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parallel-sequential

Толкование Перевод

101 processing

обработка; обработка данных

- administrative processing
- array processing
- associative processing
- attached processing
- attention-directed processing
- audio processing
- background processing
- batch job processing
- batch processing
- business processing
- cascade-based processing
- communication word processing
- communications processing
- concurrent processing
- connection processing
- conversational processing
- cooperative processing
- data processing
- data set processing
- data-intensive signal processing
- decentralized processing
- deferred processing
- demand processing
- digital image processing
- digital signal processing
- direct processing
- direct-address processing
- distributed processing
- divided job processing
- dual stack processing
- electronic data processing
- file processing
- foreground processing
- front-end processing
- gate-based processing
- history sensitive processing
- image processing
- image-flow processing
- immediate processing
- industrial data processing
- industrial processing
- information processing
- in-line processing
- inquiry processing
- integrated processing
- intelligent signal processing
- interactive processing
- interrupt processing
- job processing
- job-to-job processing
- knowledge information processing
- knowledge-based processing
- language data processing
- language processing
- level-based processing
- linguistic information processing
- linguistic processing
- list processing
- massively-parallel processing
- multiple job processing
- multiresolution image processing
- multitexture processing
- multithread processing
- multiuser processing
- natural language processing
- non-numerical data processing
- nonstop processing
- off-line processing
- on-line processing
- optical data processing
- overlap processing
- peripheral processing
- picture processing
- priority processing
- program termination processing
- random-access processing
- random processing
- real-time processing
- recovery processing
- remote processing
- scalar processing
- semantic processing
- sequential processing
- serial processing
- short-card processing
- signal processing
- simultaneous processing
- single-thread processing
- speech processing
- stacked job processing
- stand-alone processing
- symbolic processing
- terminal job processing
- text processing
- time-sharing processing
- transactional processing
- transaction processing
- translational processing
- vector processing
- video-display processing
- voice processing
- wavefront processing
- word processing

English-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > processing
102 machine

1) компьютер, машина, сетевая станция

а) общий термин для слова "компьютер", когда последний рассматривается на аппаратном уровне или на уровне идеи

см. тж. database machine, LISP machine, parallel machine, sequential machine, single processor machine, stack machine, Turing machine, virtual machine, VLIW machine

б) рабочая станция в локальной сети.

Syn:

computer

в) устройство (средство) для выполнения некоторой функции или задачи. Может быть реализовано на аппаратном, аппаратно-программном или программном уровне

см. тж. overcoating machine, ray tracing machine

2) механизм

He loved to know about them, to operate them, to master them, to fix them when they were broken (Michael Lewis об основателе компаний SGI и Netscape Джиме Кларке) — Он любил разбираться в работе всяких механизмов, возился с ними, мастерил их, чинил их, когда они ломались

3) машинный

Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > machine
103 simultaneous access

одновременный доступ, параллельный доступ

Syn:

parallel access

Ant:

sequential access

Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > simultaneous access
104 access

1) доступ ( к данным в сети)

2) обращение, выборка ( данных)

•

- allowed access
- anyplace access
- anytime access
- arbitrary access
- authorized access
- carrier-sense multiple access
- code-division access
- conventional access
- creeping access
- current access
- customer access
- demand-assignment multiple access
- denied access
- dial access
- dial-up access
- direct access
- direct line access
- direct-intrasystem access
- distributed-access access
- dual access
- duplex access
- equal access
- failure access
- fixed access
- free access
- frequency-divided multiple access
- full double access
- granted access
- group line access
- illegal access
- immediate access
- indirect access
- instantaneous access
- interexchange access
- key access
- keyed access
- line access
- loop access
- main access
- markered access
- memory access
- menu access
- message access
- mobile subscriber access
- multiple access
- multiple-key access
- multiplexed access
- multipoint access
- multistation access
- mutually exclusive access
- nonfixed access
- paging access
- parallel access
- queued access
- random access
- real-time access
- remote access
- restricted access
- sequential access
- serial access
- service access
- shared access
- simultaneous access
- single-stroke access
- space-time division multiple access
- spread-spectrum multiple access
- storage access
- subnetwork access
- subscriber access
- success access
- synchronous access
- tandem access
- time-division multiple access
- transmission access
- unauthorized access
- zero access

