old-man's-pepper

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

मूलम् [मूल्-क]

1 A root (fig also); तरुमूलानि गृहीभवन्ति तेषाम् Ś.7.2; or शिखिनो धौतमूलाः 1.15; मूलं बन्ध् to take or strike root; बद्धमूलस्य मूलं हि महद्वैरतरोः स्त्रियः Śi.2.38.

-2 The root, lowest edge or extremity of anything; कस्याश्चिदासीद्रशना तदानीमङ्गुष्ठमूलार्पितसूत्रशेषा R.7.1; so प्राचीमूले Me.91.

-3 The lower part or end, base, the end of anything by which it is joined to something else; बाह्वोर्मूलम् Śi.7.32; so पादमूलम्, कर्णमूलम्, ऊरुमूलम् &c.

-4 Beginning, commencement; आमूलाच्छ्रोतुमिच्छामि Ś.1.

-5 Basis, foundation, source, origin, cause; सर्वे गार्हस्थ्यमूलकाः Mb.; रक्षोगृहे स्थितिर्मूलम् U.1.6; इति केना- प्युक्तं तत्र मूलं मृग्यम् 'the source or authority should be found out'; पुष्पं पुष्पं विचिन्वीत मूलच्छेदं न कारयेत् Mb.5.34. 18; समूलघातमघ्नन्तः परान्नोद्यन्ति मानवाः Śi.2.33.

-6 The foot or bottom of anything; पर्वतमूलम्, गिरिमूलम् &c.

-7 The text, or original passage (as distinguished from the commentary or gloss).

-8 Vicinity, neighbourhood; सा कन्दुकेनारमतास्य मूले विभज्यमाना फलिता लतेव Mb.3.112.16.

-9 Capital, principal, stock; मूलं भागो व्याजी परिघः क्लृप्तं रूपिकमत्ययश्चायमुखम् Kau. A.2.6.24.

-1 A hereditary servant.

-11 A square root.

-12 A king's own terri- tory; स गुप्तमूलमत्यन्तम् R.4.26; Ms.7.184.

-13 A vendor who is not the true owner; Ms.8.22 (अस्वामिविक्रेता Kull.).

-14 The nineteenth lunar man- sion containing 11 stars.

-15 A thicket, copse.

-6 The root of long pepper.

-17 A particular position of the fingers.

-18 A chief or capital city.

-19 An aboriginal inhabitant.

-2 A bower, an arbour (निकुञ्ज).

-21 N. of several roots पिप्पली, पुष्कर, शूरण &c.

-22 A tail; मूलो मूलवता स्पृष्टो धूप्यते धूमकेतुना Rām.6.4.51. (In comp. मूल may be translated by 'first, prime, original, chief, principal' e. g. मूलकारणम् 'prime cause', &c. &c.)

-Comp. -आधारम् 1 the navel.

-2 a mystical circle above the organs of generation; मूलाधारे त्रिकोणाख्ये इच्छाज्ञानक्रियात्मके.

-आभम् a radish.

-आयतनम् the original abode.

-आशिन् a. living upon roots.

-आह्वम् a radish.

-उच्छेदः utter destruction, total eradication.

-कर्मन् n. magic; Ms.9.29.

-कारः the author of an original work.

-कारणम् the original or prime cause; क्रियाणां खलु धर्म्याणां सत्पत्न्यो मूलकारणम् Ku.6.13.

-कारिका a furnace, an oven.

-कृच्छ्रः -च्छ्रम् a kind of penance, living only upon roots; मूलकृच्छ्रः स्मृतो मूलैः.

-केशरः a citron.

-खानकः one who lives upon root-digging (मूलोत्पाटनजीवी); Ms.8.26.

-गुणः the co-efficient of a root.

-ग्रन्थः 1 an original text.

-2 the very words uttered by Śākya- muni.

-घातिन् a. destroying completely; (नहि...कर्मसु) मूलघातिषु सज्जन्ते बुद्धिमन्तो भवद्विधाः Rām.5.51.18; see मूलहर.

-छिन्न a. nipped in the bud; सा$द्य मूलच्छिन्ना Dk. 2.2.

