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21 Evans, Oliver
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 13 September 1755 Newport, Delaware, USAd. 15 April 1819 New York, USA[br]American millwright and inventor of the first automatic corn mill.[br]He was the fifth child of Charles and Ann Stalcrop Evans, and by the age of 15 he had four sisters and seven brothers. Nothing is known of his schooling, but at the age of 17 he was apprenticed to a Newport wheelwright and wagon-maker. At 19 he was enrolled in a Delaware Militia Company in the Revolutionary War but did not see active service. About this time he invented a machine for bending and cutting off the wires in textile carding combs. In July 1782, with his younger brother, Joseph, he moved to Tuckahoe on the eastern shore of the Delaware River, where he had the basic idea of the automatic flour mill. In July 1782, with his elder brothers John and Theophilus, he bought part of his father's Newport farm, on Red Clay Creek, and planned to build a mill there. In 1793 he married Sarah Tomlinson, daughter of a Delaware farmer, and joined his brothers at Red Clay Creek. He worked there for some seven years on his automatic mill, from about 1783 to 1790.His system for the automatic flour mill consisted of bucket elevators to raise the grain, a horizontal screw conveyor, other conveying devices and a "hopper boy" to cool and dry the meal before gathering it into a hopper feeding the bolting cylinder. Together these components formed the automatic process, from incoming wheat to outgoing flour packed in barrels. At that time the idea of such automation had not been applied to any manufacturing process in America. The mill opened, on a non-automatic cycle, in 1785. In January 1786 Evans applied to the Delaware legislature for a twenty-five-year patent, which was granted on 30 January 1787 although there was much opposition from the Quaker millers of Wilmington and elsewhere. He also applied for patents in Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Hampshire. In May 1789 he went to see the mill of the four Ellicot brothers, near Baltimore, where he was impressed by the design of a horizontal screw conveyor by Jonathan Ellicot and exchanged the rights to his own elevator for those of this machine. After six years' work on his automatic mill, it was completed in 1790. In the autumn of that year a miller in Brandywine ordered a set of Evans's machinery, which set the trend toward its general adoption. A model of it was shown in the Market Street shop window of Robert Leslie, a watch-and clockmaker in Philadelphia, who also took it to England but was unsuccessful in selling the idea there.In 1790 the Federal Plant Laws were passed; Evans's patent was the third to come within the new legislation. A detailed description with a plate was published in a Philadelphia newspaper in January 1791, the first of a proposed series, but the paper closed and the series came to nothing. His brother Joseph went on a series of sales trips, with the result that some machinery of Evans's design was adopted. By 1792 over one hundred mills had been equipped with Evans's machinery, the millers paying a royalty of $40 for each pair of millstones in use. The series of articles that had been cut short formed the basis of Evans's The Young Millwright and Miller's Guide, published first in 1795 after Evans had moved to Philadelphia to set up a store selling milling supplies; it was 440 pages long and ran to fifteen editions between 1795 and 1860.Evans was fairly successful as a merchant. He patented a method of making millstones as well as a means of packing flour in barrels, the latter having a disc pressed down by a toggle-joint arrangement. In 1801 he started to build a steam carriage. He rejected the idea of a steam wheel and of a low-pressure or atmospheric engine. By 1803 his first engine was running at his store, driving a screw-mill working on plaster of Paris for making millstones. The engine had a 6 in. (15 cm) diameter cylinder with a stroke of 18 in. (45 cm) and also drove twelve saws mounted in a frame and cutting marble slabs at a rate of 100 ft (30 m) in twelve hours. He was granted a patent in the spring of 1804. He became involved in a number of lawsuits following the extension of his patent, particularly as he increased the licence fee, sometimes as much as sixfold. The case of Evans v. Samuel Robinson, which Evans won, became famous and was one of these. Patent Right Oppression Exposed, or Knavery Detected, a 200-page book with poems and prose included, was published soon after this case and was probably written by Oliver Evans. The steam engine patent was also extended for a further seven years, but in this case the licence fee was to remain at a fixed level. Evans anticipated Edison in his proposal for an "Experimental Company" or "Mechanical Bureau" with a capital of thirty shares of $100 each. It came to nothing, however, as there were no takers. His first wife, Sarah, died in 1816 and he remarried, to Hetty Ward, the daughter of a New York innkeeper. He was buried in the Bowery, on Lower Manhattan; the church was sold in 1854 and again in 1890, and when no relative claimed his body he was reburied in an unmarked grave in Trinity Cemetery, 57th Street, Broadway.[br]Further ReadingE.S.Ferguson, 1980, Oliver Evans: Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution, Hagley Museum.G.Bathe and D.Bathe, 1935, Oliver Evans: Chronicle of Early American Engineering, Philadelphia, Pa.IMcN -
22 насадка из керамических плиток
Русско-английский научный словарь > насадка из керамических плиток
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23 room
2) мн. ч. квартира3) место; пространство4) горн. камера; очистная выработка5) цех; отделение•-
aircrew briefing room
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ambulance room
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anechoic room
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announcer room
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apparatus room
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assembly room
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assorting room
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audio control room
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autoclave room
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batch room
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bath room
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battery room
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bio clean room
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blending room
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boiler room
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boning room
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bottling room
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breakup room
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butchering room
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cell room
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central apparatus room