English-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > access
105 coding

кодирование

- adaptive transform coding
- adaptive-predictive coding
- advanced audio coding
- alphabetic coding
- alpha-geometric coding
- alphamosaic coding
- alpha-photographic coding
- alternative coding
- antirace coding
- audio source coding and compression
- automatic coding
- bit-sliced arithmetic coding
- block-to-block coding
- channel coding
- character-to-frequency coding
- color coding
- component coding
- composite coding
- compression coding
- content-based coding
- convolutional coding
- correlative coding
- D2 coding
- dipulse coding
- double-frequency coding
- effective coding
- entropy coding
- escape coding
- facsimile coding
- fractal coding
- frequency coding
- gain coding
- Huffman coding
- in-line coding
- interfield coding
- interframe coding
- intraframe coding
- linear-predictive coding
- lossless coding
- Manchester coding
- minimum-access coding
- minimum-delay coding
- multilevel coding
- near-miss coding
- no-repeat coding
- numeric coding
- optical line coding
- out-of-line coding
- parallel coding
- predicative coding
- primitive coding
- pseudorandom coding
- random-superimposed coding
- Reed-Solomon coding
- RS coding
- run-length coding
- saving coding
- sequential coding
- series coding
- shape coding
- soft-decision coding
- source coding
- speech coding
- speech-predictive coding
- statistical coding
- sub-band coding
- synthetic-natural hybrid coding
- telemetering information coding
- transformation coding
- trellis coding
- variable length coding
- vector coding
- video coding
- video source coding and compression
- Walsh coding
- waveform coding

English-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > coding
106 mode

1) режим

2) состояние

3) мода, тип ( волны)

