-
81 Babbage, Charles
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 26 December 1791 Walworth, Surrey, Englandd. 18 October 1871 London, England[br]English mathematician who invented the forerunner of the modern computer.[br]Charles Babbage was the son of a banker, Benjamin Babbage, and was a sickly child who had a rather haphazard education at private schools near Exeter and later at Enfield. Even as a child, he was inordinately fond of algebra, which he taught himself. He was conversant with several advanced mathematical texts, so by the time he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1811, he was ahead of his tutors. In his third year he moved to Peterhouse, whence he graduated in 1814, taking his MA in 1817. He first contributed to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1815, and was elected a fellow of that body in 1816. He was one of the founders of the Astronomical Society in 1820 and served in high office in it.While he was still at Cambridge, in 1812, he had the first idea of calculating numerical tables by machinery. This was his first difference engine, which worked on the principle of repeatedly adding a common difference. He built a small model of an engine working on this principle between 1820 and 1822, and in July of the latter year he read an enthusiastically received note about it to the Astronomical Society. The following year he was awarded the Society's first gold medal. He submitted details of his invention to Sir Humphry Davy, President of the Royal Society; the Society reported favourably and the Government became interested, and following a meeting with the Chancellor of the Exchequer Babbage was awarded a grant of £1,500. Work proceeded and was carried on for four years under the direction of Joseph Clement.In 1827 Babbage went abroad for a year on medical advice. There he studied foreign workshops and factories, and in 1832 he published his observations in On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. While abroad, he received the news that he had been appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University. He held the Chair until 1839, although he neither resided in College nor gave any lectures. For this he was paid between £80 and £90 a year! Differences arose between Babbage and Clement. Manufacture was moved from Clement's works in Lambeth, London, to new, fireproof buildings specially erected by the Government near Babbage's house in Dorset Square, London. Clement made a large claim for compensation and, when it was refused, withdrew his workers as well as all the special tools he had made up for the job. No work was possible for the next fifteen months, during which Babbage conceived the idea of his "analytical engine". He approached the Government with this, but it was not until eight years later, in 1842, that he received the reply that the expense was considered too great for further backing and that the Government was abandoning the project. This was in spite of the demonstration and perfectly satisfactory operation of a small section of the analytical engine at the International Exhibition of 1862. It is said that the demands made on manufacture in the production of his engines had an appreciable influence in improving the standard of machine tools, whilst similar benefits accrued from his development of a system of notation for the movements of machine elements. His opposition to street organ-grinders was a notable eccentricity; he estimated that a quarter of his mental effort was wasted by the effect of noise on his concentration.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1816. Astronomical Society Gold Medal 1823.BibliographyBabbage wrote eighty works, including: 1864, Passages from the Life of a Philosopher.July 1822, Letter to Sir Humphry Davy, PRS, on the Application of Machinery to the purpose of calculating and printing Mathematical Tables.Further Reading1961, Charles Babbage and His Calculating Engines: Selected Writings by Charles Babbage and Others, eds Philip and Emily Morrison, New York: Dover Publications.IMcN -
82 Rückantwort bezahlt
RP: reply paid -
83 кодированная телеграмма
телеграмма, передаваемая внутри страны — inland telegram
Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > кодированная телеграмма
-
84 телеграмма
Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > телеграмма
-
85 факсимильная телеграмма
телеграмма, передаваемая внутри страны — inland telegram
Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > факсимильная телеграмма
-
86 шифрованная телеграмма
телеграмма, передаваемая внутри страны — inland telegram
Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > шифрованная телеграмма
-
87 تأكيد
تَأكيد \ assurance: a promise: He gave me his assurance that the money would be paid back. \ بِالتّأْكيد \ certainly: without doubt; of course: May he come? Certainly (or certainly not!). decidedly: without doubt: He’s decidedly the best runner. for sure: without doubt. rather: (often as a reply) yes, certainly: Would you like a swim? Rather!. sure: (in special phrases) certainly: They told me he was up a tree, and sure enough there he was. surely: (in questions where one is sure of the answer) certainly: Surely you can pay $2? (I’m sure you can). without doubt: certainly. without fail: letting nothing prevent the action: We shall be there at six o’clock, without fail. \ بِكُلّ تأكيد \ by all means: certainly: Yes, by all means you may borrow my car. -
88 رد
رَدَّ \ repay: to pay back (money that has been lent). \ See Also سَدَّدَ الدَّين \ رَدَّ (على) \ answer: to speak or write in return: Answer me (my question, my letter). Why don’t you answer when I call?, (the telephone, the door, the bell), to go (to it) and see what is wanted answer back. to answer rudely (when one is corrected):: If your teacher says ‘be quiet’ you should not answer (him) back refund. to give back (money that one has paid):: The new clock would not work, so the shop refunded my money reply. to answer: repulse. to drive back (an enemy) refuse (a friendly offer). \ See Also أجاب (أَجَابَ)، رَدَّ بِوَقاحَة \ رَدَّ بسُرعة وَحِدَّة \ retort: to answer quickly and angrily, esp. when one is blamed for sth.. \ رَدَّ الجَميل \ repay: to show one’s thanks (by doing sth. in return): How can I repay (you for) your kindness?. \ رَدَّ الصَّدَى \ echo: to repeat (a sound); make an echo: His voice echoed in the empty hall. The walls echoed his voice. -
