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41 powróż|yć
pf vi to tell [sb’s] fortune- powróżyć komuś z ręki to read sb’s palm- powróżyła mu z kart she told his fortune with cards, she did a card reading for himThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > powróż|yć
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42 love
1. Ihe can hate but cannot love он не умеет любить, он умеет только ненавидеть; she has loved она в своей жизни [много] любила2. IIlove in some manner love blindly (ardently, possessively. jealously, platonically, etc.) любить слепо и т. с).3. III1) love smb., smth. love a woman (one's mother, one's parents, one's husband, each other, one's fellowmen, all men, one's country, etc.) любить женщину и т. д., испытывать любовь к женщине и т. д., all her pupils love her все ученики любят ее2) love smth. love sweets (good wine, new-laid eggs, comfort, music, books, golf, tennis, one's work, etc.) любить конфеты и т. д., получать удовольствие от конфет и т. д., I love sea bathing я люблю /мне нравится/ купаться в море; most children love ice cream почти все дети любят мороженое; love peace (quietness, sincerity, virtue, etc.) любить /ценить/ мир и т. д.; plants (roses, violets, palm-trees, etc.) love sunlight (sunny banks, a warm climate, etc.) растения и т. д. любят /растениям и т. д. нужно/ солнце и т. д.4. IVlove smb. in some manner love smb. very deeply (dearly, warmly, tenderly, really and truly, faithfully, etc.) очень и т. д. любить кого-л.; love smb. at first sight полюбить кого-л. с первого взгляда5. XIbe loved by smb. in some manner he was loved devotedly by his people его преданно любил народ6. XIIIlove to do smth. emot.-intens. coll. she loves to play tennis (to hear you play and sing, to hear such things, to walk along the river every morning, to go dancing, etc.) она любит /обожает/ играть в теннис и т. д.; I love to be admired мне очень нравится /я обожаю/, когда мною восхищаются; she loves to make a fuss (to make evasions, to use much ceremony, to find mistakes, etc.) она получает особое удовольствие /обожает/ создавать шумиху / устраивать суету/ и т. д.; children love to ape their elders детям нравится подражать взрослым; I should love to come to dinner (to go with you, to see this picture, etc.) я бы с большим удовольствием приняла ваше приглашение пообедать и т. д., will you come? - I should love to вы придете? - С удовольствием; I'd love for you to come with me я бы очень хотел, чтобы вы пошли со мной7. XIVlove doing smth. emot.-intens. соll. she loves reading (playing tennis, dancing, being admired, having a lot of dogs round her, etc.) она обожает читать и т. д., она с восторгом читает и т. д.8. XXI1love smb. with (to, etc.) smth. love smb. with one's whole heart любить кого-л. всем сердцем; love smb. to the day of one's death любить кого-л. до конца своих дней; love smth. above smth. he loves money above everything else он больше всего на свете любит деньги, у него страсть к деньгам LOWER (9. I,,10. II,,11. III,,12. IV,,13. XI,,14. XVIII,,15. XXI1) -
43 STROKE
(verb) palta- means to "pass the sensitive palm over a surface: feel with the hand, stroke etc." –VT47:8-9 (noun) ("of pen of brush [´] when not used as long mark") tecco. Cf. also QUICK STROKE rincë (stem *rinci-) (flourish) –TEK, RIK/VT46:11 (VT indicating that the proper reading is "quick stroke", not "quick shake" as in the Etymologies as printed in LR) -
44 Cousteau, Jacques-Yves
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 11 June 1910 Saint-André-de-Cubzac, France[br]French marine explorer who invented the aqualung.[br]He was the son of a country lawyer who became legal advisor and travelling companion to certain rich Americans. At an early age Cousteau acquired a love of travel, of the sea and of cinematography: he made his first film at the age of 13. After an interrupted education he nevertheless passed the difficult entrance examination to the Ecole Navale in Brest, but his naval career was cut short in 1936 by injuries received in a serious motor accident. For his long recuperation he was drafted to Toulon. There he met Philippe Tailliez, a fellow naval officer, and Frédéric Dumas, a champion spearfisher, with whom he formed a long association and began to develop his underwater swimming and photography. He apparently took little part in the Second World War, but under cover he applied his photographic skills to espionage, for which he was awarded the Légion d'honneur after the war.Cousteau sought greater freedom of movement underwater and, with Emile Gagnan, who worked in the laboratory of Air Liquide, he began experimenting to improve portable underwater breathing apparatus. As a result, in 1943 they invented the aqualung. Its simple design and robust construction provided a reliable and low-cost unit and revolutionized scientific and recreational diving. Gagnan shunned publicity, but Cousteau revelled in the new freedom to explore and photograph underwater and exploited the publicity potential to the full.The Undersea Research Group was set up by the French Navy in 1944 and, based in Toulon, it provided Cousteau