•

- access mode
- acoustic mode
- active mode
- adaptive mode
- alternate mode
- ANS/FAX mode
- answering mode
- assemble mode
- asymmetrical mode
- asynchronous balanced mode
- asynchronous transfer mode
- authorized reception mode
- auto document mode
- autoinformer mode
- automatic mode
- automatic reception mode
- auto-night mode
- backup mode
- basic control mode
- biharmonical mode
- bound mode
- buffer mode
- byte mode
- center mark mode
- channel mode
- circuit-transfer mode
- cladding mode
- client-server mode
- coasting mode
- combined mode
- command mode
- common mode
- communication mode
- confidential mode
- continuous emission mode
- continuous mode
- conversational mode
- correction mode
- coupled modes
- cutoff mode
- data mode
- data-processing mode
- day/night mode
- delayed ARM mode
- DEMO mode
- detail mode
- detection mode
- direct sending mode
- display mode
- dual mode
- duplex mode
- erase mode
- evanescent mode
- executive mode
- expansion modes
- external synchronization mode
- Fax mode
- fine mode
- first-type oscillation mode
- forced mode
- frame mode
- fundamental mode
- generator mode
- ghost mode
- group mode
- guard mode
- half-duplex mode
- half-speed mode
- half-tone mode
- hierarchical mode
- high-power mode
- holding mode
- hollow-beam mode
- home-only mode
- hybrid mode
- idling mode
- instant ARM mode
- internal synchronization mode
- interrupt mode
- interruptible current mode
- inversed mode
- key mode
- landscape mode
- leaky mode
- light-tensioned mode
- limiting mode
- linear mode
- line-art mode
- line-hold mode
- line-holding mode
- listening mode
- local mode
- lock mode
- long-distance mode
- long-play mode
- long-time mode
- loudly mode
- low signal mode
- lugdown mode
- macroblock mode
- magnetostatic mode
- manual mode
- master mode
- matched operation mode
- matching mode
- memory lock mode
- minimal mode
- mode of behavior
- modulated mode
- monitor mode
- mono mode
- multicopy mode
- multiplex mode
- multipoint mode
- multisort document reception mode
- net mode
- nonpublic mode
- nontransparent mode
- normal mode
- off mode
- off-normal mode
- on-line mode
- on-link mode
- open-phase mode
- operating mode
- orthonormal modes
- overseas mode
- overtensioned mode
- parallel mode
- part load mode
- partial load mode
- peak mode
- periodic mode
- phone-only mode
- photo mode
- photodiode mode
- photogalvanic mode
- phototransistor mode
- pilot mode
- playback mode
- polling reception mode
- polling standby mode
- polling-transmission mode
- portrait mode
- potential mode
- precritical mode
- prediction mode
- printer mode
- private mode
- propagation mode
- pulsed mode
- quasi-cyclic mode
- quasi-key mode
- quick-record mode
- radiation mode
- rated power mode
- real-time mode
- receive mode
- recursive short-time mode
- redial mode
- remote-receiving mode
- rental mode
- rest mode
- reversing mode
- running-wave mode
- sample-and-hold mode
- saturation mode
- save dial mode
- scan mode
- second-type oscillation mode
- self-exciting oscillation mode
- self-oscillating mode
- send later mode
- sequential lossless mode
- serial mode
- series mode
- servicing mode
- setup mode
- shared fax mode
- short-time mode
- silence detection mode
- silently mode
- sleep mode
- soft self-exciting mode
- soft-control mode
- soft-controlling mode
- sound mode
- special scanning mode
- standard mode
- standby mode
- standing wave mode
- start mode
- starting mode
- start-stop mode
- stereo mode
- stop mode
- storage mode
- substitute reception mode
- superfine mode
- switching mode
- symmetrical mode
- synchronous-transfer mode
- synchronous-transmission mode
- TEL mode
- TEL/FAX mode
- telegraph mode
- telephone mode
- tensioned mode
- transfer mode
- transmission dead-line mode
- transmission mode
- transverse electric-and-magnetic mode
- transverse magnetic mode
- transverse-electric mode
- traveling wave mode
- triggering mode
- tuning mode
- uncoupled modes
- undertensioned mode
- unlock mode
- unstable mode
- valve mode
- vibrating mode
- voice-call mode
- waiting mode
- winding mode
- wireless-access mode
- XX mode

English-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > mode
107 transfer

1) передача (данных); перенос; передавать (данные); переносить

2) переключение ( на другой источник питания)

•

- all-picture transfer
- back transfer
- broadband data transfer
- call transfer
- capacitive transfer
- case-to-case transfer
- conditional transfer
- current transfer
- data transfer
- forward transfer
- frame transfer
- frame-by-frame transfer
- frame-interleave transfer
- high-speed data transfer
- inductive transfer
- information transfer
- interline transfer
- interrupt-driven transfer
- line-frame transfer
- load transfer
- magnetic transfer
- message transfer
- parallel transfer
- peripheral transfer
- power transfer
- power-failure transfer
- radiative transfer
- resistive transfer
- reverse transfer
- sequential transfer
- serial transfer
- system-failure transfer
- thermal transfer
- wire-to-wire transfer

English-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > transfer
108 method

