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opération+de+change

  • 121 plan

    m (G planu) 1. (program działania) plan, scheme; (rozkład zajęć) schedule; (godzinowy) timetable
    - plan działania/kampanii a plan of action/of campaign
    - plan dyżurów a duty roster
    - plan lekcji Szkol. a (school) timetable
    - plan zajęć Uniw. a timetable, a class schedule
    - plan ucieczki an escape plan
    - plan wycieczki an itinerary, a travel plan
    - plan wydawniczy a planned publishing list, planned publications
    - narodowy plan gospodarczy a national economic plan
    - plan krótkoterminowy/długoterminowy a short-term/a long-term plan
    - plan pięcioletni a five-year plan
    - plan sześciopunktowy a six-point plan
    - sporządzić plan to draw up a. work out a plan
    - trzymać się planu to keep to a. stick to a plan
    - wszystko odbyło się zgodnie z planem everything went according to plan a. as planned
    - zatwierdzić/wykonać plan to approve/carry out a. implement a plan
    2. zw. pl (zamiar) plan
    - zmiana planów a change of plans
    - zmienić plany to change one’s plans
    - jakie masz plany na ten weekend? what are your plans for the weekend?
    - mieć plany co do swoich dzieci/co do przyszłości dzieci to have plans for one’s children/for one’s children’s future
    - mam co do Anny poważne plany, chciałbym się z nią ożenić I’m serious about Anna, I’d like to marry her
    - snuć plany to devise a. make plans
    - robić plany na przyszłość to plan ahead, to make plans for the future
    - zwierzyć się komuś ze swych planów to let sb in on one’s plans
    - mieć coś w planie to be planning sth
    - mieć w planie wyjazd za granicę to be planning to go abroad
    - w planie jest budowa nowej autostrady there are plans to build a new highway
    - plan się udał a. powiódł the plan worked
    - plan się nie udał a. nie powiódł the plan fell through a. didn’t work a. failed
    - pokrzyżować komuś plany to cross a. foil a. thwart sb’s plans
    - zniweczyć czyjeś plany to ruin sb’s plans
    - wprowadzić plan w życie to put a plan into operation a. to work
    3. (konspekt) plan
    - plan wypracowania/opowiadania an essay/a story outline
    - plan lekcji a lesson plan
    4. (miasta, marszruty) plan, map; (pomieszczeń, ogrodu) layout
    - plan Warszawy (mapa) a street plan of Warsaw; (booklet) a street guide to Warsaw
    - plan pokoju the layout of a room
    5. Archit., Budow. (projekt) plan, design; (światłokopia) blueprint
    - plan parteru/piętra a ground/a floor plan
    - narysować plan pawilonu/maszyny to draw up a plan of a pavilion/a machine
    6. Archit. (podstawa) plan
    - budowla na planie krzyża/koła a building on a cruciform/circular plan
    7. Szt., Kino, Teatr pierwszy/drugi plan the foreground/the background także przen.
    - na pierwszym/drugim planie in the foreground/background
    - być na pierwszym planie przen. to be of prime importance
    - w naszym domu muzyka była zawsze na pierwszym planie in our home music was always the first a. top priority
    - wysunąć się na pierwszy plan, znaleźć się na pierwszym planie przen. to come to the fore
    - zejść na dalszy a. drugi plan przen. to recede into the background
    - odsunąć a. zepchnąć coś na dalszy plan przen. to push sth into the background a. to the back
    8. Kino (miejsce kręcenia filmu) (film) set; (plener) location
    - plan ogólny a long shot
    - na planie on set
    - na planie „Batmana” on the set of ‘Batman’
    - wyjść na plan/zejść z planu to go on/walk off set
    9 przen. level, plane
    - akcja powieści rozgrywa się w dwóch planach czasowych the action of the novel takes place on two different time planes
    - plan realistyczny/symboliczny a realistic/a symbolic level a. plane
    □ plan awaryjny contingency plan
    - plan ewakuacyjny emergency evacuation plan
    - plan generalny master plan
    - plan kasowy Fin. fiscal a. financial plan
    - plan operacyjny a. strategiczny operational a. strategic plan, plan of operations
    - plan perspektywiczny long-term plan
    - plan regulacyjny Archit. regulating plan
    - plan sytuacyjny Archit. site plan
    - plan zbawienia a. Boży Relig. God’s plan (of salvation)
    - plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego Archit. development plan
    * * *
    -nu, -ny; loc sg - nie; m
    ( zamiar) plan; ( urlopów) schedule; ( działania) scheme; (wypracowania, wykładu) outline; ( mapa) street map; FILM set; ( plener) location