with the Opportunity to develop underwater exploration and filming techniques and equipment. Its first aims were minesweeping and exploration, but in 1948 Cousteau pioneered an extension to marine archaeology. In 1950 he raised the funds to acquire a surplus US-built minesweeper, which he fitted out to further his quest for exploration and adventure and named Calypso. Cousteau also sought and achieved public acclaim with the publication in 1953 of The Silent World, an account of his submarine observations, illustrated by his own brilliant photography. The book was an immediate success and was translated into twenty-two languages. In 1955 Calypso sailed through the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean, and the outcome was a film bearing the same title as the book: it won an Oscar and the Palme d'Or at the Cannes film festival. This was his favoured medium for the expression of his ideas and observations, and a stream of films on the same theme kept his name before the public.Cousteau's fame earned him appointment by Prince Rainier as Director of the Oceanographie Institute in Monaco in 1957, a post he held until 1988. With its museum and research centre, it offered Cousteau a useful base for his worldwide activities.In the 1980s Cousteau turned again to technological development. Like others before him, he was concerned to reduce ships' fuel consumption by harnessing wind power. True to form, he raised grants from various sources to fund research and enlisted technical help, namely Lucien Malavard, Professor of Aerodynamics at the Sorbonne. Malavard designed a 44 ft (13.4 m) high non-rotating cylinder, which was fitted onto a catamaran hull, christened Moulin à vent. It was intended that its maiden Atlantic crossing in 1983 should herald a new age in ship propulsion, with large royalties to Cousteau. Unfortunately the vessel was damaged in a storm and limped to the USA under diesel power. A more robust vessel, the Alcyone, was fitted with two "Turbosails" in 1985 and proved successful, with a 40 per cent reduction in fuel consumption. However, oil prices fell, removing the incentive to fit the new device; the lucrative sales did not materialize and Alcyone remained the only vessel with Turbosails, sharing with Calypso Cousteau's voyages of adventure and exploration. In September 1995, Cousteau was among the critics of the decision by the French President Jacques Chirac to resume testing of nuclear explosive devices under the Mururoa atoll in the South Pacific.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsLégion d'honneur. Croix de Guerre with Palm. Officier du Mérite Maritime and numerous scientific and artistic awards listed in such directories as Who's Who.Bibliography1953, The Silent World.1972, The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau, 21 vols.Further ReadingR.Munson, 1991, Cousteau, the Captain and His World, London: Robert Hale (published in the USA 1989).LRD -
45 Douglas, Donald Wills
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 6 April 1892 Brooklyn, New York, USAd. 1 February 1981 Palm Springs, California, USA[br]American aircraft designer best known for bis outstanding airliner', the DC-3.[br]In 1912 Donald Douglas went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to study aeronautical engineering. After graduating in this relatively new subject he joined the Glenn L.Martin Company as Chief Engineer. In 1920 he founded the Davis-Douglas Company in California to build an aircraft capable of flying across America non-stop: unfortunately, the Cloudster failed to achieve its target. Douglas reorganized the company in 1921 as the Douglas Company (later it became the Douglas Aircraft Company). In 1924 a team of US Army personnel made the first round-the-world flight in specially designed Douglas World Cruisers, a feat which boosted Douglas's reputation considerably. This reputation was further enhanced by his airliner, designed in 1935, that revolutionized air travel: the Douglas Commercial 3, or DC-3, of which some 13,000 were built. A series of piston-engined airliners followed, culminating in the DC-7. Meanwhile, in the military field, Douglas aircraft played a major part in the Second World War. In the jet age Douglas continued to produce a wide range of successful civil and military aircraft, and the company also moved into the rocket and guided missile business. In 1966 Donald W. Douglas was still Chairman of the company, with Donald W.Douglas Jr as President. In 1967 the company merged with the McDonnell Aircraft Company to become the giant McDonnell Douglas Corporation.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Daniel Guggenheim Medal 1939.Bibliography1935, "The development and reliability of the modern multi-engined airliner", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, London (lecture).Further ReadingB.Yenne, 1985, McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants, London (pays some attention to both Douglas and McDonnell, but also covers the history of the companies and the aircraft they produced).René J.Francillon, 1979, McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920, London; 1988, 2nd edn (a comprehensive history of the company's aircraft).JDS -
