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121 morpion
n. m.1. Crab-louse.2. (pej.): 'Brat', infant, child. Vos morpions commencent à me courir! Those bloody kids of yours are a pain in the neck!3. Jouer aux morpions: To play noughts-and-crosses (on a much larger scale than the original; five noughts or five crosses need to be in line for a score and a game can fill a whole sheet of squared paper). -
122 в стороне
1. sidewise2. aloof; apartстойка ноги врозь руки в стороны — arm sideward, legs apart
бумага, мелованная с одной стороны — one-side art paper
с моей стороны, что касается меня — for my part
3. aside; apart4. sideward5. sidewards6. sideways -
123 крепкий
1. durable2. stable3. stiff4. solid5. hale6. lusty7. stoutlyпрочно построенный, крепко сколоченный — stoutly built
8. sturdily9. unbeaten10. strong; firm; solid; sound; robust; hard; affectionateкрепко держать или держаться, не отпускать — to hold hard
11. fast; deep; deeply12. fashionable13. firm14. hardкрепко выпивать; пить запоем — to drink hard
15. marrowy16. potent17. racy18. rude19. sound20. stout21. sturdyСинонимический ряд:1. богатая (прил.) богатая; денежная; зажиточная; имущая; обеспеченная; состоятельная; справная2. выносливая (прил.) выносливая; двужильная; закаленная; семижильная3. глубокая (прил.) беспробудная; беспросыпная; богатырская; глубокая; мертвая; мертвецкая; непробудная4. здоровая (прил.) в добром здравии; в отличной форме; здоровая; пышущий здоровьем; цветущая5. злая (прил.) едкая; забористая; злая; сердитая6. концентрированная (прил.) концентрированная; насыщенная7. прочная (прил.) прочная8. стойкая (прил.) железная; жесткая; неколебимая; непоколебимая; непреклонная; несгибаемая; стальная; стоическая; стойкая; твердаяАнтонимический ряд:некрепкая; слабая -
124 макет
1. м. mock-up, dummy; pattern, modelмакет переплётной крышки; макет переплёта — model cover
макет объявления, макет рекламы — advertisement dummy
2. м. элк. вчт., breadboard, breadboard modelмодель; модельная установка; макет — model set
3. м. полигр. lay-out -
125 полупрозрачный
1. semiopaque2. semitranslucent3. semitransparent4. translucently5. translucid6. translucent -
126 чертёж
м. drawing -
127 Biro, Laszlo Joszef (Ladislao José)
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 29 September 1899 Budapest, Hungaryd. 24 October 1985 Buenos Aires, Argentina[br]Hungarian inventor of the ballpoint pen.[br]Details of Biro's early life are obscure, but by 1939 he had been active as a painter, a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and an inventor, patenting over thirty minor inventions. During the 1930s he edited a cultural magazine and noticed in the printing shop the advantages of quick-drying ink. He began experimenting with crude ballpoint pens. The idea was not new, for an American, John Loud, had patented a cumbersome form of pen for marking rough surfaces in 1888; it had failed commercially. Biro and his brother Georg patented a ballpoint pen in 1938, although they had not yet perfected a suitable ink or a reservoir to hold it.In 1940 Biro fled the Nazi occupation of Hungary and settled in Argentina. Two years later, he had developed his pen to the point where he could seek backers for a company to exploit it commercially. His principal backer appears to have been an English accountant, Henry George Martin. In 1944 Martin offered the invention to the US Army Air Force and the British Royal Air Force to overcome the problems aircrews were experiencing at high altitudes with leaking fountain pens. Some 10,000 ballpoints were made for the RAF. Licences were granted in the USA for the manufacture of the "biro", and in 1944 the Miles-Martin Pen Company was formed in Britain and began making them on a large scale at a factory near Reading, Berkshire; by 1951 its workforce had grown to over 1,000. Other companies followed suit; by varying details of the pen, they avoided infringing the original patents. One such entrepreneur, Miles Reynolds, was the first to put the pen on sale to the public in New York; it is reputed that 10,000 were sold on the first day.Biro had little taste for commercial exploitation, and by 1947 he had withdrawn from the Argentine company, mainly to resume his painting, in the surrealist style. Examples of his work are exhibited in the Fine Arts Museum in Budapest. He created an instrument that had a greater impact on written communication than any other single invention.[br]Further Reading"Nachruf: Ladislao José Biro (1899–1985)", HistorischeBurowelt (1988) 21:5–8 (with English summary).J.Jewkes, The Sources of Invention, pp. 234–5.LRDBiographical history of technology > Biro, Laszlo Joszef (Ladislao José)
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128 Brewster, Sir David
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 11 December 1781 Jedburgh, Roxburghshire, Scotlandd. 10 February 1868 Allerly, Scotland[br]Scottish scientist and popularizer of science, inventor of the kaleidoscope and lenticular stereoscope.[br]Originally destined to follow his father into the Church, Brewster studied divinity at Edinburgh University, where he met many distinguished men of science. He began to take a special interest in optics, and eventually abandoned the clerical profession. In 1813 he presented his first paper to the Royal Society on the properties of light, and within months invented the principle of the kaleidoscope. In 1844 Brewster described a binocular form of Wheatstone's reflecting stereoscope where the mirrors were replaced with lenses or prisms. The idea aroused little interest at the time, but in 1850 a model taken to Paris was brought to the notice of L.J. Duboscq, who immediately began to manufacture Brewster's stereoscope on a large scale; shown at the Great Exhibition of 1851, it attracted the attention of Queen Victoria. Stereoscopic photography rapidly became one of the fashionable preoccupations of the day arid did much to popularize photography. Although originally marketed as a scientific toy and drawing-room pastime, stereoscopy later found scientific application in such fields as microscopy, photogrammetry and radiography. Brewster was a prolific scientific author throughout his life. His income was derived mainly from his writing and he was one of the nineteenth century's most distinguished popularizers of science.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1832. FRS 1815.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography, 1973, Vol. II, Oxford, pp. 1,207–11.A.D.Morrison-Low and J.R.R.Christie (eds), 1984, Martyr of Science, Edinburgh (proceedings of a Bicentenary Symposium).JW
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