-
1 surface de but
Partie de la surface de réparation délimitée par la ligne de but et deux lignes tracées perpendiculairement à la ligne de but, à 5,50 m de l'intérieur de chaque montant du but, qui avancent sur le terrain de jeu sur une distance de 5,50 m et par une ligne tracée parallèlement à la ligne de but, réunissant ces deux lignes.► Un coup franc accordé à l'équipe défendant dans sa propre surface de but peut être exécuté de n'importe quel point de la surface de but. Un coup franc indirect accordé à l'équipe attaquante dans la surface de but de l' équipe adverse doit être exécuté de la ligne de la surface de but qui est parallèle à la ligne de but, et ce au point le plus proche de l'endroit où la faute a été commise.
Part of the penalty area bounded by the goal line and two lines drawn at right angles to the goal line, each 5.5 m (6 yds) from the inside of the nearest goalpost, extending into the field of play for a distance of 5.5 m (6 yds) and joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line.► A free kick awarded to the defending team inside its own goal area is taken from any point within the goal area. An indirect free kick awarded to the attacking team in the opposing team's goal area is taken from the goal area line parallel to the goal line at the point nearest to where the infringement occurred.
Syn. six-yard boxDictionnaire Français-Anglais (UEFA Football) > surface de but
-
2 surface technique
Zone à côté d'un terrain de jeu offrant des places assises pour le personnel d'encadrement technique et les remplaçants d'une équipe, et s'étendant, sur les côtés, à un 1 m de part et d'autre des places assises et, vers l'avant, jusqu'à 1 m de la ligne de touche.► Dans la surface technique, qui est contrôlée par le quatrième officiel, seule une personne à la fois est autorisée à donner des instructions, cette personne doit retourner à sa place immédiatement après avoir donné ses instructions.
Area which extends 1 m (1 yd) on either side of the designated seated area for technical staff and substitutes and forward up to a distance of 1 m (1 yd) from the touchline.► In the technical area, which is controlled by the fourth official, only one person at a time is authorised to convey tactical instructions and must return to his position after giving these instructions.
Dictionnaire Français-Anglais (UEFA Football) > surface technique
-
3 surface de réparation
Espace situé à chaque extrémité du terrain, délimité par la ligne de but et deux lignes tracées perpendiculairement à la ligne de but, à 16,50 m de l'intérieur de chaque montant du but, qui avancent sur le terrain de jeu sur une distance de 16,50 m et qui sont réunies par une ligne tracée parallèlement à la ligne de but.Rectangular part of the field of play in front of each goal formed by the goal line and a parallel line 16.5 m (18 yds) from it, and by two lines at right angles to these lines each 16.5 m (18 yds) from the inside of each goalpost.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais (UEFA Football) > surface de réparation
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4 surface active d’une électrode, f
рабочая поверхность электрода химического источника тока
рабочая поверхность электрода
Участок поверхности электрода химического источника тока, находящийся в контакте с электролитом и на котором происходит электрохимическая реакция.
[ ГОСТ 15596-82]EN
active surface of an electrode
interface between an electrolyte and an electrode where the electrode reaction takes place
[IEV number 482-02-26]FR
surface active d’une électrode, f
interface entre un électrolyte et une électrode où se produit une réaction à l'électrode
[IEV number 482-02-26]Тематики
Классификация
>>>EN
DE
- aktive Oberfläche einer Elektrode, f
FR
- surface active d’une électrode, f
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > surface active d’une électrode, f
-
5 ruissellement de surface
поверхностный сток воды
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
surface runoff
Water that travels over the soil surface to the nearest surface stream; runoff of a drainage basin that has not passed beneath the surface since precipitation. (Source: BJGEO)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > ruissellement de surface
-
6 image contour d’une surface
контурная картина поверхности
Совокупность линий пересечения реальной поверхности эквидистантными сечениями.
