 1987, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay Publications Inc. (describes Bullard's machines).RTS -
44 Electricity
-
45 Ferranti, Sebastian Ziani de
[br]b. 9 April 1864 Liverpool, Englandd. 13 January 1930 Zurich, Switzerland[br]English manufacturing engineer and inventor, a pioneer and early advocate of high-voltage alternating-current electric-power systems.[br]Ferranti, who had taken an interest in electrical and mechanical devices from an early age, was educated at St Augustine's College in Ramsgate and for a short time attended evening classes at University College, London. Rather than pursue an academic career, Ferranti, who had intense practical interests, found employment in 1881 with the Siemens Company (see Werner von Siemens) in their experimental department. There he had the opportunity to superintend the installation of electric-lighting plants in various parts of the country. Becoming acquainted with Alfred Thomson, an engineer, Ferranti entered into a short-lived partnership with him to manufacture the Ferranti alternator. This generator, with a unique zig-zag armature, had an efficiency exceeding that of all its rivals. Finding that Sir William Thomson had invented a similar machine, Ferranti formed a company with him to combine the inventions and produce the Ferranti- Thomson machine. For this the Hammond Electric Light and Power Company obtained the sole selling rights.In 1885 the Grosvenor Gallery Electricity Supply Corporation was having serious problems with its Gaulard and Gibbs series distribution system. Ferranti, when consulted, reviewed the design and recommended transformers connected across constant-potential mains. In the following year, at the age of 22, he was appointed Engineer to the company and introduced the pattern of electricity supply that was eventually adopted universally. Ambitious plans by Ferranti for London envisaged the location of a generating station of unprecedented size at Deptford, about eight miles (13 km) from the city, a departure from the previous practice of placing stations within the area to be supplied. For this venture the London Electricity Supply Corporation was formed. Ferranti's bold decision to bring the supply from Deptford at the hitherto unheard-of pressure of 10,000 volts required him to design suitable cables, transformers and generators. Ferranti planned generators with 10,000 hp (7,460 kW)engines, but these were abandoned at an advanced stage of construction. Financial difficulties were caused in part when a Board of Trade enquiry in 1889 reduced the area that the company was able to supply. In spite of this adverse situation the enterprise continued on a reduced scale. Leaving the London Electricity Supply Corporation in 1892, Ferranti again started his own business, manufacturing electrical plant. He conceived the use of wax-impregnated paper-insulated cables for high voltages, which formed a landmark in the history of cable development. This method of flexible-cable manufacture was used almost exclusively until synthetic materials became available. In 1892 Ferranti obtained a patent which set out the advantages to be gained by adopting sector-shaped conductors in multi-core cables. This was to be fundamental to the future design and development of such cables.A total of 176 patents were taken out by S.Z. de Ferranti. His varied and numerous inventions included a successful mercury-motor energy meter and improvements to textile-yarn produc-tion. A transmission-line phenomenon where the open-circuit voltage at the receiving end of a long line is greater than the sending voltage was named the Ferranti Effect after him.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1927. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1910 and 1911. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1924.Bibliography18 July 1882, British patent no. 3,419 (Ferranti's first alternator).13 December 1892, British patent no. 22,923 (shaped conductors of multi-core cables). 1929, "Electricity in the service of man", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 67: 125–30.Further ReadingG.Z.de Ferranti and R. Ince, 1934, The Life and Letters of Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti, London.A.Ridding, 1964, S.Z.de Ferranti. Pioneer of Electric Power, London: Science Museum and HMSO (a concise biography).R.H.Parsons, 1939, Early Days of the Power Station Industry, Cambridge, pp. 21–41.GWBiographical history of technology > Ferranti, Sebastian Ziani de
-
46 Goldberger, Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 16 July 1874 Giralt, Hungaryd. 17 January 1929 Washington, DC, USA[br]American physician, virologist and epidemiologist, pioneer of egg viral culture and of the social approach to the aetiology of disease.[br]Of immigrant stock, Goldberger entered the College of New York in 1890 as an engineering student. In 1892 he transferred to medicine, and in 1895 he qualified at Bellevue Hospital. Following an internship and unhappy experience of private medical practice in Pennsylvania, he qualified for the US Public Health Service in 1899, remaining there until his death.By 1910 he had been involved in field investigations of yellow fever, dengue and typhus. It was during this time that, with J.F.Anderson, he developed the egg culture techniques which enabled the demonstration of the filter-passing measles virus. The work with which he was most identified, however, was in connection with pellagra, at that time thought to be of microbial or protozoal origin. Using epidemiological techniques, he was able to demonstrate that it was in fact a nutritional deficiency disease, inducing the disease in prison volunteers on an abundant but protein-deficient diet.[br]Bibliography1910, with J.Anderson, Experimental Measles in the Monkey, Public Health Report RG90, US Public Health Service, National Archives.Further ReadingR.P.Parsons, 1943, Trail to Light. A Biography of Joseph Goldberger, New York.MG -
47 Ports and shipping
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Armstrong, Sir William GeorgeEgerton, FrancisLi GaoPeter the GreatShen GuaStanhope, Charles -
48 White, Sir William Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 2 February 1845 Devonport, Englandd. 27 February 1913 London, England[br]English naval architect distinguished as the foremost nineteenth-century Director of Naval Construction, and latterly as a consultant and author.[br]Following early education at Devonport, White passed the Royal Dockyard entry examination in 1859 to commence a seven-year shipwright apprenticeship. However, he was destined for greater achievements and in 1863 passed the Admiralty Scholarship examinations, which enabled him to study at the Royal School of Naval Architecture at South Kensington, London. He graduated in 1867 with high honours and was posted to the Admiralty Constructive Department. Promotion came swiftly, with appointment to Assistant Constructor in 1875 and Chief Constructor in 1881.In 1883 he left the Admiralty and joined the Tyneside shipyard of Sir W.G. Armstrong, Mitchell \& Co. at a salary of about treble that of a Chief Constructor, with, in addition, a production bonus based on tonnage produced! At the Elswick Shipyard he became responsible for the organization and direction of shipbuilding activities, and during his relatively short period there enhanced the name of the shipyard in the warship export market. It is assumed that White did not settle easily in the North East of England, and in 1885, following negotiations with the Admiralty, he was released from his five-year exclusive contract and returned to public service as Director of Naval Construction and Assistant