-छेदः uprooting.

-ज a.

1 radical.

-2 growing at the roots of trees (as an ant-hill).

-3 born under the constellation Mūla. (

-जः) plant growing from a root. (

-जम्) green ginger.

-त्रिकोणम् the third astrological house.

-देवः an epithet of Kaṁsa.

-द्रव्यम्, धनम् principal, stock, capital.

-धातुः lymph.

-निकृन्तन a. destroying root and branch.

-पुरुषः 'the stock-man', the male representative of a family.

-प्रकृतिः f. the Prakṛiti or Pradhāna of the Sāṅkhyas (q. v.); मूल- प्रकृतिरविकृतिः Sāṅ. K.3. (-pl.) the four principal sovereigns to be considered at the time of war विजि- गीषु, अरि, मध्यम, and उदासीन); see Ms.7.155.

-प्रतीकारः protection of wives and wealth (धनदाररक्षा); कृत्वा मूल- प्रतीकारम् Mb.5.151.61.

-फलदः the bread-fruit tree.

-बन्धः a particular position of the fingers.

-बर्हणम् the act of uprooting, extermination.

-बलम् the principal or hereditary force; विन्ध्याटवीमध्ये$वरोधान् मूलबलरक्षितान् निवेशयामासुः Dk.1.1. [Kāmandaka enumerates six divisions of the army and declares that मौल (heredi- tary) is the best of them (Kām.13.2-3.)]

-भद्रः an epithet of Kaṁsa.

-भृत्यः an old or hereditary servant.

-मन्त्रः 1 a principal or primary text (such as आगम); जुहुयान्मूलमन्त्रेण पुंसूक्तेनाथवा बुधः A. Rām.4.4.31.

-2 a spell.

-राशिः a cardinal number.

-वचनम् an original text.

-वापः 1 one who plants roots.

-2 A field where crops are grown by sowing roots; पुष्पफलवाटषण्ड- केदारमूलवापास्सेतुः Kau. A.2.6.24.

-वित्तम् capital stock.

-विद्या the twelve-worded (द्वादशाक्षरी) spell:-- ओं नमो भगवते वासुदेवायः; जुहुयान्मूलविद्यया Bhāg.8.16.4.

-विभुजः a chariot.

-व्यसनवृत्तिः the hereditary occupa- tion of executing criminals; चण्डालेन तु सोपाको मूलव्यसन- वृत्तिमान् Ms.1.38.

-व्रतिन् a. living exclusively on roots.

-शकुनः (in augury) the first bird.

-शाकटः, -शाकिनम् a field planted with edible roots.

-संघः a society, sect.

-साधनम् a chief instrument, principal expedient.

-स्थानम् 1 base, foundation.

-2 the Supreme Spirit.

-3 wind, air.

-4 Mooltan. (

-नी) N. of Gaurī.

-स्थायिन् m. an epithet of Śiva.

-स्रोतस् n. the prin- cipal current or fountain-head of a river.

-हर a. up- rooting completely; सो$यं मूलहरो$नर्थः Rām.6.46.15.

-हरः a prodigal son; मूलहरतादात्विककदर्यांश्च प्रतिषेधयेत् Kau. A.2.9.27.

रसः [रस्-अच्]

1 Sap, juice (of trees); इक्षुरसः, कुसुमरसः &c.

-2 A liquid, fluid; यष्टव्यं पशुभिर्मुख्यैरथो बीजै रसैरिति Mb.14.91.21; न्यस्ताक्षरा धातुरसेन यत्र Ku.1.7.

-3 Water; सहस्रगुणमुत्स्रष्टुमादत्ते हि रसं रविः R.1.18; Bv.2.144.

-4 Liquor, drink; Ms.2.177.

-5 A draught, potion.

-6 Taste, flavour, relish (fig. also) (considered in Vaiś. phil. as one of the 24 gunas; the rasas are six; कटु, अम्ल, मधुर, लवण, तिक्त and कषाय); परायत्तः प्रीतेः कथ- मिव रसं वेत्तु पुरुषः Mu.3.4; U.2.2.

-7 A sauce, condi- ment,

-8 An object of taste; मनो बबन्धान्यरसान् विलङ्ध्य सा R.3.4.