[ ГОСТ 25142-82( СТ СЭВ 1156-78)]Тематики
Обобщающие термины
- поверхность, профиль и базы отсчета
EN
FR
- image contour d’une surface
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > image contour d’une surface
-
7 monté en surface
смонтированный на поверхности
-
[IEV number 151-16-41]EN
surface-mounted, adj
qualifies a device mounted on a mechanical structure so that the body of the device projects entirely in front of the mounting surface of the structure
[IEV number 151-16-41]FR
monté en surface, adj
qualifie un dispositif monté sur une structure mécanique de façon à se trouver entièrement en avant de la surface de montage
[IEV number 151-16-41]EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > monté en surface
-
8 réduction de la surface boisée
разрушение лесного покрова
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
forest cover destruction
Destruction of forests is carried out in many countries in order to provide new land for agricultural or livestock purposes. It is often done without factors such as climate and topography having been sufficiently studied and on lands where slope nature of the soil or other physiographic characteristics clearly indicate that the land involved is suitable only for forest. Although these practices may lead to a temporary increase in productivity, there are also many indications that in the long run there is usually a decrease in productivity per unit of surface and that erosion and irreversible soil deterioration often accompany this process. Many factors contribute to forest cover destruction: timber production, clearance for agriculture, cutting for firewood and charcoal, fires, droughts, strip mining, pollution, urban development, population pressures, and warfare. (Source: WPR)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > réduction de la surface boisée
-
9 étanchéité de la surface du sol
герметичный слой на поверхности почвы
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil surface sealing
Any activity or process in which ground surface areas are packed or plugged to prevent percolation or the passage of fluids. (Source: SIS / ERG)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > étanchéité de la surface du sol
-
10 ligne de la surface de but
Marquage du terrain, composé des trois lignes qui délimitent, avec la ligne de but, la surface de but.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais (UEFA Football) > ligne de la surface de but
-
11 ligne de la surface de réparation
Marquage du terrain de jeu délimitant la surface de réparation.Line delimiting the penalty area.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais (UEFA Football) > ligne de la surface de réparation
-
12 coefficient de transmission thermique à la frontiere du film d'huile et de la surface du palier
- коэффициент теплопередачи на границе смазочного слоя и поверхности подшипника
коэффициент теплопередачи на границе смазочного слоя и поверхности подшипника
ki
[ ГОСТ ИСО 4378-4-2001]Тематики
EN
- coefficient of heat transfer at the boundary of lubricant film and bearing surface
FR
- coefficient de transmission thermique à la frontiere du film d'huile et de la surface du palier
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > coefficient de transmission thermique à la frontiere du film d'huile et de la surface du palier
-
13 zone de tolérance de perpendicularité d'une ligne par rapport à une surface, dans la direction de la flèche
- поле допуска перпендикулярности оси (или прямой) относительно плоскости в заданном направлении
поле допуска перпендикулярности оси (или прямой) относительно плоскости в заданном направлении
Область на плоскости заданного направления, ограниченная двумя параллельными прямыми, отстоящими друг от друга на расстоянии, равном допуску перпендикулярности TPR и перпендикулярности к базовой плоскости.
[ ГОСТ 24642-81]Тематики
Обобщающие термины
EN
- tolerance zone of perpendicularity of a line with reference to a datum surface in the specified direction
DE
- Zone der Richtwinkligkeitstoleranz einer Geraden zu einer Ebene in einer vorgegebenen Richtung
FR
- zone de tolérance de perpendicularité d'une ligne par rapport à une surface, dans la direction de la flèche
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > zone de tolérance de perpendicularité d'une ligne par rapport à une surface, dans la direction de la flèche
-
14 contrainte de traction, rapportée à la surface de la section transversale
прочность при разрыве относительно площади поперечного сечения
МПа (кН/см2)
Усилие, при котором разрушилась проба, отнесенное к площади начального поперечного сечения пробы.