Controller of the Royal Navy. (As part of the settlement the Admiralty released Philip Watts to replace White, and in later years Watts was also to move from that same shipyard and become White's successor as Director of Naval Construction.) For seventeen momentous years White had technical control of ship production for the Royal Navy. The rapid building of warships commenced after the passing of the Naval Defence Act of 1889, which authorized directly and indirectly the construction of around seventy vessels. The total number of ships built during the White era amounted to 43 battleships, 128 cruisers of varying size and type, and 74 smaller vessels. While White did not have the stimulation of building a revolutionary capital ship as did his successor, he did have the satisfaction of ensuring that the Royal Navy was equipped with a fleet of all-round capability, and he saw the size, displacement and speed of the ships increase dramatically.In 1902 he resigned from the Navy because of ill health and assumed several less onerous tasks. During the construction of the Cunard Liner Mauretania on the Tyne, he held directorships with the shipbuilders Swan, Hunter and Wigham Richardson, and also the Parsons Marine Turbine Company. He acted as a consultant to many organizations and had an office in Westminster. It was there that he died in February 1913.White left a great literary legacy in the form of his esteemed Manual of Naval Architecture, first published in 1877 and reprinted several times since in English, German and other languages. This volume is important not only as a text dealing with first principles but also as an illustration of the problems facing warship designers of the late nineteenth century.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKCB 1895. Knight Commander of the Order of the Danneborg (Denmark). FRS. FRSE. President, Institution of Civil Engineers; Mechanical Engineers; Marine Engineers. Vice- President, Institution of Naval Architects.Bibliography1877, A Manual of Naval Architecture, London.Further ReadingD.K.Brown, 1983, A Century of Naval Construction, London.FMWBiographical history of technology > White, Sir William Henry
-
49 Wright, Arthur
[br]b. 1858 London, Englandd. 26 July 1931 Paignton, Devon, England[br]English engineer and electricity supply industry pioneer.[br]Arthur Wright, educated at Maryborough College, attended a course of training at the School of Submarine Telegraphy, Telephony and Electric Light in London. In 1882 he joined the Hammond Company in Brighton, the first company to afford a regular electricity supply in Britain on a commercial basis for street and private lighting. He invented a recording ammeter and also a thermal-demand indicator used in conjunction with a tariff based on maximum demand in addition to energy consumption. This indicator was to remain in use for almost half a century.Resigning his position in Brighton in 1889, he joined the staff of S.Z.de Ferranti and served with him during developments at the Grosvenor Gallery and Deptford stations in London. In 1891 he returned to Brighton as its first Borough Electrical Engineer. From 1900 onwards he had an extensive consulting practice designing early power stations, and was approached by many municipalities and companies in Britain, the United States, South America and Australia, primarily on finance and tariffs. Associated with the founding of the Municipal Electrical Association in 1905, the following year he became its first President.[br]Bibliography1901, British patent no. 23,153 (thermal maximum demand indicator).1922, "Early days of the Brighton electricity supply", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 60:497–9.Further ReadingObituary, 1931, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 69:1,327–8.R.H.Parsons, 1939, Early Days of the Power Station Industry, Cambridge, pp. 13–17 (describes Wright's pioneering inventions).GW -