метод, способ; технология; система method of finite differences метод ко нечных разностей method of foaming метод вспенивания method of least squares метод наименьших квадратов method of successive approximations метод последовательных приближений method of successive corrections метод последовательных поправок method of waterproofing метод гидроизоляции method American standard test - американский стандартный метод испытаний method analog(ue) - метод аналогий method approximation - приближенный метод; метод последовательных приближений method blasting - метод тушения лесных пожаров взрывами method calibrating - метод тарировки method calorimetric - калориметрический способ (измерения расхода) method chemical-analytical control - химико-аналитический метод контроля method china-clay - метод каолина (в изучении перехода ламинарного течения в турбулентное вокруг вращающегося диска) method cut-and-try - метод последовательных приближений method direct - метод непосредственного тушения лесного пожара (применением огнетушащих средств) method enthalpy potential - метод потенциала энтальпии method extinguishing - метод или способ пожаротушения method densimeter (densitometric) - денсптометрическпй метод, способ определения плотности method error - метод проб и ошибок method experimental-analogic - метод аналогов (в моделировании) method fire-fighting -s методы или способы тушения пожаров method F-S - метод F-S, метод определения цетанового числа дизельного топлива, метод оценки самовоспламеняемости дизельного топлива method graphic(al) - графический ме-тод method guarded-plate - метод охранных (защитных) пластин (для определения коэффициента теплопроводности } method hanging-drop -метод висящей капли (для измерения поверхностного натяжения с помощью висящей капли) method heat pole - метод линейного теплового источника method hot penetration - способ горячей пропитки method indirеct - метод косвенного тушения лесного пожара (созданием пожарных разрывов и встречными палами без применения огнетушащих веществ) method individual assignment - метод персональных назначений при тушении лесного пожара (при котором каждый пожарный работает на определенном участке пожарно-контрольной полосы) method ionization gap - метод ионизационных промежутков (для изучения процессов горения) method iteration - метод итераций, итерационный метод method materials test - метод испытания материалов method mixed-in place - способ составления смеси на месте работ method move-up - последовательный метод сооружения пожарно-контрольной полосы method net radiation - метод результирующего излучения method numerical - численный метод, метод численного расчета (определения напряжений) method one-lick - метод создания пожарно-контрольной полосы, при которой пожарные двигаются одной шеренгой на расстоянии около 4,5 м друг от друга method parallel - метод борьбы с лесным пожаром путем создания пожарно-контрольной полосы параллельно границе пожара со скоростью, превышающей его распространение method penetration - способ проникновения method physicochemical control - физико-химический метод контроля method progressive - последовательный метод сооружения пожарно-контрольной полосы method reiterative - метод последовательных приближений method relaxation - способ расчета с учетом релаксации (пластического последействия) method safety -s техника безопасности; способы защиты method schlieren - метод полос, шлирен-метод method sequential - метод последовательных приближений method sessile drop - метод лежащей капли (для измерения поверхностного натяжения с помощью лежащей капли) method similarity - метод подобия method soap bubble - метод мыльного пузыря (для определения скорости пламени по скорости перемещения мыльной пленки) method soap suds - метод обнаружения утечки газа с помощью мыльной пены method spectral line reversal - метод обращения спектральных линий method starting - метод (за)пуска method step-by-step - метод последовательных приближений method superposition - метод наложения method thermal - of determining of combustion efficiency тепловой метод определения полноты сгорания method trial-and-error - метод проб и ошибок method volumetric - объемный способ (измерения расхода)

Англо-русский пожарно-технический словарь > method
109 serial programming

последовательное программирование

термин введён как антоним термина параллельное программирование ( parallel programming)

см. тж. sequential language

Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > serial programming
110 code