[ ГОСТ Р 53225-2008]Тематики
EN
- tensile stress, related to the cross-sectional area of the specimen
FR
- contrainte de traction, rapportée à la surface de la section transversale
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > contrainte de traction, rapportée à la surface de la section transversale
-
15 ligne de fuite
длина пути утечки изолятора
Кратчайшее расстояние или сумма кратчайших расстояний по контуру наружной изоляционной поверхности между частями, находящимися под разными электрическими потенциалами.
Примечание. Кратчайшее расстояние, измеренное по поверхности цементного шва или токопроводящего соединительного материала, не является составной частью длины пути утечки.
Если на часть изоляционной поверхности наносят полупроводящую глазурь, то эту часть следует рассматривать как эффективную изоляционную поверхность, а кратчайшее расстояние по ней включать в длину пути утечки.
[ ГОСТ 27744-88]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
расстояние утечки
Кратчайшее расстояние по поверхности изоляционного материала между двумя токопроводящими1) частями.
Примечание. Стык между двумя элементами из изоляционного материала считают частью поверхности.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]
расстояние утечки (см. приложение В)
Кратчайшее расстояние по поверхности изоляционного материала между двумя токопроводящими1) частями.
Примечание — При определении расстояния утечки относительно доступных частей следует рассматривать доступную поверхность изоляционной оболочки как токопроводящую, как если бы она была покрыта металлической фольгой во всех местах, где ее можно коснуться рукой или стандартным испытательным пальцем в соответствии с рисунком 9
[ ГОСТ Р 50345-99( МЭК 60898-95)]
расстояние утечки по поверхности
-
[IEV number 151-15-50]
путь утечки
Кратчайшее расстояние вдоль поверхности изоляции между двумя проводящими частями или между проводящей частью и доступной поверхностью.
[ ГОСТ Р 52161. 1-2004 ( МЭК 60335-1: 2001)]EN
creepage distance
shortest distance along the surface of an insulating material between two conductive parts
NOTE - A joint between two pieces of insulating material is considered part of the surface.
[IEC 60947-1, ed. 5.0 (2007-06)]
creepage distance
shortest distance along the surface of an insulating material between two conductive parts
NOTE - For the purpose of determining a creepage distance to accessible parts, the accessible surface of an insulating enclosure is considered conductive as if it was covered by a metal foil wherever it can be touched by a hand or a standard test finger according to figure 9.
[IEC 60898-1, ed. 1.0 (2002-01)]
creepage distance
shortest distance along the surface of insulation between two conductive parts or between a conductive part and the accessible surface
[IEC 60335-1, ed. 4.0 (2001-05)]
creepage distance
shortest distance along the surface of a solid insulating material between two conductive parts
[IEV number 151-15-50]FR
ligne de fuite
distance la plus courte le long de la surface d'une matière isolante entre deux parties conductrices
NOTE - Un joint entre deux portions de matière isolante est considéré comme faisant partie de la surface.
[IEC 60947-1, ed. 5.0 (2007-06)]
ligne de fuite
distance la plus courte le long de la surface d'une matière isolante entre deux parties conductrices
NOTE - Pour la détermination d'une ligne de fuite pour des parties accessibles, la surface accessible d'une enveloppe isolante est considérée comme conductrice comme si elle était recouverte d'une feuille métallique à tout endroit où elle peut être touchée par la main ou par le doigt d'essai normalisé conforme à la figure 9.
[IEC 60898-1, ed. 1.0 (2002-01)]
ligne de fuite
plus petite distance le long de la surface de l’isolation entre deux parties conductrices ou entre une partie conductrice et la surface accessible
[IEC 60335-1, ed. 4.0 (2001-05)]
ligne de fuite, f
distance la plus courte, le long de la surface d'un isolant solide, entre deux parties conductrices
[IEV number 151-15-50]1) Должно быть проводящими
[Интент]Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые
Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > ligne de fuite
-
16 pollution
загрязнение
Присутствие инородного вещества: твердого, жидкого или газообразного (ионизированные газы), - которое может вызвать уменьшение диэлектрической прочности или поверхностного сопротивления.