-9 Taste or inclination for a thing, liking, desire; रसवर्जं रसो$प्यस्य परं दृष्ट्वा निवर्तते Bg.2.59; इष्टे वस्तुन्युपचितरसाः प्रेमराशीभवन्ति Me.114.

-1 Love, affec- tion; जरसा यस्मिन्नहार्यो रसः U.1.39; प्रसरति रसो निर्वृतिघनः 6.11 'feeling of love'; रसादृते V.2.21; Ku. 3.37.

-11 Pleasure, delight, happiness; चिरात्सुतस्पर्श- रसज्ञतां ययौ R.3.26.

-12 Charm, interest, elegance, beauty.

-13 Pathos, emotion, feeling.

-14 (In poetic compositions) A sentiment; नवरसरुचिरां निर्मितिमादधती भारती कवेर्जयति; K. P.1. (The rasas are usually eight:-- शृङ्गारहास्यकरुणरौद्रवीरभयानकाः । भीभत्साद्भुतसंज्ञौ चेत्यष्टौ नाट्ये रसाः स्मृताः ॥ but sometimes शान्तरस is added; thus making the total number 9; निर्वेदस्थायिभावो$स्ति शान्तो$पि नवमो रसः K. P.4; sometimes a tenth, वात्सल्यरस, is also added. Rasas are more or less a necessary factor of every poetic composition, but, according to Viśvanātha, they constitute the very essence of poetry; वाक्यं रसात्मकं काव्यम् S. D.3.).

-15 Essence, pith, best part; ब्रह्म तेजोमयं शुक्रं यस्य सर्वमिदं रसःMb.12.24.9.

-16 A con- stituent fluid of the body.

-17 Semen virile.

-18 Mer- cury.

-19 A poison, poisonous drink; as in तीक्ष्णरस- दायिनः; रसविधानकौशलैः Dk.2.8.

-2 Any mineral metallic salt.

-21 Juice of the sugar-cane.

-22 Milk.

-23 Melted butter.

-24 Nectar; मयः कूपरसे$क्षिपत् Bhāg.7.1.59-6.

-25 Soup, broth.

-26 A symboli- cal expression for the number 'six'.

-27 Green onion.

-28 Myrrh.

-29 Gold.

-3 A metal in a state of fusion.

-31 See रसातल; अनेन नूनं वेदानां कृतमाहरणं रसात् Mb.12.347.67.

-32 The tongue (as the organ of taste); वाण्यां च छन्दांसि रसे जलेशम् Bhāg.8.2.27; जितं सर्वं जिते रसे 11.8.21.

-33 (With Vaiṣṇavas.) Dispo- sition of the heart or mind (the five Rasas are शान्ति, दास्य, साख्य, वात्सल्य and माधुर्य).

-Comp. -अग्रजम् an ointment prepared from the calx of brass.

-अञ्जनम् vitriol of copper, a sort of collyrium.

-अधिक a.

1 tasty.

-2 abounding in pleasures, splendid; Ś.7.2 (v. l.). (

-कः) borax.

-अन्तरम् 1 a different taste.

-2 different feelings or sentiments.

-अभिनिवेशः intentness of affection.

-अम्लः 1 a kind of sorrel.

-2 sour sauce.

-अयनम् 1 an elixir of life (elixir vitæ), any medicine supposed to prolong life and prevent old age; निखिलरसायनमहितो गन्धेनोग्रेण लशुन इव R. G.

-2 (fig.) serving as an elixir vitæ, i. e. that which gratifies or regales; आनन्दनानि हृदयैकरसायनानि Māl.6.8; मनसश्च रसायनानि U.1.37; श्रोत्र˚, कर्ण˚ &c.

-3 alchemy or chemistry.

-4 any medicinal compound.

-5 butter-milk.

-6 poison.

-7 long pepper.

(-नः) 1 an alchemist.

-2 N. of Garuḍa. ˚श्रेष्ठः mer- cury. (

-नी f.)

1 a channel for the fluids of the body.

-2 N. of several plants:-- गुडूची, काकमाची, महाकरञ्ज, गोरक्षदुग्धा and मांसच्छदा.