1) код, шифр || кодировать

2) система кодирования

3) кодекс; свод

4) вчт программа || программировать, писать программу

5) нормы и правила; правила эксплуатации

•

to pick off the code — снимать код

to translate the code — преобразовывать код; транслировать программу

- affine-invariant code

- algebraic code

- alternant code

- antipalindromic code

- authentication code

- basis of code

- binary code

- biorthogonal code

- biquinary code

- block code

- burst-error detecting code

- cascade code

- chain code

- character code

- cipher code

- circulant code

- color code

- complement code

- complete code

- completely orthogonalized code

- computer code

- concatenated code

- constacyclic code

- constrained code

- control code

- convolutional code

- correcting code

- coset code

- cyclic-plus code

- decipherable code

- decomposable code

- degenerate code

- dense code

- densely packed code

- descriptive code

- distributive code

- double-adjacent-error correcting code

- double-error detecting code

- dual code

- EBCDI code

- efficiency of code

- elementary code

- equidistant code

- equilibrium code

- equiprobable code

- erasive code

- even-weight code

- exit code

- exponent code

- expurgated code

- extended code

- five-unit code

- generalized code

- graph-theoretic code

- group code

- ideal code

- identification code

- identity code

- improved code

- independent-error code

- indexed code

- inner code

- interpretative code

- interrogation code

- irreducible code

- irredundant code

- irreversible code

- iterated code

- iterative code

- letter code

- linear code

- literal code

- machine code

- makeup code

- many error correcting code

- master code

- matrix code

- maximal code

- maximal length code

- maximum-length-sequence code

- minimal code

- minimum-delay code

- minimum-distance code

- minimum-latency code

- mnemonic code

- modulation code

- Morse code

- multiaddress code

- multifrequency code

- national electric code

- nearly perfect code

- negacyclic code

- nested code

- nonlinear code

- nonprimitive code

- nonsystematic code

- non-uniform code

- nonweighted code

- null code

- number code

- numerical code

- one-dimensional code

- operation code

- original code

- orthogonalizable code

- overlapping code

- parallel-series code

- perfect code

- permutation code

- polynomial code

- positional code

- prefix code

- prefix-free code

- product code

- projective geometry code

- pseudocyclic code

- pseudogroup code

- pseudolinear code

- pseudorandom code

- pulse code

- pulse-position code

- pulse-width code

- quadratic-residue code

- quasicyclic code

- quasilinear code

- quasiperfect code

- randomized code

- redundance code

- regular code

- repetition code

- safety code

- self-adjusting code

- self-checking code

- self-complementing code

- self-correcting code

- self-dual code

- self-orthogonal code

- self-synchronizing code

- semantic code

- semisimple code

- separable code

- sequential code

- serial code

- serial code

- service code

- severity code

- short code

- shortened code

- sign code

- signal code

- signaling code

- simplex code

- sliding code

- space code

- start code

- stationary code

- stochastic code

- straight code

- strip code

- sum code

- syllable code

- symbol code

- synchronizable code

- telegraph code

- teleprinter code

- tensor product code

- ternary code

- threaded code

- tree code

- trial-and-error code

- trivial code

- truncated code

- two-case code

- two-dimensional code

- two-out-of-five code

- unbounded code

- uniformly packed code

- unit-counting code

- universal code

- Van Duuren code

- variable-length code

- weak code

- wire color code

English-Russian scientific dictionary > code
111 composition

1) композиция; смесь; состав

2) компоновка

3) полигр. набор

4) матем. композиция, произведение

5) (векторное) сложение

6) составление; формирование; приготовление

7) лингв. словообразование

8) сочинение, создание (напр. музыкального произведения)