    pokrzyżować ( perf) czyjeś plany — to thwart sb's plans

    plan zajęć — ( godzinowy) timetable; ( tematyczny) syllabus

    według planu lub zgodnie z planem — according to plan

    drugi lub dalszy plan — background

    zejść ( perf) na drugi lub dalszy plan — to recede into the background

    * * *
    mi
    1. (= zamiar) intention; ( działania) scheme; pokrzyżować czyjeś plany upset the l. sb's applecart, thwart sb's plans; mieć w planie plan; według planu l. zgodnie z planem according to the plan, as planned.
    2. (= rozkład zajęć, czynności) schedule, timetable; plan podróży itinerary; plan działania action plan; plan inwestycyjny investment plan; plan perspektywiczny long-term plan.
    3. (= zarys) blueprint, design; (wypracowania, wykładu) outline.
    4. (= rysunek) plan, map; plan miasta street map; na planie prostokąta of rectangular plan; plan badań naukowych research project; plan sytuacyjny l. działki site plan.
    5. film, telew. (= odległość od kamery, oka widza) ground; drugi plan background; pierwszy plan foreground; być na pierwszym planie be in the foreground l. forefront; wysuwać się na pierwszy plan come to the fore; zejść na drugi l. dalszy plan recede l. fade into the background l. distance.
    6. film ( poza studiem) location; ( w studiu) set; na planie filmowym on location.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > plan

  • 122 evolucionar

    v.
    1 to evolve (progresar) (sociedad, situación).
    el paciente no evoluciona the patient isn't making any progress
    2 to carry out maneuvers (military).
    * * *
    1 (gen) to evolve, develop
    2 (dar vueltas) to turn
    3 MILITAR to manoeuvre (US maneuver)
    \
    evolucionar a pasos agigantados to take giant strides
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VI
    1) (Bio) to evolve
    2) (=desarrollarse) to evolve, develop
    3) (Med) to progress
    4) (Mil) to manoeuvre, maneuver (EEUU)
    5) (Aer) to circle
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) (Biol) to evolve
    b) ideas/sociedad/ciencia to develop, evolve
    c) enfermo to progress

    su estado evoluciona favorablemente — (frml) his condition is improving

    2) avión/pájaro to circle; gimnasta to move; patinador to skate
    * * *
    = evolve, grow, undergo + evolution, develop.
    Ex. Virtually all software packages offer the purchaser the opportunity to evolve a record format which suits a specific application.
    Ex. No true reader can be expected to grow on a diet of prescribed texts only regardless of how well chosen they are.
    Ex. The communications capabilities of office microcomputers have undergone startling evolution since the early 1980s.
    Ex. The economics journal system has not grown and developed in a structured fashion, which has resulted in overspill into report literature.
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) (Biol) to evolve
    b) ideas/sociedad/ciencia to develop, evolve
    c) enfermo to progress

    su estado evoluciona favorablemente — (frml) his condition is improving

    2) avión/pájaro to circle; gimnasta to move; patinador to skate
    * * *
    = evolve, grow, undergo + evolution, develop.

    Ex: Virtually all software packages offer the purchaser the opportunity to evolve a record format which suits a specific application.

    Ex: No true reader can be expected to grow on a diet of prescribed texts only regardless of how well chosen they are.
    Ex: The communications capabilities of office microcomputers have undergone startling evolution since the early 1980s.
    Ex: The economics journal system has not grown and developed in a structured fashion, which has resulted in overspill into report literature.