-आत्मक a.

1 consisting of juice or sentiment.

-2 elegant, beautiful.

-3 having taste or flavour.

-4 ambrosial; रसात्मकस्योडुपतेश्च रश्मयः Ku.5.22.

-5 fluid, liquid, watery; सोमो भूत्वा रसात्मकः Bg.15.13.

-आदानम् absorption of fluid, suction.

-आधारः the sun.

-आभासः 1 the semblance or mere appearance of a sentiment; अनौचित्यप्रवृत्तत्वे आभासो रसभावयोः S. D.

-2 an improper manifestation of a sentiment.

-आश्रयः a. embodying or representing sentiments.

-आस्वादः 1 tasting juices of flavours.

-2 perception or appreciation of poetic sentiments, a perception of poetical charm; as in काव्यामृतरसास्वादः.

-आस्वादिन् m. a bee.

-आह्वः tur- pentine.

-इक्षुः sugar-cane.

-इन्द्रः 1 mercury.

-2 the philosopher's stone (the touch of which is said to turn iron into gold); ˚वेधजम्, संजातम् the gold.

-उत्तमम् milk.

(-मः) 1 quicksilver.

-2 Phaseolus Mungo (Mar. मूग).

-3 milk.

-उत्पत्तिः 1 production of taste.

-2 development of passion or sentiment.

-3 generation of the vital fluids.

-उद्भवम् 1 a pearl.

-2 vermilion.

-उपलम् a pearl.

-ऊनम् garlic; also ऊनकः.

-ओदनम् rice boiled in meat-broth.

-कर्पूरम् sublimate of mer- cury.

-कर्मन् n. preparation of quicksilver.

-केसरम् camphor.

-क्रिया the inspissation and application of fluid remedies.

-गन्धः, -न्धम् gum-myrrh.

-गन्धकः 1 myrrh.

-2 sulphur.

-गर्भम् 1 = रसाञ्जन.

-2 vermilion.

-गुण a. possessing the quality of taste; ज्योतिषश्च विकुर्वाणा- दापो रसगुणाः स्मृताः Ms.1.78.

-ग्रह a.

1 perceiving flavours.

-2 appreciating or enjoying pleasures. (

-हः) the organ of taste.

-घन a. full of juice.

-घ्नः borax.

-जः 1 sugar, molasses.

-2 an insect produced by the fermentation of liquids.

-जम् blood. -a. bred in fluids; Ms.11.143.

-जातम् an ointment prepared from the calx of brass.

-ज्ञ a.

1 one who appreciates the flavour or excellence of, one who knows the taste of; सांसारिकेषु च सुखेषु वयं रसज्ञाः U.2.22.

-2 capable of discerning the beauty of things.

(-ज्ञः) 1 a man of taste or feeling, a critic, an appreciative person, a poet.

-2 an alchemist.

-3 a physician, or one who prepares mer- curial or other chemical compounds. (

-ज्ञा) the tongue; सखि मा जल्प तवायसी रसज्ञा Bv.2.59; (

-रसज्ञता, त्वम् means

1 poetical skill.

-2 alchemy.

-3 knowledge of flavours.

-4 discrimination.).

-ज्ञानम् a branch of medical science.

-ज्येष्ठः 1 the sweet taste.

-2 the love sentiment.

-तन्मात्रम् the subtle element of taste.

-तेजस् n. blood.

-दः 1 a physician; Mb.12.121.45.

-2 a spy who administers poison; Kau. A.1.12.

-द्राविन् a kind of citron.

-धातु n. quicksilver.

-धेनुः a cow consisting of fruit-juice.

-नाथः mercury.

-नायकः N. of Sacute;iva.

-निवृत्तिः loss of taste.

-नेत्रिका red arsenic.

-पाकजः molasses.

-पाचकः a cook.

-प्रबन्धः any poetical com- position, particularly a drama.

-फलः the cocoanut tree.

-भङ्गः the interruption or cessation of a sentiment.

-भवम् blood.

-भस्मम् n. oxide of mercury.

-भेदः a preparation of quicksilver.

-मलम् impure excretions.