50 Pastoren
plparsons -
51 Ἰωάν(ν)ης
Ἰωάν(ν)ης, ου, ὁ (on the spelling s. W-S. §5, 26c; FBlass, Philology of the Gospels 1898, 75f; 81; B-D-F §40; 55, 1c; Mlt-H. 102; Rob. 194; 214; GRudberg, Ntl. Text u. Nomina sacra 1915, 13f.—The name is also found 1 Macc 2:1f; 9:36, 38; 13:53; 1 Esdr 8:38; 9:29; ApcEsdr 1:19 p. 25, 13 Tdf. [Christian addition]; EpArist 47; 49; 50 and in Joseph. and Just.) John.① the Baptizer/Baptist (Jos., Ant. 18, 116–19; Just.) Mt 3:1, 4, 13; 4:12 al.; Mk (s. JStarr, JBL 51, ’32, 227–37) 1:4, 6, 9, 14; 2:18; 6:14, 16ff; 8:28; 11:30, 32; Lk 1:13, 60, 63; 3:2, 15f, 20 al.; J 1:6, 15, 19, 26, 28, 32, 35 al.; Ac 1:5, 22; 10:37; 11:16; 13:24f; 18:25; 19:3f; GEb 13, 74 and 77f; 18, 36 and 38f; PEg3 67; ISm 1:1.—Schürer II 345–48; JThomas, Le mouvement baptiste en Palest. et Syrie ’35; MDibelius, Die urchr. Überlieferung von Joh. d. Täufer 1911; CBernoulli, J. der Täufer und die Urgemeinde 1918; CBowen: Studies in Early Christianity, ed. SCase (Porter-Bacon Festschr.) 1928, 127–47; E Parsons: ibid. 149–70; WMichaelis, Täufer, Jesus, Urgemeinde 1928; MGoguel, Jean-Baptiste 1928; ELohmeyer, Joh. d. T. ’32; WHoward, J. the Bapt. and Jesus: Amicitiae Corolla, ’33, 118–32; PGuénin, Y a-t-il conflit entre Jean B. et Jésus? ’33; GMacgregor, John the Bapt. and the Origins of Christianity: ET 46, ’35, 355–62; CKraeling, John the Bapt. ’51; WWink, John the Bapt. in the Gosp. Trad. ’68; JRife, The Standing of the Baptist: Gingrich Festschr., 205–8. JBecker, Joh. d. T. u. Jesus v. Nazareth ’72.—HWindisch, D. Notiz üb. Tracht u. Speise d. Täuf. Joh.: ZNW 32, ’33, 65–87; PJoüon, Le costume d’Élie et celui de J. Bapt.: Biblica 16, ’35, 74–81. Esp. on his baptism: JJeremias, ZNW 28, 1929, 312–20; KAland, Z. Vorgeschichte d. christlichen Taufe, Neutest. Entwürfe ’79, 183–97; his death: HWindisch, ZNW 18, 1918, 73–81; PZondervan, NThT 7, 1918, 131–53; 8, 1919, 205–40; 10, 1921, 206–17; DVölter, ibid. 10, 1921, 11–27; his disciples: HOort, TT 42, 1908, 299–333; WMichaelis, NKZ 38, 1927, 717–36.—JDoeve, NedTTs 9, ’55, 137–57; DFlusser, Johannes d. Täufer ’64; AGeyser, The Youth of J. the Bapt., NovT 1, ’56, 70–75; CScobie, John the Bapt. ’64; JMeier, John the Baptist in Matthew’s Gospel: JBL 99, ’80, 383–405.—HBraun, Qumran u. d. NT ’66, II, 1–29. On the Mandaeans s. RGG3 IV ’60. 709–12 (lit.).② son of Zebedee, one of the 12 disciples, brother of James (s. Ἰάκωβος 1) Mt 4:21; 10:2; 17:1; Mk 1:19, 29; 3:17; 5:37; 9:2, 38; 10:35, 41; 13:3; 14:33; Lk 5:10; 6:14; 8:51; 9:28, 49, 54; 22:8; Ac 1:13; 3:1, 3f, 11; 4:13, 19; 8:14; 12:2; Gal 2:9: GEb 34, 60; Papias (2:4). Cp. Papias (1:4; 2:17; 3:1; 7:11f). Title of the Fourth Gospel κατὰ Ἰωάννην.—WThomas, The Apostle John ’46; cp. JKügler, Der Jünger den Jesus liebte ’88.③ Tradition equates J., son of Zebedee (2), w. the John of Rv 1:1, 4, 9; 22:8 (Just., D. 81, 4).—On 2 and 3 cp. the comm. on the Johannine wr., also Zahn, RE IX 272ff, Forsch. VI 1900, 175–217; Harnack, Die Chronologie der altchristl. Lit. 1897, 320–81; ESchwartz, Über d. Tod der Söhne Zebedäi 1904; WHeitmüller, ZNW 15, 1914, 189–209; BBacon, ibid. 26, 1927, 187–202.—S. survey of lit. HThyen, in TRu 39, ’75 (other installments 43, ’78; 44, ’79); also in EDNT II 211.④ father of Peter J 1:42; 21:15–17; Judaicon 158, 74 (s. Ἰωνᾶς 2 and cp. 1 Esdr 9:23 with its v.l.).⑤ an otherw. unknown member of the high council Ac 4:6 (v.l. Ἰωνάθας). Schürer II 233f.⑥ surnamed Mark, son of Mary. His mother was a prominent member of the church at Jerusalem. He was a cousin of Barnabas and accompanied Paul and Barn. on the first missionary journey Ac 12:12, 25; 13:5, 13; 15:37; s. Μᾶρκος and BHolmes, Luke’s Description of John Mark: JBL 54, ’35, 63–72.⑦ Ἀριστίων καὶ ὁ πρεσβύτερος Ἰ., Aristion and John the Elder Pa (2:4) distinguished from the sons of Zebedee Eus. HE 3, 39, 5ff.—M-M. TW. -