46 Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van
[br]b. 24 October 1632 Delft, Netherlandsd. 1723 Delft, Netherlands[br]Dutch pioneer of microscopy.[br]He was the son of a basketmaker, Philip Tonisz Leeuwenhoek, and Grietje Jacobsdr van den Berch, a brewer's daughter. After the death of his father in 1637, his mother married the painter Jacob Jansz Molijn. He went to school at Warmond and, later to an uncle who was Sheriff of Benthuizen. In 1648 he went to Amsterdam, where he was placed in a linen-draper's shop owned by William Davidson, a Scottish merchant. In 1652 or 1653 he moved back to Delft, where in 1654 he married the daughter of a cloth-merchant, Barbara de Mey. They had five children, only one of whom survived (born 22 September 1656). At about this time he bought a house and shop in the Hippolytus buurt and set up in business as a draper and haberdasher. His wife died in 1666 and in 1671 he married Cornelia Swalmius, a Reformed Church minister's daughter. Lacking self-confidence and not knowing Latin, the scientific language of the day, he was reluctant to publish the results of his investigations into a multitude of natural objects. His observations were made with single-lens microscopes made by himself. (He made at least 387 microscopes with magnifications of between 30x and 266x.) Among the subjects he studied were the optic nerve of a cow, textile fibres, plant seeds, a spark from a tinderbox, the anatomy of mites and insects' blood corpuscles, semen and spermatozoa. It was the physician Reinier de Graaf who put him in touch with the Royal Society in London, with whom he corresponded for fifty years from 1673. One of his last letters, in 1723, to the Royal Society was about the histology of the rare disease of the diaphragm that he had studied in sheep and oxen and from which he died. In public service he was a chamberlain to the sheriffs of Delft, a surveyor and a wine-gauger, offices which together gave him an income of about 800 florins a year. Leeuwenhoek never wrote a book, but collections were published in Latin and in Dutch from his scientific letters, which numbered more than 250.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1680.Further ReadingL.C.Palm and H.A.M.Snelders, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 1632–1723: Studies in the Life and Work of the Delft Scientist, Commemorating the 350th Anniversary of his Birthday.B.Bracegirdle (ed.), Beads of Glass: Leeuwenhoek and the Early Microscope. (Catalogue of an exhibition in the Museum Boerhaave, November 1982 to May 1983, and in the Science Museum, May to October 1983).IMcNBiographical history of technology > Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van
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47 Lever, William Hesketh
[br]b. 19 September 1851 Bolton, Lancashire, Englandd. 7 May 1925 Hampstead, London, England[br]English manufacturer of soap.[br]William Hesketh Lever was the son of the retail grocer James Lever, who built up the large wholesale firm of Lever \& Co. in the north-west of England. William entered the firm at the age of 19 as a commercial traveller, and in the course of his work studied the techniques of manufacture and the quality of commercial soaps available at the time. He decided that he would concentrate on the production of a soap that was not evil-smelling, would lather easily and be attractively packaged. In 1884 he produced Sunlight Soap, which became the trade mark for Lever \& Co. He had each tablet wrapped, partly to protect the soap from oxygenization and thus prevent it from becoming rancid, and partly to display his brand name as a form of advertising. In 1885 he raised a large capital sum, purchased the Soap Factory in Warrington of Winser \& Co., and began manufacture. His product contained oils from copra, palm and cotton blended with tallow and resin, and its quality was carefully monitored during production. In a short time it was in great demand and began to replace the previously available alternatives of home-made soap and poor-quality, unpleasant-smelling bars.It soon became necessary to expand the firm's premises, and in 1887 Lever purchased fifty-six acres of land upon which he set up a new centre of manufacture. This was in the Wirral in Cheshire, near the banks of the River Mersey. Production at the new factory, which was called Port Sunlight, began in January 1889. Lever introduced a number of technical improvements in the production process, including the heating systems and the recovery of glycerine (which could later be sold) from the boiling process.Like Sir Titus Salt of Saltaire before him, Lever believed it to be in the interest of the firm to house his workers in a high standard of building and comfort close to the factory.By the early twentieth century he had created Port Sunlight Village, one of the earliest and certainly the most impressive housing estates, for his employees. Architecturally the estate is highly successful, being built from a variety of natural materials and vernacular styles by a number of distinguished architects, so preventing an overall architectural monotony. The comprehensive estate comprises, in addition to the factory and houses, a church, an art gallery, schools, a cottage hospital, library, bank, fire station, post office and shops, as well as an inn and working men's institute, both of which were later additions. In 1894 Lever \& Co. went public and soon was amalgamated with other soap firms. It was at its most successful high point by 1910.