    * * *
    vi
    A
    1 ( Biol) to evolve
    2 «ideas/sociedad/ciencia» to develop, evolve
    su estado de salud evoluciona favorablemente ( frml); his condition is improving
    ¿cómo está evolucionando el enfermo? how is the patient progressing?
    todo depende de cómo evolucione el conflicto it all depends on how the conflict develops
    B «avión/pájaro» to circle; «gimnasta» to move; «patinador» to skate
    * * *

     

    evolucionar ( conjugate evolucionar) verbo intransitivo
    a) (Biol) to evolve

    b) [ideas/sociedad/ciencia] to develop, evolve


    evolucionar verbo intransitivo
    1 Biol to evolve
    2 (funcionar, desarrollarse) to develop: su hijo está evolucionando favorablemente, your son is making satisfactory progress
    ' evolucionar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    evolve
    - progress
    * * *
    1. [progresar] [sociedad, situación, negociaciones] to develop, to progress;
    [enfermo] to make progress;
    una sociedad muy evolucionada a highly developed society;
    esta tecnología ha evolucionado mucho the technology has developed a great deal;
    después de la operación evoluciona favorablemente his progress since the operation has been satisfactory;
    el paciente no evoluciona the patient isn't making any progress
    2. [cambiar] to change;
    mis padres han evolucionado con los años my parents have changed with the years
    3. [especies] to evolve
    4. [moverse]
    el jugador evolucionaba en la banda the player was warming up on the sidelines;
    el avión evolucionaba sobre la ciudad the plane was flying over the city
    5. Mil to carry out manoeuvres
    * * *
    v/i
    1 BIO evolve
    2 ( desarrollar) develop
    * * *
    1) : to evolve
    2) : to change, to develop
    * * *
    1. (en biología) to evolve
    2. (desarrollarse) to develop

    Spanish-English dictionary > evolucionar

  • 123 reponer

    v.
    1 to replace.
    Ellos reponen el queso They replace the cheese.
    Ellos repusieron el dinero They replaced the money.
    2 to rerun (Cine & Teatro).
    3 to fill in for, to replace.
    Ellos repusieron a María They filled in for Mary.
    4 to reimburse.
    Ellos repusieron el préstamo They reimbursed the loan.
    5 to reinstate.
    Ellos repusieron el reglamento They reinstated the rules.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ PONER], like link=poner poner (pp repuesto,-a)
    1 (devolver) to put back, replace, restore
    2 (reemplazar) to replace
    3 (en el teatro) to put on again, restage; (en el cine) to rerun; (en televisión) to repeat
    4 (replicar) to reply, retort
    1 (salud, susto) to recover
    * * *
    ( pp repuesto)
    1. VT
    1) [+ productos, surtido] to replenish
    2) (=devolver) [+ objeto dañado] to replace, pay for, pay for the replacement of
    3) [en un cargo] to reinstate
    4) (=recuperar)
    5) (Teat) to revive, put on again; (TV) to repeat
    6) frm (=replicar) to reply ( que that)
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( reemplazar) < existencias> to replace; < dinero> to put back, repay
    b) <funcionario/trabajador> to reinstate
    c) < obra> to put... on again, revive; < serie> to repeat, rerun; < película> to show... again
    2) ( replicar) to reply
    2.
    reponerse v pron to recover
    * * *
    = replenish, rerun [re-run], re-release [rerelease].
    Ex. The supply would need to be replenished when the multiple copies had been used, so a master would be kept - usually for offset litho reproduction or for cutting a stencil on an electronic scanner.
    Ex. Sometimes it is necessary to rerun the setup process, either to install a new database driver or change other configuration settings.
    Ex. He is planning to re-release some of the most famous songs from his back catalogue in an attempt to reignite his career.
    ----
    * reponer fuerzas = gather + energy.
    * reponerse = rally + Reflexivo, rally, pick up + the pieces.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( reemplazar) < existencias> to replace; < dinero> to put back, repay
    b) <funcionario/trabajador> to reinstate
    c) < obra> to put... on again, revive; < serie> to repeat, rerun; < película> to show... again
    2) ( replicar) to reply
    2.
    reponerse v pron to recover
    * * *
    = replenish, rerun [re-run], re-release [rerelease].