52 Ἰωάν(ν)ης
Ἰωάν(ν)ης, ου, ὁ (on the spelling s. W-S. §5, 26c; FBlass, Philology of the Gospels 1898, 75f; 81; B-D-F §40; 55, 1c; Mlt-H. 102; Rob. 194; 214; GRudberg, Ntl. Text u. Nomina sacra 1915, 13f.—The name is also found 1 Macc 2:1f; 9:36, 38; 13:53; 1 Esdr 8:38; 9:29; ApcEsdr 1:19 p. 25, 13 Tdf. [Christian addition]; EpArist 47; 49; 50 and in Joseph. and Just.) John.① the Baptizer/Baptist (Jos., Ant. 18, 116–19; Just.) Mt 3:1, 4, 13; 4:12 al.; Mk (s. JStarr, JBL 51, ’32, 227–37) 1:4, 6, 9, 14; 2:18; 6:14, 16ff; 8:28; 11:30, 32; Lk 1:13, 60, 63; 3:2, 15f, 20 al.; J 1:6, 15, 19, 26, 28, 32, 35 al.; Ac 1:5, 22; 10:37; 11:16; 13:24f; 18:25; 19:3f; GEb 13, 74 and 77f; 18, 36 and 38f; PEg3 67; ISm 1:1.—Schürer II 345–48; JThomas, Le mouvement baptiste en Palest. et Syrie ’35; MDibelius, Die urchr. Überlieferung von Joh. d. Täufer 1911; CBernoulli, J. der Täufer und die Urgemeinde 1918; CBowen: Studies in Early Christianity, ed. SCase (Porter-Bacon Festschr.) 1928, 127–47; E Parsons: ibid. 149–70; WMichaelis, Täufer, Jesus, Urgemeinde 1928; MGoguel, Jean-Baptiste 1928; ELohmeyer, Joh. d. T. ’32; WHoward, J. the Bapt. and Jesus: Amicitiae Corolla, ’33, 118–32; PGuénin, Y a-t-il conflit entre Jean B. et Jésus? ’33; GMacgregor, John the Bapt. and the Origins of Christianity: ET 46, ’35, 355–62; CKraeling, John the Bapt. ’51; WWink, John the Bapt. in the Gosp. Trad. ’68; JRife, The Standing of the Baptist: Gingrich Festschr., 205–8. JBecker, Joh. d. T. u. Jesus v. Nazareth ’72.—HWindisch, D. Notiz üb. Tracht u. Speise d. Täuf. Joh.: ZNW 32, ’33, 65–87; PJoüon, Le costume d’Élie et celui de J. Bapt.: Biblica 16, ’35, 74–81. Esp. on his baptism: JJeremias, ZNW 28, 1929, 312–20; KAland, Z. Vorgeschichte d. christlichen Taufe, Neutest. Entwürfe ’79, 183–97; his death: HWindisch, ZNW 18, 1918, 73–81; PZondervan, NThT 7, 1918, 131–53; 8, 1919, 205–40; 10, 1921, 206–17; DVölter, ibid. 10, 1921, 11–27; his disciples: HOort, TT 42, 1908, 299–333; WMichaelis, NKZ 38, 1927, 717–36.—JDoeve, NedTTs 9, ’55, 137–57; DFlusser, Johannes d. Täufer ’64; AGeyser, The Youth of J. the Bapt., NovT 1, ’56, 70–75; CScobie, John the Bapt. ’64; JMeier, John the Baptist in Matthew’s Gospel: JBL 99, ’80, 383–405.—HBraun, Qumran u. d. NT ’66, II, 1–29. On the Mandaeans s. RGG3 IV ’60. 709–12 (lit.).② son of Zebedee, one of the 12 disciples, brother of James (s. Ἰάκωβος 1) Mt 4:21; 10:2; 17:1; Mk 1:19, 29; 3:17; 5:37; 9:2, 38; 10:35, 41; 13:3; 14:33; Lk 5:10; 6:14; 8:51; 9:28, 49, 54; 22:8; Ac 1:13; 3:1, 3f, 11; 4:13, 19; 8:14; 12:2; Gal 2:9: GEb 34, 60; Papias (2:4). Cp. Papias (1:4; 2:17; 3:1; 7:11f). Title of the Fourth Gospel κατὰ Ἰωάννην.—WThomas, The Apostle John ’46; cp. JKügler, Der Jünger den Jesus liebte ’88.③ Tradition equates J., son of Zebedee (2), w. the John of Rv 1:1, 4, 9; 22:8 (Just., D. 81, 4).—On 2 and 3 cp. the comm. on the Johannine wr., also Zahn, RE IX 272ff, Forsch. VI 1900, 175–217; Harnack, Die Chronologie der altchristl. Lit. 1897, 320–81; ESchwartz, Über d. Tod der Söhne Zebedäi 1904; WHeitmüller, ZNW 15, 1914, 189–209; BBacon, ibid. 26, 1927, 187–202.—S. survey of lit. HThyen, in TRu 39, ’75 (other installments 43, ’78; 44, ’79); also in EDNT II 211.④ father of Peter J 1:42; 21:15–17; Judaicon 158, 74 (s. Ἰωνᾶς 2 and cp. 1 Esdr 9:23 with its v.l.).⑤ an otherw. unknown member of the high council Ac 4:6 (v.l. Ἰωνάθας). Schürer II 233f.⑥ surnamed Mark, son of Mary. His mother was a prominent member of the church at Jerusalem. He was a cousin of Barnabas and accompanied Paul and Barn. on the first missionary journey Ac 12:12, 25; 13:5, 13; 15:37; s. Μᾶρκος and BHolmes, Luke’s Description of John Mark: JBL 54, ’35, 63–72.⑦ Ἀριστίων καὶ ὁ πρεσβύτερος Ἰ., Aristion and John the Elder Pa (2:4) distinguished from the sons of Zebedee Eus. HE 3, 39, 5ff.—M-M. TW.