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central control room
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change room
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chilling room
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churn room
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class 100 clean room
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clay room
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clean room
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cloth room
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cold room
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compressor room
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computer room
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computerized news room
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coning room
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continuity and presentation room
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continuity room
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control room
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controlled atmosphere storage room
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cooking room
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crew waiting room
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cross-flow clean room
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cupping room
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curing room
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cutting room
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dark room
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dead room
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digester room
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dispatch room
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dough room
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down flow clean room
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dressing room
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dubbing room
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dump room
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echo room
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editing room
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engine room
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equipment room
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fermentation room
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filling room
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film editing room
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finishing room
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fog room
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forming room
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free-field room
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freezer room
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freezing room
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furnace room
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galvanizing-bath room
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galvanizing room
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garbage room
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gowning room
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grain cleaning room
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graphics room
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grinder room
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grinding room
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habitable room
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hard-wall type clean room
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hoist room
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horizontal Laminar flow clean room
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horizontal flow clean room
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instrument room
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jacketed cold-storage room
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jacketed cold room
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knitting room
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lamp room
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leg room
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lift truck battery room
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machine room
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marine cold room
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marine vessel control room
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mill room
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milling room
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mine rescue room
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mixing room
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mobile studio-control room
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modular clean room
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moist room
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monitor room
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nonlaminar clean room
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open production control room
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open control room
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packing room
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pot room
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prefabricated cold room
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prefabricated-type clean room
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preparation room
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presentation control room
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production control room
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pumping room
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quality control room
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quick-freezing room
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racking room
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reduction room
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relay room
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rerecording room
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reverberant room
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review room
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ripening room
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roasting room
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rumbling room
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salting room
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semiclean room
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sharp-freezing room
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shielded room
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smoking room