89 answer
رَدَّ (على) \ answer: to speak or write in return: Answer me (my question, my letter). Why don’t you answer when I call?, (the telephone, the door, the bell), to go (to it) and see what is wanted answer back. to answer rudely (when one is corrected):: If your teacher says ‘be quiet’ you should not answer (him) back refund. to give back (money that one has paid):: The new clock would not work, so the shop refunded my money reply. to answer: repulse. to drive back (an enemy) refuse (a friendly offer). \ See Also أجاب (أَجَابَ)، رَدَّ بِوَقاحَة -
90 to answer
رَدَّ (على) \ answer: to speak or write in return: Answer me (my question, my letter). Why don’t you answer when I call?, (the telephone, the door, the bell), to go (to it) and see what is wanted answer back. to answer rudely (when one is corrected):: If your teacher says ‘be quiet’ you should not answer (him) back refund. to give back (money that one has paid):: The new clock would not work, so the shop refunded my money reply. to answer: repulse. to drive back (an enemy) refuse (a friendly offer). \ See Also أجاب (أَجَابَ)، رَدَّ بِوَقاحَة -
91 to answer rudely (when one is corrected)
رَدَّ (على) \ answer: to speak or write in return: Answer me (my question, my letter). Why don’t you answer when I call?, (the telephone, the door, the bell), to go (to it) and see what is wanted answer back. to answer rudely (when one is corrected):: If your teacher says ‘be quiet’ you should not answer (him) back refund. to give back (money that one has paid):: The new clock would not work, so the shop refunded my money reply. to answer: repulse. to drive back (an enemy) refuse (a friendly offer). \ See Also أجاب (أَجَابَ)، رَدَّ بِوَقاحَةArabic-English glossary > to answer rudely (when one is corrected)
-
92 to drive back (an enemy) refuse (a friendly offer)
رَدَّ (على) \ answer: to speak or write in return: Answer me (my question, my letter). Why don’t you answer when I call?, (the telephone, the door, the bell), to go (to it) and see what is wanted answer back. to answer rudely (when one is corrected):: If your teacher says ‘be quiet’ you should not answer (him) back refund. to give back (money that one has paid):: The new clock would not work, so the shop refunded my money reply. to answer: repulse. to drive back (an enemy) refuse (a friendly offer). \ See Also أجاب (أَجَابَ)، رَدَّ بِوَقاحَةArabic-English glossary > to drive back (an enemy) refuse (a friendly offer)
-
93 iadeli taahhütlü
registered and reply paid -
94 bereket
",-ti 1. abundance, plenty; increase; fruitfulness. 2. blessing; divine gift. 3. fortunately, thank heaven. 4. prov. rain. - boynuzu cornucopia, horn of plenty. -i içinde. There´s not much, but it´s enough. -ini gör. May it (i.e. the money paid to the merchant) benefit you! (said by a customer as a reply to the formula, Bereket versin! said by a merchant). - ki/bereket versin ki Thank goodness.../Thank God...: Bereket ki kafa kâğıdımı unutmadım. Thank goodness I didn´t forget my identity card. - tanrıçası fertility goddess. - versin! Enjoy it!/May you benefit from it! (said by a seller to a customer at the conclusion of a sale). - versin see bereket ki." -
95 cevaplı
having an answer. - telgraf reply-paid telegram.
См. также в других словарях:
reply card — reˈply card noun [countable] a card that you can send back to a company, usually free, for example in order to request or give information: • For an information pack, phone the number below or return the reply card. * * * reply card UK US noun… … Financial and business terms
reply-paid — adjective with cost of reply prepaid by sender reply paid postcard reply paid envelope • Similar to: ↑paid * * * reply paid UK US adjective british a reply paid envelope has had the cost of sending it paid by the person who originally sent it… … Useful english dictionary
paid — [peɪd] adjective 1. paid work is work which you receive money for: • It will become increasingly difficult for those over retirement age to obtain any paid work with which to supplement their pension. 2. HUMAN RESOURCES a paid worker receives… … Financial and business terms
reply paid — UK US noun [U] ► COMMUNICATIONS a service allowing a customer to send a reply card, letter, or package through the mail to a business, which the business pays for: »Use the enclosed reply paid envelope (no stamp needed). → Compare BUSINESS REPLY… … Financial and business terms
Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks — to Sultan Mehmed IV of the Ottoman Empire Artist Ilya Repin Year 1880–1891 Type Oil on canvas Dimensions 203 … Wikipedia
reply — ▪ I. reply re‧ply 1 [rɪˈplaɪ] verb replied PTandPP [intransitive, transitive] to answer someone, in writing or in speech: reply that • Asked about the bank s operations, the chairman replied that the record speaks for itself. reply to… … Financial and business terms
reply-paid — re.ply paid adj BrE a reply paid envelope is one which you can send back to an organization without a stamp because they have already paid for this … Dictionary of contemporary English
reply-paid — adjective a reply paid envelope has had the cost of a stamp already paid by the person who sent it … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
reply-paid — UK / US adjective British a reply paid envelope has had the cost of sending it paid by the person who originally sent it … English dictionary
reply — v. & n. v. ( ies, ied) 1 intr. (often foll. by to) make an answer, respond in word or action. 2 tr. say in answer (he replied, Please yourself ). n. (pl. ies) 1 the act of replying (what did they say in reply?). 2 what is replied; a response. 3… … Useful english dictionary
reply card — noun 1. or reply postal card : double postal card 2. : any card for use in mailing a reply that is provided by the one who requests the reply and who sometimes offers to pay the postage for the reply * * * a usually postage paid postcard or… … Useful english dictionary