9) геол. строение, структура

•

fallacy of composition — ошибочная композиция

graphing by composition — графическое построение путём сложения ординат

normal law of composition — алг. нормальный закон композиции

- amalgamated composition

- associative composition

- circle composition

- commutative composition

- composition of algorithms

- composition of automata

- composition of causes

- composition of classes

- composition of forces

- composition of functions

- composition of groups

- composition of kernels

- composition of relations

- composition of sets

- composition of tensors

- composition of transformations

- composition of vectors

- cycle composition

- direct composition

- extended composition

- finishing composition

- flush-left composition

- free composition

- functional composition

- fuzzy composition

- general composition

- granulometric composition

- homogenous composition

- hot-type composition

- igniter composition

- induced composition

- injective composition

- interlined composition

- job composition

- leaf composition

- line composition

- machine composition

- metal-type composition

- multiplicative composition

- normal composition

- operation of composition

- parallel composition

- principle of composition

- regular composition

- secondary composition

- sequential composition

- starch composition

- stochiometric composition

- ternary composition

- touch method composition

English-Russian scientific dictionary > composition
112 decomposition

1) декомпозиция; разбиение; разложение

2) распад; разложение

3) расщепление

4) геол. химическое выветривание

•

- additive decomposition

- admissible decomposition

- analytical decomposition

- antisymmetric decomposition

- asymptotic decomposition

- atomic decomposition

- automaton decomposition

- barycentric decomposition

- biharmonic decomposition

- biorthogonal decomposition

- bounded decomposition

- brick decomposition

- canonical decomposition

- central decomposition

- chromatic decomposition

- cluster decomposition

- complete decomposition

- consistent decomposition

- continuous decomposition

- coset decomposition

- countable decomposition

- cyclical decomposition

- decomposition of fraction

- decomposition of interval

- decomposition of vector

- denumerate decomposition

- diagonal decomposition

- differentiable decomposition

- direct decomposition

- direct sum decomposition

- dual decomposition

- dyadic decomposition

- ergodic decomposition

- external decomposition

- finite decomposition

- functional decomposition

- fundamental decomposition

- game decomposition

- global decomposition

- homomorphic decomposition

- homotopy decomposition

- infinitesimal decomposition

- integral decomposition

- irreducible decomposition

- irredundant decomposition

- isomorphic decomposition

- lower semicontinuous decomposition

- maximal decomposition

- minimal decomposition

- mixed free decomposition

- modular decomposition

- monotone decomposition

- multiplicative decomposition

- natural decomposition

- nonlinear decomposition

- nontrivial decomposition

- normal decomposition

- open decomposition

- orbit decomposition

- p-adic decomposition

- parallel decomposition

- partial-fraction decomposition

- point-like decomposition

- polar decomposition

- positive decomposition

- primary decomposition

- prime factor decomposition

- product decomposition

- proper decomposition

- pseudocelluar decomposition

- quasimartingale decomposition

- quasipyramidal decomposition

- root space decomposition

- semicontinuous decomposition

- semicubical decomposition

- semilattice decomposition

- sequential decomposition

- shrinkable decomposition

- simple decomposition

- simplicial decomposition

- simply connected decomposition

- singular decomposition

- singular value decomposition

- spatial decomposition

- spectral decomposition

- spherical decomposition

- subdirect decomposition

- tertiary decomposition

- thermal decomposition

- topological decomposition

- toroidal decomposition

- triangular decomposition

- upper semicontinuous decomposition

- vector decomposition

- virial decomposition

English-Russian scientific dictionary > decomposition
113 filter

1) фильтр || фильтровать

2) цедилка || отцеживать

3) фильтровальная сетка

4) просачиваться

•

filter over a set — мат. фильтр над множеством

to filter off — отфильтровывать; отцеживать

to match a filter — подбирать светофильтр

to swing a filter out of a beam — оптика выводить светофильтр из пути луча

- all-pole filter

- amplitude filter

- antismoke filter

- ashless filter

- averaging filter

- baghouse filter

- band filter

- band vacuum filter
- band-exclusion filter - band-rejection filter
- band-splitting filter

- band-stop filter

- batch-type filter

- binomial filter

- brute-force filter

- camera filter

- capacitance-resistance filter

- cartridge filter

- channel band-pass filter

- charcoal filter

- choke filter

- choke output filter

- clamping filter

- closed filter

- coarse filter

- color correcting filter

- complete filter

- completely prime filter
- completely regular filter
- constant-K filter

- continuous filter

- converging filter

- correcting filter
- correction filter
- correlation filter

- countably complete filter
- countably incomplete filter
- decoding filter

- deironing filter

- derived filter

- difference filter

- direct filter

- discontinuous filter

- drainage filter

- dual filter

- edge filter

- electrical wave filter

- elementary filter

- encoding filter

- equable filter

- equal-element filter

- extentable filter

- felt filter

- filter of vicinities

- fine filter

- first-order filter

- folded filter

- free filter

- full-flow oil filter

- gasoline filter

- Gaussian filter

- generalized filter

- generic filter

- group filter

- harmonic filter

- high-rate trickling filter

- hole filter

- homogeneous filter

- hyperconvergent filter

- improper filter

- inertialess filter

- infinite memory filter

- integral filter

- inverse-response filter

- iterative filter

- kieselguhr filter

- lagging filter

- lattice filter

- leaf filter

- leaf vacuum filter
- limited memory filter - linear continuous filter
- linear filter