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sound control room
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soundproof room
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spinning room
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standing room
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sterilizer room
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storage room
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studio control room
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superclean-space room
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sweating room
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switch room
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tank room
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telecine room
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thaw-room
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tooling room
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tunnel clean room
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turbine room
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unit chemical control room
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unit-type clean room
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utility room
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vertical laminar flow clean room
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vertical flow clean room
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video tape recording room
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viewing room
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vision apparatus room
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waiting room
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warming room -
24 method
1) метод; способ; средство2) система; порядок3) технология4) методика•- method of applying liquid lubrication - method of calculation - method of column analogy - method of comparison - method of connecting - method of determining bending moments by fixed points - method of directions - method of elastic arch - method of elastic weights - method of electric needles - method of exchange of members - method of firing - method of fixed points - method of images - method of initial parameters - method of joints - method of least squares - method of least work - method of limit equilibrium - method of minimum strain energy - method of moments - method of movement - method of operation - method of payment - method of planning - method of production - method of redundant reactions - method of rotations - method of sections - method of separate joint displacement - method of slopes - method of stowage - method of strain measurement method - method of substitute redundant members - method of successive approximations - method of successive corrections - method of training - method of transportation - method of working - method of zero moment points - methods of network planning and control - ad hoc method - advertising method - aero-projection method - air-permeability method - airslide method - approximation method - arbitrary proportions method - area moment method - artificial islands method - ball method of testing - bench method - bidding methods - brush method of treatment timber - building methods - caisson method - cantilever method of design - cassette method of production of thin-slab structures - central mixing method - centre drift method - centrifuge method - centroidal method of design - change-in-stress method - chemical injection method - closed building method - column analogy method of design - compressed-air method of tunnelling - concrete testing method - cone method - construction works quality control method - core-drill method - correlation method - cut-and-cover method - cut-and-try method - cylinder method - deflection method - design methods - development method - dip method - dipping method of treatment timber - effective method - electrolytic method - emulsified-asphalt penetration method - energy method - equal load increments method - equal strain method - error method - fabrication method - fixing method - float and chains method - flow-line conveyer method - force method - graphical method - heading method of tunnelling - hot-air heating standpipe method - hot penetration method - hydraulic fill method - impact method - kinematic method - lacquer film method - land-assembly methods - lift-slab method - limit equilibrium method - limit stage design method - line production method - loading method - magnaflux method - mechanical method by pumps - membrane method of waterproofing - mixed-in-place method - mock-up methods of design - modular ratio method - moire fringe method - moment area method - moment-distribution method - moment-of-inertia method of designing - mud-jack method - mulch method - near end moment distribution method - neutral-points method - non-destructive testing methods - normal method - packing methods - patented method of construction - penetration method - percussive pneumatic method of riveting - photo-elastic method of stress-determination - photo-elasticity method - pilot method - pilot tunnel method - pin-and-string method - pipe-bridge method - plastic method of design - plastic theory method - polarized light method - portal method of design - pounding method of curing concrete - production line method of construction - qualitative methods - quantitative methods - relaxation method - ring-and-ball method - rolled-on method - safe method of heat insulation - safety methods - sampling method - sand-bearing method of testing clay pipes - sand-island method - scheduling method - seismic method of prospecting - simultaneous construction method - slope deflection method - spatial self-fixation erection method - statistical analysis method - stovepipe pipe-laying method - strain-energy method - successive construction method - surface-coating method of waterproofing - synthetic method of restoration - thixotropic liquid method - tilt-up method - top-heading method - transfiguration method - trial-load method - turnover method - ultimate-strength method - ultrasonic pulse velocity method - void method of proportioning - volume method of concrete mix design - volumetric method - water-jet method of pile-driving - weight method - well-point method of excavation - work method - working stress method of design* * *метод, способ; система; порядок; методика; технология- method of analysis
- method of application
- method of attack
- method of bearing and distances
- method of bipolar coordinates
- method of calculation
- method of design
- method of detail survey
- method of elastic weights
- method of electric needles
- method of expansion into series
- method of fixed points
- method of intersection
- method of joint isolation
- method of least work
- methods of manufacture
- method of minimum strain energy
- method of moment distribution
- method of radiation
- method of redistribution of pressure
- method of sections
- method of steam jet
- methods of structural analysis
- method of successive approximations
- methods of testing
- method of water needles
