-
1 cemen(cén)
spelt "kemen" in some sources, "cemen" in others noun "earth" VT44:34, Cemenyë "k" "and Earth" VT47:11. Cemen refers to the earth as a flat floor beneath menel, the heavens SA:kemen; "soil, earth" KEM,LT1:257. At one stage, Tolkien intended cemen to be the genitive of cén; later cemen became the nominative, and the status of cén is uncertain. See Kementári. Locative cemessë, cemenzë really spelt with c rather than k in one version, but also kemenze in the Quenya Lord's Prayer; later changed to kemendë, cemendë VT43:17 -
2 enel
prep. "between" = "at the central position in a row, list, series, etc. but also applied to the case of three persons" VT47:11. This preposition refers to the position of a thing between others of the same kind; compare imbë. -
3 nir-
vb. "press, thrust, force in a given direction" "Though applicable to the pressure of a person on others, by mind and 'will' as well as by physical strength, this verb could also be used of physical pressures exerted by inanimates." Given as a 1st person aorist nirin VT41:17. Pa.t. probably *nindë since the R of nir- was originally D the base is given as NID; compare rer- pa.t. rendë from RED concerning the past tense -
4 ó-
usually reduced to o- when unstressed a prefix "used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units". In omentië, onóna, ónoni, q.v. WJ:367, PE17:191; in the Etymologies, stem WŌ, the prefix o-, ó- is simply defined as "together". In VT43:29 is found a table showing how pronominal endings can be added to the preposition ó-; the resulting forms are onyë or óni *"with me", ómë *"with us" also in VT43:36, where "us" is said to be exclusive, ólyë or ólë *"with you" olyë only sg. "you", whereas ólë can be either sg. or pl., ósë *"with him/her", ótë *"with them" of animates where "them" refers to non-persons, óta or shortened ót is used, though the conceptual validity of ta as a pl. pronoun is questionable, ósa or shortened ós "with it". Two additional forms, ótar and ótari, presumably mean with them of inanimate things; see VT49:56 for a possible second attestation of tar as the word for plural inanimate they. However, Tolkien's later decision to the effect that ó- refers to two parties only may throw doubt upon the conceptual validity of some of these forms, where at least three persons would be implied like ótë "with them", where one person is "with" two or more others though Tolkien indicates that two groups may also be involved where the preposition ó- is used. The explicit statement in WJ:367 that the prepostion o variant of ó did not exist independently in Quenya is however difficult to get around, so instead using the preposition ó/o with or without endings for "with", writers may rather use as, the form appearing in the last version of Tolkien's Quenya Hail Mary also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with you". -
5 par-
vb. learn acquire information, not by experience or observation, but by communication, by the instruction, or by written accounts, of others. Paranyë apárien parmanen, I am learning have learnt by means of a book PE17:180. It may be that Tolkien at some point intended the root par- to mean write, cf. loiparë.
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