    Ex: The supply would need to be replenished when the multiple copies had been used, so a master would be kept - usually for offset litho reproduction or for cutting a stencil on an electronic scanner.

    Ex: Sometimes it is necessary to rerun the setup process, either to install a new database driver or change other configuration settings.
    Ex: He is planning to re-release some of the most famous songs from his back catalogue in an attempt to reignite his career.
    * reponer fuerzas = gather + energy.
    * reponerse = rally + Reflexivo, rally, pick up + the pieces.

    * * *
    vt
    A
    1 (reemplazar) ‹existencias› to replace; ‹dinero› to put back, repay
    tendrás que reponer los vasos que rompas/el café que uses you'll have to replace any glasses you break/any coffee you use
    un descanso para reponer fuerzas a rest to get our strength back
    2 ‹funcionario/trabajador› to reinstate
    ha sido repuesto en su cargo he has been reinstated in his job
    3 ‹obra› to put … on again, revive; ‹serie› to repeat, rerun; ‹película› to show … again
    B (replicar) to reply
    a lo que repuso que no tendría inconveniente to which she replied that she could have no objections
    to recover
    está totalmente repuesto he has made a complete recovery, he is o has completely recovered
    reponerse DE algo to recover FROM sth
    reponerse de un susto/una enfermedad to recover from o get over a shock/an illness
    * * *

     

    reponer ( conjugate reponer) verbo transitivo

    ‹ dinero› to put back, repay;

    b) ‹funcionario/trabajador› to reinstate

    c) ‹ obra› to put … on again, revive;

    ‹ serie› to repeat, rerun;
    ‹ película› to show … again
    reponerse verbo pronominal
    to recover
    reponer verbo transitivo
    1 (una cosa) to put back, replace
    reponer existencias, to restock
    reponer fuerzas, to get one's strength back
    2 (a una persona en un puesto) to reinstate
    3 (a una afirmación) to reply
    4 (una obra: de teatro) to put on again, revive
    (: cinematográfica) to rerun
    (: de TV) to repeat
    ' reponer' also found in these entries:
    English:
    repeat
    - rerun
    - restock
    - series
    - replace
    - replenish
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [sustituir] [existencias, trabajador] to replace;
    repuso el dinero en la caja he put the money back in the till, he returned the money to the till
    2. [restituir] [en un cargo] to reinstate;
    repusieron al secretario en su cargo the secretary was reinstated in his post
    3. [película] to rerun;
    [obra] to revive; [serie] to repeat, to rerun
    4. [replicar] to reply;
    repuso que le parecía muy bien he replied that he thought it was a very good idea
    5. [recuperar]
    haremos una parada para reponer fuerzas we'll make a stop to get our strength back
    * * *
    <part repuesto > v/t
    1 existencias replace
    2 TEA obra revive;
    reponer una película rerun the original version of a movie
    3
    :
    reponer fuerzas get one’s strength back
    * * *
    reponer {60} vt
    1) : to replace, to put back
    2) : to reinstate
    3) : to reply
    * * *
    1. (en general) to replace
    2. (programa) to show again [pt. showed; pp. shown]