- accepted method of building
- accepted method of house construction
- accurate method of analysis
- adhesive nail-on method
- admittance method
- advanced methods of concreting
- advance slope method
- aggregate exposure method
- air permeability method
- alternate methods
- American method
- analytical method of determining reactions
- API method of pile design
- approximate method
- approximation method
- area method
- area-moment method
- assembly methods
- Austrian method
- autogenous curing method
- balanced cantilever method
- Belgian method
- Benoto method
- bentonite method
- Billner method
- "bin" method
- boiling water method
- boom placement concreting method
- bricklaying methods
- building method
- building block module method
- cable method of rock stressing
- calculation method
- cantilever method
- Chicago method
- circular-arc method
- Coast-Survey method
- collapse method of structural design
- combined finite strip-finite element method
- compaction methods of clays
- conjugate beam method
- consistency measurement method
- construction methods
- construction and erection methods
- contiguous pile method
- continuous-flight augers method
- continuous-sample method of advance
- convergence method
- critical method
- critical path method
- Cross moment distribution method
- Cross method
- cross-section method
- current design methods
- cut-and-cover method
- dampproofing methods
- displacement method
- displacement method of advance
- dual-rail method
- dummy unit-load method
- dust-spot method
- Dutch cone method
- earth pressure balanced tunneling method
- elastic center method
- elastic weights method
- electric analogy method
- electric resisting method
- energy method
- equal friction method of duct sizing
- equal friction method
- equivalent load method
- erection method
- fast track construction methods
- fatigue test method
- finite difference method
- finite element method
- finite strip method
- flight auger method
- flotation caisson method
- flue loss method
- folded plate method of analysis
- force method
- free cantilever method of construction
- general method of analysis
- Glotzl hydraulic cell method
- Gow method
- Hardy Cross method
- housing appraisal method
- in-duct method
- industrialized methods of construction
- iterative method
- jack method
- jacking method
- lacquer curtain coating method
- laser beam method
- leap-frog method
- limit equilibrium method
- limit state method
- listening methods
- load factor design method
- mandrel method
- mathematical method of design
- matrix method of structural analysis
- maturity method
- measuring method
- mixed-mode method
- mix-in-place method
- modern building methods
- modular ratio method
- moiré fringe method
- moment-balance method
- nondestructive methods of tests
- normal method of quality control
- null method
- numerical method
- one-rail method
- optical square method
- permissible stress method
- phototheodolite method
- plastic methods of structural analysis
- plate count method
- precast concrete manufacturing methods
- pressuremeter method
- proven construction methods
- p-y method of pile design
- rapid test method
- ratio method of balancing
- rebound hammer method
- reference point method
- relaxation method
- reproducible methods
- resistivity method
- resonant-frequency method
- reverberant field method
- Rockwell method of hardness testing
- safe method
- safe working methods
- secant interlocking pile method
- secant pile method
- seismic method of surveying
- seismic reflection method
- seismic refraction method
- semiprobabilistic design method
- shear transfer method
- shock response method of pile testing
- sliding-wedge method
- slope deflection method
- solar radiation method
- sonic method
- special method of quality control
- standard test method
- static regain method of duct sizing
- static regain method
- statistical design method
- step-by-step method
- strength design method
- strength evaluation method
- successive approximations method
- suspended cantilever method
- swamp shooting method
- Tagg method
- tangent modulus method
- test methods
- Theis method
- thixotropic liquid method
- three-point method
- tilt-up method
- time-saving method of construction
- TNO method of analysis
- TNO method of pile testing
- transit and stadia method
- tremie method
- truss analogy method
- turn-of-nut method
- ultrasonic pulse velocity method
- vacuum concrete method of bridge construction
- valveless pulse-jet method
- vane shear method
- velocity reduction method of duct sizing
- velocity reduction method
- vibratory method
- Vickers method of hardness testing
- volume method of measuring aggregates
- warm water method
- water fog spray method
- western bricklaying method
- western method
- working-stress design method -
25 ball
1. n шарthe Earth is a ball — Земля — шар
meat balls — фрикадельки, тефтели
2. n шаровидный объектball of earth — «стул», ком земли, окружающий корни растения
3. n мячdead ball, ball out of play — мяч вне игры
to fist out a ball, to fist a ball out — отбить мяч кулаком
4. n спорт. удар, бросокobject ball — шар, на который направлен удар
5. n пуля; снаряд; ядро6. n амер. бейсбол7. n вет. пилюля8. n редк. баллотировочный шар9. n бот. шаровидный плод10. n бот. семенная коробочкаseed ball — сросток, клубок семян; семенная коробочка
11. n бот. клубок12. n бот. уст. держава13. n груб. яйца14. n груб. чушь, вздор15. n груб. дерзость; хладнокровие10. закруглённая или выдающаяся часть
ball of the eye — анат. глазное яблоко
ball of the knee — анат. коленная чашка
ball of the thumb — анат. возвышение большого пальца руки, тенар
ball of lead — сл. башка
ball of wax — сл. всё на свете; всё с начала до конца, всё возможное
to have smth. on the ball — сл. обладать способностями, ловкостью, талантом; быть ловким
get on the ball! — амер. скорей!, пошевеливайся!
to catch the ball before the bound — поспешить, не выждать удобного момента; забегать вперёд
16. v собирать, свивать в клубок; комкать17. v свиваться в клубок; сжиматься в комок18. v неприст. иметь сношение, спать19. n балfancy-dress ball — костюмированный бал; бал-маскарад
20. n сл. приятное времяпрепровождениеСинонимический ряд:1. dance (noun) assembly; cotillion; dance; dancing-party; masquerade; prom; promenade; reception2. shot (noun) bullet; lead slug; missile; projectile; shell; shot3. sphere (noun) balloon; baseball; basketball; billiard ball; football; globe; orb; pellet; rondure; round; sphere4. conglobate (verb) conglobate; conglobe; ensphere; round; sphere -
26 gob
1. n диал. вульг. комок; кусок2. n диал. вульг. глоток3. n диал. вульг. плевок4. n диал. вульг. кругленькая сумма денег5. n прост. рот, глотка6. n амер. разг. моряк7. n горн. пустая порода8. n горн. завал, выработанное пространство9. v горн. оставлять в обрушениях негодный уголь10. v горн. закладывать выработанный штрек пустой породойСинонимический ряд:1. lump of earth (noun) ball of dirt; bit; bit of soil; chunk; clod; clump; earth; hunch; hunk; lump; lump of clay; lump of earth; nugget; wad2. mouth (noun) mouth3. sailor (noun) mariner; navigator; sailor; seafarer; seaman
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