-मातृका the tongue.

-योगः juices mixed scientifically.

-राजः, -लोहः 1 = रसाञ्जन.

-2 quick-silver.

-वादः alche- my.

-विक्रयः sale of liquors.

-विद्धम् artificial gold.

-शास्त्रम् the science of alchemy.

-शोधनः borax. (

-नम्) purification of mercury.

-सरोरुहम् a red lotus.

-सिद्ध a.

1 accomplished in poetry, conversant with sentiments; जयन्ति ते सुकृतिनो रससिद्धाः कवीश्वराः Bh.2.24.

-2 skilled in alchemy.

-सिद्धिः f. skill in alchemy.

-सिन्दूरम् a cinnabar made of zinc, mercury, blue vitriol and nitre.

-स्थानम् vermilion.

षष् num. a. (used in pl., nom. षट्; gen. षण्णाम्) Six; तेषां त्ववयवान् सूक्ष्मान् षण्णामप्यमितौजसाम् Ms.1.16;8.43.

-Comp. -अंशः (ष़डंशः) a sixth part.

-अक्षीणः (षडक्षीणः) a fish.

-अङ्गम् (ष़डङ्गम्) 1 (a) six parts of the body taken collectively: जङ्घे बाहू शिरो मध्यं षडङ्गमिदमुच्यते । (b) The other six parts of the body are 'हृदयशिरःशिखा- नेत्रकवचास्त्राणि' as in Māl.5.2 (नित्यं न्यस्तषडङगचक्रनिहितं हृत्पद्यमध्योदितम्); cf. com. on the verse.

-2 the six works auxiliary to the Veda; शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणं निरुक्तं छन्दसां चितिः । ज्योतिषामयनं चैव षडङ्गो वेद उच्यते ॥ see वेदाङ्ग also. ˚विद् knowing the six वेदाङ्गs; Ms.3.145.

-3 six auspicious things, i. e. the six things obtained from a cow; गोमूत्रं गोमयं क्षीरं सर्पिर्दधि च रोचना । षडङ्गमेतन्माङ्गल्यं पठितं सर्वदा गवाम् ॥

-3 any set of six articles.

˚जत् m. N. of Viṣṇu.

-अङ्घ्रिः (षडङ्घ्रिः) a bee; किमिह बहु षडङ्घ्रे गायसि त्वम् Bhāg.1.47.14.; Śi.1.4.

-अधिक a. (

-षडधिक) exceeded by six; षडधिकदशनाडीचक्रमध्यस्थितात्मा Māl.5.1.

-अभिज्ञः (षडभिज्ञः) a Buddhist deified saint.

-अशीत (षडशीत) eighty-sixth.

-अशीतिः f.

(-ष़डशीतिः) 1 eighty-six.

-2 N. of the four passages of the sun from one zodiacal sign to the other; L. D. B.

-अष्टकम् (in astr.) a particular Yoga.

-अहः (ष़डहः) a period of six days.

-आननः, -वक्त्रः, -वदनः, (षडाननः, षड्वक्त्रः, षड्वदनः) epithets of Kārtikeya; षडाननापीतपयोधरासु नेता चमूनामिव कृत्तिकासु R.14.22.

-आम्नायः (षडाम्नायः) the six-fold Tantra.

-ऊर्मिः the six waves of existence.

-ऊषणम् (ष़डूषणम्) six spices taken collectively; पञ्चकोलं समरिचं षडूषणमुदाहृतम्.

-ऋतुः m. pl. the six seasons (i. e. वसन्त, ग्रीष्म, वर्षा, शरद्, हेमन्त and शिशिर).

-कर्ण a. (

-षट्कर्ण) heard by six ears; i. e. by a third person other than the speaker and the person spoken to; told to more than one listener (as a counsel, secret &c.); षट्कर्णो भिद्यते मन्त्रः Pt.1.99. (

-र्णः) a kind of lute.

-कर्मन् n.

(षट्कर्मन्) 1 the six acts or duties enjoined on a Brāhmaṇa; they are अध्यापनमध्ययनं यजनं याजनं तथा । दानं प्रतिग्रहश्चैव षट्कर्माण्यग्र- जन्मनः ॥ Ms.1.75.