- linearized filter

- LO filter

- lossless filter

- low-pass filter

- low-pass iterative filter

- low-rate trickling filter

- Lyot-Ohman filter

- matched filter

- maximal filter

- m-derived filter

- median filter

- mode selection filter

- modular filter

- monochromatic filter

- mud filter

- natural filter

- needle filter

- neighborhood filter

- noise filter

- nondecomposable filter

- nonprincipal filter

- nonstationary filter

- normalized filter

- oil filter

- one-sided filter

- open filter

- optimal filter
- optimum detecting filter - optimum filter - order convergent filter
- orthogonal filter

- output filter

- parallel filter

- parametric filter

- perfect filter

- physically realizable filter
- piezoelectric ceramic filter
- pipe filter

- plate vacuum filter

- point filter

- polishing filter

- polynomial filter

- predicting filter

- preliminary filter

- pressure-type filter

- primary filter

- prime filter

- projector filter

- pulsed filter

- quadrature filter

- quarter-wave filter

- quasibounded filter

- quasiconvex filter

- quasioptical filter

- radio-interference filter

- realizable filter

- reciprocal filter

- recursive filter

- regular filter

- resonator filter

- robust filter

- round filter

- screen filter

- second-order filter

- section filter

- selective filter

- sequential filter
- series filter
- sewerage filter

- shaping filter

- sharp cut-off filter
- single pole filter
- single-mess filter

- solid circuit filter

- spatial filter

- splitted filter

- stable filter

- stripline filter

- suboptimal filter

- suction filter

- sum filter

- summable filter

- supply-line filter

- surface-wave filter

- symmetric filter

- third order filter

- time-invariant filter

- time-varying filter

- trace filter

- transversal filter

- trivial filter

- truncated filter

- two-section filter

- uniformly convergent filter

- unit filter

- unreliazable filter

- vacuum filter

- water filter

- wave filter

- weakly regular filter
- well symmetric filter

English-Russian scientific dictionary > filter
114 new product development

Mktg

the processes involved in getting a new product or service to market. The traditional product development cycle, the stage-gate model, embraces the conception, generation, analysis, development, testing, marketing, and commercialization of new products or services. Alternative models of new product development fall into two broad categories: accelerating time to market models and integrated implementation models. These strive to achieve both flexibility and acceleration of development. All activities such as design, production planning, and test marketing are performed in parallel rather than going through a sequential linear progression.

Abbr. NPD

The ultimate business dictionary > new product development
115 Language

   1) The Book of Nature Is Written in the Language of Mathematics

   Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)

   2) Arranging Speech so as to Reply Appropriately

   It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)

   3) No Other Animal Has the Language Capacity of the Human

   It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)

   4) Human Beings Do Not Live Only in the World of Objects

   Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reﬂection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)

   5) Language Powerfully Conditions All Our Thinking

   It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)

   6) A List of Language Games

   [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]

   Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it

   Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another

   LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)

   7) Language Constrains Certain Modes of Interpretation

   We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)

   8) We Dissect Nature in Accordance with Our Native Languages

   We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.

   The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)

   9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language

   The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)

    10) The Analysis of Certain Types of Utterances

   It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)

    11) The Dictionary of a Language Is a System of Concepts

   In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)

    12) Talk about the Evolution of the Language Capacity is Beside the Point

   In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)

    13) The Development of Language

   [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chieﬂy governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)

    14) Sentential and Conceptual Levels in Language

   he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.

   The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)

    15) Linguistic Realities Have Not Yet Been Captured by Theoretical Models

   The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.

   But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)

    16) The Final Steps to Human Language

   The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)

    17) The Inadequacy of Formal Linguistic Models for Ordinary Language Usage

    t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)

    18) When a Language Is an Abstract Machine

   A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)

    19) Metaphor and Metonymy Underpin the Formation of Linguistic Signs

   Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)

    20) Language and the Analysis of Nature

   It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)

    21) Correspondence Rules for Mapping Old Theory into Subsets of New Theory

   First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....

   Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)

    22) The Inclusion of Non- linguistic Factors in a Theory of Grammar

   If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)

    23) Language Is Inevitably Inﬂuenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction

   Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)

    24) The Genetic Blueprints of Language

   By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)

    25) Languages Are Machines

   Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

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См. также в других словарях:

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