    Spanish-English dictionary > reponer

  • 124 kjønnsskifteoperasjon

    subst. sex change, sex change operation

    Norsk-engelsk ordbok > kjønnsskifteoperasjon

  • 125 уставка

    Уставка (задатчика регулятора)
     It is used to set an analog output which determines the fuel valve setting.
    Устанавливать - to identify, to establish (определять); to install, to erect, to set up (монтировать); to fit, to retrofit (при реконструкции или ремонте); to place, to position, to interpose, to align, to accept (размещать); to set, to adjust (задатчиком, выключателем и т.п.); to set, to stipulate (назначать); to trace (источник, причину); to isolate, to locate (причину неисправности); to install (компьютерную программу)
     Within the chamber, six relatively coarse mesh screens were installed to promote temperature uniformity.
     Many of the optional features will be visible on the display in the setup menu, but are not selectable until the options are installed.
     Experimental water tempering systems were set up on two different boilers to assess the effects on boiler tubes.
     The downstream end of the chamber accepts various endplates into which orifices of various geometry are machined. (На нижнем конце камеры устанавливаются...)
     They identified a first critical Reynolds number of 380 at which the local maximum first appears.
     It is necessary to establish the accuracy of the proposed method.
     The signal conditioner gain was set so that a water level change of 10 cm produced an output change of 1 V.
     Lubrication flow rates were adjusted during operation.
     The sulfur was traced to a direct-fired air heater, operated with 50 percent excess air and number two fuel oil. (Установили, что сера [попадала в газ] в воздухоподогревателе...)

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > уставка

  • 126 сдавать

    I несов. - сдава́ть, сов. - сдать; (вн.)

    сдава́ть бельё в пра́чечную — take one's linen to the laundry

    сдава́ть ве́щи в бага́ж — check in one's luggage

    сдава́ть бага́ж на хране́ние — leave / deposit one's luggage in the cloakroom

    сдава́ть пи́сьма (на почту) — hand in letters at the post office

    сдава́ть (пусты́е) буты́лки, сдава́ть стеклота́ру — return empties

    сдава́ть кровь (быть донором) — donate blood

    сдава́ть ста́рый автомоби́ль в счёт поку́пки но́вого — trade in the old car for a new one

    2) (подавать для рассмотрения, обработки, проверки и т.п.) hand in (d), give in (d); submit (d)

    студе́нтка сдала́ рабо́ту по́сле назна́ченного сро́ка — the student handed in her paper after the deadline

    сдава́ть кни́ги в библиоте́ку — return books to the library

    про́сьба сдать прибо́ры для синхро́нного перево́да — please return [give in] your headsets for simultaneous interpretation

    4) (осуществлять формальную передачу дел, объекта другому лицу, организации) turn over (d); deliver (d)

    сдава́ть дела́ — turn over one's duties

    сдава́ть дежу́рство / пост — go off duty

    сдава́ть в эксплуата́цию — put (d) into operation / service

    сдава́ть под ключ (вн.) — deliver (d) on a turnkey basis

    5) ( отдавать внаём) let (d), let out (d) брит.; rent (d) (out) амер.

    сдава́ть в аре́нду — lease (d), grant on lease (d)

    6) несов. (экзаменоваться, тж. сдава́ть экза́мен) take an exam (in); сов. pass the exam (in)

    сдава́ть экза́мен по исто́рии [фи́зике], сдава́ть исто́рию [фи́зику] разг. — take one's history [physics] exam

    сдава́ть ана́лизы разг. — undergo (medical) tests

    сдава́ть мочу́ (на ана́лиз) — have one's urine tested; leave a sample of one's urine for testing

    8) ( отдавать неприятелю) surrender (d), yield (d)
    9) разг. (выдавать, раскрывать имена) give away (d); ( предавать) betray (d)

    они́ сдаду́т свои́х ны́нешних покрови́телей, как то́лько положе́ние изме́нится — they will betray their current protectors as soon as the situation changes

    она́ сдала́ ему́ три́дцать рубле́й — she gave him thirty roubles change

    11) карт. deal (round) (d)

    кому́ сдава́ть? — whose deal is it?

    ••

    сдава́ть пози́ции — lose ground

    II несов. - сдава́ть, сов. - сдать
    ( ослабевать) be weakened, be in a reduced state

    он о́чень сдал по́сле боле́зни — he looks much worse after his illness; ( постарел) he looks years older after his illness

    се́рдце сда́ло — the heart gave out

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > сдавать

  • 127 пересадка

    ж
    1) (на другой поезд и т.д.) transfer, change [ʧeɪnʤ]

    сде́лать переса́дку — change trains

    я опозда́л на переса́дку — I missed a connection

    2) мед transplantation

    опера́ция по переса́дке се́рдца — heart transplant operation

    Американизмы. Русско-английский словарь. > пересадка

  • 128 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

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