-2 the six acts allowable to a Brāhmaṇa for his subsistence:- उच्छं प्रतिग्रहो भिक्षा वाणिज्यं पशुपालनम् । कृषिकर्म तथा चेति षट्कर्माण्यग्रजन्मनः ॥.

-3 the six acts that may be performed by means of magic:- शान्ति, वशीकरण, स्तम्भन, विद्वेष, उच्चाटन and मरण.

-4 the six acts belonging to the practice of Yoga:- धौतिर्वस्ती तथा नेती नौलिकी (नौलिकः) त्राटकस्तथा । कपालभाती चैतानि षट्कर्माणि समाचरेत् ॥ (-m.)

1 a Brāhmaṇa skilled in the above six acts.

-2 one well-versed in the Tantra magical rites.

-कोण a. (

-षट्कोण) hexangular.

(-णम्) 1 a hexagon.

-2 the thunderbolt of Indra.

-3 a diamond.

-गया the sixfold gayā; गयागजो गयादित्यो गायत्री च गदाधरः । गया गयासुरश्चैव षड्गया मुक्तिदायकाः ॥

-गवम् (षड्गवम् 1 a team or yoke of six oxen.

-2 a yoke of six (sometimes after the names of other animals); i. e. हस्ति˚, अश्व˚ 'six elephants, horses &c.'.

-गवीय a. drawn by six oxen; न यद्वहेच्छकटं षड्गवीयम् Mb.8.76.17.

-गुण a.

(-षड्गुण) 1 sixfold.

-2 having six attributes.

(-णम्) 1 an assem- blage of six qualities.

-2 the six expedients to be used by a king in foreign politics; see under गुण (21); cf. षाड्गुण्य also.

-ग्रन्थः a kind of Karañja tree.

-ग्रन्थि n. (

-षड्ग्रन्थि) the root of long pepper.

-ग्रन्थिका (षड्- ग्रन्थिका) zedoary (शठी).

-चक्रम्, (षट्चक्रम्) the six my- stical circles of the body, i. e. मूलाधार, स्वाधिष्ठान, मणिपूर, अनाहत, विशुद्ध and आज्ञाख्य.

-चत्वारिंशत् (षट्चत्वारिंशत्) forty-six.

-चरणः (षट्चरणः) -1 a bee.

-2 a locust.

-3 a louse.

-जः, (ष़ड्जः) the fourth (or first according to some) of the seven primary notes of the Indian gamut; so called because it is derived from the six organs: नासां कण्ठमुरस्तालु जिह्वां दताञ्श्च संस्पृशन् । षड्जः सञ्जायते (षढ्भ्यः संञ्जायते) यस्मात्तस्मात् षड्ज इति स्मृतः ॥ it is said to resemble the note of peacocks; षड्जं रौति मयूरस्तु Nārada; षड्जसंवादिनीः केकाः द्विधा भिन्नाः शिखण्डिभिः R.1.39.

-तन्त्री N. of the six philosophical systems.

-त्रिंशत् f. (

-षट्त्रिंशत्) thirty-six; (

-षट्रत्रिंश a. thirtysixth).

-तिलिन् m. one performing six acts with sesamum seeds; तिलोद्वतीं तिलस्नायी तिलहोमी तिलप्रदः । तिलभुक् तिलवापी च षट्तिली नावसीदति ॥

-दर्शनम् (षड्दर्शनम्) the six principal systems of Hindu philosophy; they are: सांख्य, योग, न्याय, वैशेषिक, मीमांसा and वेदान्त. (

-नः) one conversant with the above six systems.

-दीर्घः the six long vowels: आ, ई, ऊ, ऐ, औ.

-दुर्गम्, (षड्दुर्गम्) the six kinds of forts taken collectivelly; धन्वदुर्गं महीदुर्गं गिरिदुर्गं तथैव च । मनुष्यदुर्गं मृद्दुर्गं वनदुर्गमिति क्रमात् ॥

-नवतिः f. (

-षण्णवतिः) ninety-six.

-पञ्चाशत् f. (

-षट्पञ्चाशत्) fifty-six.