Страницы
См. также в других словарях:
Parsons — ist der Ortsname folgender Orte in den USA: Parsons (Alabama) Parsons (Kansas) Parsons (Mississippi) Parsons (Missouri) Parsons (Pennsylvania) Parsons (Tennessee) Parsons (West Virginia) Parsons ist der Familienname folgender Personen: Alan… … Deutsch Wikipedia
PARSONS (T.) — PARSONS TALCOTT (1902 1979) Professeur à l’université Harvard, Talcott Parsons est l’un des plus grands théoriciens de la sociologie contemporaine. Sa démarche scientifique fut initialement influencée par les travaux de l’économiste anglais… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Parsons — Parsons, KS U.S. city in Kansas Population (2000): 11514 Housing Units (2000): 5359 Land area (2000): 10.361710 sq. miles (26.836705 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 10.361710 sq. miles (26.836705 … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Parsons — [ pɑːsnz], 1) Sir Charles Algernon, britischer Ingenieur, * London 13. 6. 1854, ✝ auf einer Reise nach den Westindischen Inseln 11. 2. 1931; erfand die mehrstufige Überdruck Dampfturbine (Parsonsturbine, 1884 gebaut, 4 kW), bei der das… … Universal-Lexikon
Parsons — Parsons, Talcott Parsons, sir Charles Algernon * * * (as used in expressions) Burkitt, Denis P(arsons) Parsons, Elsie Clews Parsons, Sir Charles Algernon Parsons, Talcott Rosse, William Parsons, 3 conde de … Enciclopedia Universal
PARSONS (G.) — Geoffrey PARSONS 1929 1995 Accompagnateur hors pair, le pianiste australien Geoffrey Parsons s’était imposé comme le digne successeur de Gerald Moore aux côtés des plus grands chanteurs de son temps et savait transformer un récital de mélodies ou … Encyclopédie Universelle
Parsons, KS — U.S. city in Kansas Population (2000): 11514 Housing Units (2000): 5359 Land area (2000): 10.361710 sq. miles (26.836705 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 10.361710 sq. miles (26.836705 sq. km)… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Parsons, TN — U.S. city in Tennessee Population (2000): 2452 Housing Units (2000): 1205 Land area (2000): 3.908635 sq. miles (10.123319 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 3.908635 sq. miles (10.123319 sq. km)… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Parsons, WV — U.S. city in West Virginia Population (2000): 1463 Housing Units (2000): 731 Land area (2000): 1.097920 sq. miles (2.843599 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.106064 sq. miles (0.274704 sq. km) Total area (2000): 1.203984 sq. miles (3.118303 sq. km)… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Parsons [1] — Parsons (spr. parß ns), Stadt im nordamerikan. Staate Kansas, Grafschaft Labette, nahe dem Zusammenfluß des Big und Little Labette, Bahnknotenpunkt, mit Kohlengruben, großen Eisenbahn und Maschinenwerkstätten, Getreidehandel und (1900) 7682 Einw … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Parsons [2] — Parsons, William, Astronom, s. Rosse … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