[ ГОСТ Р 52319-2005( МЭК 61010-1: 2001)]
загрязнение
Любое добавление инородных веществ, твердых, жидких или газообразных (ионизированных газов), которые могли бы уменьшить электрическую прочность изоляции или удельное сопротивление поверхности.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]EN
pollution
any condition of foreign matter, solid, liquid or gaseous (ionized gases), that may affect dielectric strength or surface resistivity
[IEC 60947-1, ed. 5.0 (2007-06)]
pollution
any addition of foreign matter, solid, liquid or gaseous that can produce a permanent reduction of dielectric strength or surface resistivity of the insulation
NOTE – Ionized gases of a temporary nature are not considered as to be a pollution.
[IEV number 442-01-28]
contamination
the first is defined as area and the second as particulate. The first is caused by surface contaminants that cannot be removed by cleaning or are stained after cleaning. Those may be foreign matter on the surface of, for example a localized area that is smudged, stained, discoloured, mottled, etc., or large areas exhibiting a hazy or cloudy appearance resulting from a film of foreign materials
[IEC 62276, ed. 1.0 (2005-05)]FR
pollution
tout apport de matériau étranger solide, liquide ou gazeux (gaz ionisés) qui peut entraîner une réduction de la rigidité diélectrique ou de la résistivité de la surface
[IEC 60947-1, ed. 5.0 (2007-06)]
pollution
tout apport de matériau étranger solide, liquide ou gazeux qui peut entraîner une réduction permanente de la rigidité diélectrique ou de la résistivité de surface de l'isolation
NOTE – Les gaz ionisés de nature fugace ne sont pas considérés comme une pollution.
[IEV number 442-01-28]
Тематики
Обобщающие термины
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > pollution
-
17 tension superficielle
напряжение поверхности
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
surface tension
The force acting on the surface of a liquid, tending to minimize the area of the surface; quantitatively, the force that appears to act across a line of unit length on the surface. Also known as interfacial force; interfacial tension; surface intensity. (Source: MGH)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > tension superficielle
-
18 relief
рельеф земли
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
relief (land)
The physical shape, configuration or general unevenness of a part of the Earth's surface, considered with reference to variation of height and slope or to irregularities of the land surface; the elevation or difference in elevation, considered collectively, of a land surface. (Source: BJGEO)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
форма земной поверхности
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
landform
Any physical, recognizable form or feature of the Earth's surface, having a characteristic shape and produced by natural causes; it includes major forms such as plane, plateau and mountain, and minor forms such as hill, valley, slope, esker, and dune. Taken together the landforms make up the surface configuration of the Earth's. (Source: BJGEO)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > relief
-
19 courant admissible, m
(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]
Этот ток обозначают IZ
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]EN
(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]
ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]FR
courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:
- its insulation temperature rating;
- conductor electrical properties for current;
- frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
- ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
- ambient temperature.
Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.
The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.
In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.
Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.
The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.
For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.
Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.
When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:- Wires
- Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
- Fuses
- Circuit breakers
- All or nearly all components used
Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]
Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
DE
- Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
- Strombelastbarkeit, f
FR
- courant admissible, m
- courant permanent admissible, m
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > courant admissible, m
-
20 courant permanent admissible, m
(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]
Этот ток обозначают IZ
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]EN
(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]
ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]FR
courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:
- its insulation temperature rating;
- conductor electrical properties for current;
- frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
- ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
- ambient temperature.
Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.
The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.
In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.
Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.
The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.
For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.
Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.
When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:- Wires
- Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
- Fuses
- Circuit breakers
- All or nearly all components used
Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]
Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
DE
- Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
- Strombelastbarkeit, f
FR
- courant admissible, m
- courant permanent admissible, m
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > courant permanent admissible, m
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