-पदः (षट्पदः) 1 a bee; न पङ्कजं तद्यदलीनषट्पदं न षट्पदो$सौ न जुगुञ्ज यः कलम् Bk.2.19; Ku.5.9; R.6.69.

-2 a louse.

-3 a verse consisting of six padas. ˚अथितिः

1 the mango tree.

-2 the Champaka tree. ˚आनन्दवर्धनः the Aśoka or Kiṅkirāta tree. ˚ज्य a. having bees for the bow-string (as the bow of Cupid); प्रायश्चापं न वहति भयान्मन्मथः षट्पदज्यम् Me.75. ˚प्रियः the tree called नाग- केशर.

-पदी (षट्पदी) 1 a stanza consisting of six lines.

-2 a female bee.

-3 a louse.

-4 the six states ('यो$शनायापिपासे शोकं मोहं जरां मृत्युमत्येति' इति श्रुत्युक्ताः Mb. 3.314.9 Com.):-- hunger, thrist, sorrow, disordered intellect, old age and death; other version is:-- कामक्रोधौ लोभमोहौ मदमानौ च षट्पदी ।.

-पादः (षट्पादः) a bee.

-प्रज्ञः, (षट्प्रज्ञः) 1 one who is well acquainted with six subjects i. e. the four Puruṣārthas or objects of human existence, the nature of the world, and the nature of the Supreme Sprit; धर्मार्थकाममोक्षेषु लोक- तत्त्वार्थयोरपि । षट्सु प्रज्ञा तु यस्यासौ षट्प्रज्ञः परिकीर्तितः ॥

-2 a lustful or licentious man.

-3 a good-hearted neighbour.

-बिन्दुः (षड्बिन्दुः) an epithet of Viṣṇu.

-भागः (षड्भागः) a sixth part, one-sixth; तपःषड्भागमक्षय्यं ददत्यारण्यका हि नः Ś.2.14; Ms.7.131;8.33.

-भाववादिन् a maintainer of the theory of the six भावs (i. e. द्रव्य, गुण, कर्मन्, सामान्य, विशेष and समवाय).

-भुज a.

(-षड्भुज) 1 six-armed.

-2 six-sided, hexagonal. (

-जः) a hexa- gon.

(-जा) 1 an epithet of Durgā.

-2 the water- melon.

-मतस्थापकः (षण्मतस्थापकः) N. of Śaṁkarāchārya.

-मासः (षण्मासः) a period of six months. ˚निचय a. one who has a store (of food) sufficient for six months; Ms.6.18.

-मासिक a. (

-षण्मासिक) half-yearly, occurring every six months.

-मुखः (षण्मुखः) an epithet of Kārtikeya; स गुणानां बलानां च षण्णां षण्मुख- विक्रमः R.17.67; Mv.1.33. (खा) a water-melon.

-रसम्, -रसाः (m. pl.) (

-षड्रसम् &c.) the six flavours taken collectively; see under रस.

-रात्रम् (षड्रात्रम्) a period of six nights.

-रेखा, (षड्रेखा) a water-melon.

-वर्गः (षड्वर्गः) 1 an aggregate of six things.

-2 espe- cially, the six enemies of mankind; (also called षड्रिपु); कामः क्रोधस्तथा लोभो मदमोहौ च मत्सरः; कृतारिषड्वर्गजयेन Ki.1 9; व्यजेष्ठ षड्वर्गम् Bk.1.2.

-3 the five senses and Manas.

-र्विशम् N. of a Brāhmaṇa belonging to the Sāma Veda.

-विंशतिः f. (

-षड्विंशतिः)twenty-six; (

-षड्विंश twentysixth).

-विध (षड्विध) a. of six kinds, sixfold; षड्विधं बलमादाय प्रतस्थे दिग्जिगीषया R.4.26.

-शास्त्रिन् m. one conversant with the six Śāstras or darśanas.

-षष्टिः f. (

-षट्षष्टिः) sixty-six.

-सप्ततिः (षट्सप्ततिः) seventy-six.

mf (ā)n. (fr. 2. dhāv? cf. Uṇ. I, 108 Sch.)