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFirst Viscount Leverhulme of the Western Isles.Further Reading1985, Dictionary of Business Biography. Butterworth.Ian Campbell Bradley, 1987, Enlightened Entrepreneurs, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.DY -
48 Nervi, Pier Luigi
[br]b. 21 June 1891 Sondrio, Italyd. 9 January 1979 (?), Italy[br]Italian engineer who played a vital role in the use and adaptation of reinforced concrete as a structural material from the 1930s to the 1970s.[br]Nervi early established a reputation in the use of reinforced concrete with his stadium in Florence (1930–2). This elegant concrete structure combines graceful curves with functional solidity and is capable of seating some 35,000 spectators. The stadium was followed by the aircraft hangars built for the Italian Air Force at Orvieto and Ortebello, in which he spanned the vast roofs of the hangars with thin-shelled vaults supported by precast concrete beams and steel-reinforced ribs. The structural strength and subtle curves of these ribbed roofs set the pattern for Nervi's techniques, which he subsequently varied and elaborated on to solve problems that arose in further commissions.Immediately after the Second World War Italy was short of supplies of steel for structural purposes so, in contrast to the USA, Britain and Germany, did not for some years construct any quantity of steel-framed rectangular buildinngs used for offices, housing or industrial use. It was Nervi who led the way to a ferroconcrete approach, using a new type of structure based on these materials in the form of a fine steel mesh sprayed with cement mortar and used to roof all kinds of structures. It was a method that resulted in expressionist curves instead of rectangular blocks, and the first of his great exhibition halls at Turin (1949), with a vault span of 240 ft (73 m), was an early example of this technique. Nervi continued to create original and beautiful ferroconcrete structures of infinite variety: for example, the hall at the Lido di Roma, Ostia; the terme at Chianciano; and the three buildings that he designed for the Rome Olympics in 1960. The Palazzetto dello Sport is probably the most famous of these, for which he co-operated with the architect Annibale Vitellozzi to construct a small sports palace seating 5,000 spectators under a concrete "big top" of 194 ft (59 m) diameter, its enclosing walls supported by thirtysix guy ropes of concrete; inside, the elegant roof displays a floral quality. In 1960 Nervi returned to Turin to build his imaginative Palace of Labour for the centenary celebrations of Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel in the city. This vast hall, like the Crystal Palace in England a century earlier (see Paxton), had to be built quickly and be suitable for later adaptation. It was therefore constructed partly in steel, and the metal supporting columns rose to palm-leaf capitals reminiscent of those in ancient Nile palaces.Nervi's aim was always to create functional buildings that simultaneously act by their aesthetic qualities as an effective educational influence. Functionalism for Nervi never became "brutalism". In consequence, his work is admired by the lay public as well as by architects. He collaborated with many of the outstanding architects of the day: with Gio Ponti on the Pirelli Building in Milan (1955–9); with Zehrfuss and Breuer on the Y-plan UNESCO Building in Paris (1953–7); and with Marcello Piacentini on the 16,000-seat Palazzo dello Sport in Rome. Nervi found time to write a number of books on building construction and design, lectured in the Universities of Rio de Janiero and Buenos Aires, and was for many years Professor of Technology and Technique of Construction in the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Rome. He continued to design new structures until well into the 1970s.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRIBA Royal Gold Medal 1960. Royal Institute of Structural Engineers Gold Medal 1968. Honorary Degree Edinburgh University, Warsaw University, Munich University, London University, Harvard University. Member International Institute of Arts and Letters, Zurich; American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Stockholm.Bibliography1956, Structures, New York: Dodge.1945, Scienza o Arte del Costruire?, Rome: Bussola.Further ReadingP.Desideri et al., 1979, Pier Luigi Nervi, Bologna: Zanichelli.A.L.Huxtable, 1960, Masters of World Architecture; Pier Luigi Nervi, New York: Braziller.DY
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