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21 department
1. n отдел; отделение2. n цех3. n магазинfancy goods department — галантерейный магазин, галантерея
4. n департамент; управление; служба5. n амер. министерство, ведомствоState Department, Department of State — государственный департамент, министерство иностранных дел
6. n власть7. n факультет; кафедра8. n административная область; округ; департамент9. n войсковой, военный округ10. n отрасль, областьСинонимический ряд:1. field (noun) arena; field; subject2. movement (noun) movement; retirement3. sphere of duty (noun) activity; administration; appointed sphere; business; dominion; jurisdiction; sphere of duty; station4. subdivision (noun) agency; branch; bureau; canton; constituency; division; office; section; subdivision; unit; ward -
22 State Department
разг. государственный департамент -
23 villager
noun (a person who lives in a village.) villageois, oise -
24 Rivers
The English word river can be either fleuve or rivière in French. Major rivers, all of which flow into the sea, are fleuves: the rest are rivières. Here are some examples of fleuves in France: la Garonne, la Loire, la Seine, le Rhin, le Rhône and la Somme: other fleuves include: le Nil, le Danube, le Gange, le Tage, l’Indus, l’Amazone, le Congo, le Mississippi, le Niger and le Saint-Laurent.The following French rivers are rivières: la Marne, l’Oise, l’Allier, la Dordogne, la Saône.As in English, French uses the definite article with names of rivers:the Thames= la Tamiseto go down the Rhine= descendre le Rhinto live near the Seine= habiter près de la Seinethe course of the Danube= le cours du DanubeIn English you can say the X, the X river or the river X. In French it is always le X (or la X):the river Thames= la Tamisethe Potomac river= le PotomacWhen the name of the river is used as an adjective, French has de + definite article:Seine barges= les péniches de la Seinea Rhine castle= un château des bords du Rhinthe Rhine estuary= l’estuaire du Rhin -
25 Coignet, François
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 1814d. 1888[br]French pioneer in the development of the structural use of iron reinforcement of concrete.[br]As early as 1847, Coignet built some houses of poured (unreinforced) concrete, but in 1852, in a house at 72 rue Charles Michel, in St Denis, he first employed his own system of what he called béton armé, meaning reinforced concrete. Coignet exhibited his technique of reinforcement using iron bars at the Paris Exposition of 1855 and was quoted as forecasting that cement, concrete and iron were destined to replace stone. A year later he patented a method of reinforcing concrete with iron tirants, a reference to the metal ropes or bars being under tension, and in 1861 he published a treatise on concrete. Coignet is credited with building several examples of concrete shell casing to iron structures in conjunction with different architects—e.g., the Church of Le Vésinet (1863, Seine et Oise).[br]Further ReadingNikolaus Pevsner, 1984, Pioneers of Modern Design, Penguin.DY -
26 Saxby, John
[br]b. 17 August 1821 Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, Englandd. 22 April 1913 Hassocks, Sussex, England[br]English railway signal engineer, pioneer of interlocking.[br]In the mid-1850s Saxby was a foreman in the Brighton Works of the London Brighton \& South Coast Railway, where he had no doubt become familiar with construction of semaphore signals of the type invented by C.H. Gregory; the London-Brighton line was one of the first over which these were installed. In the 1850s points and signals were usually worked independently, and it was to eliminate the risk of accident from conflicting points and signal positions that Saxby in 1856 patented an arrangement by which related points and signals would be operated simultaneously by a single lever.Others were concerned with the same problem. In 1855 Vignier, an employee of the Western Railway of France, had made an interlocking apparatus for junctions, and in 1859 Austin Chambers, who worked for the North London Railway, installed at Kentish Town Junction an interlocking lever frame in which a movement that depended upon another could not even commence until the earlier one was completed. He patented it early in 1860; Saxby patented his own version of such an apparatus later the same year. In 1863 Saxby left the London Brighton \& South Coast Railway to enter into a partnership with J.S.Farmer and established Saxby \& Farmer's railway signalling works at Kilburn, London. The firm manufactured, installed and maintained signalling equipment for many prominent railway companies. Its interlocking frames made possible installation of complex track layouts at increasingly busy London termini possible.In 1867 Saxby \& Farmer purchased Chambers's patent of 1860, Later developments by the firm included effective interlocking actuated by lifting a lever's catch handle, rather than by the lever itself (1871), and an improved locking frame known as the "gridiron" (1874). This was eventually superseded by tappet interlocking, which had been invented by James Deakin of the rival firm Stevens \& Co. in 1870 but for which patent protection had been lost through non-renewal.Saxby \& Farmer's equipment was also much used on the European continent, in India and in the USA, to which it introduced interlocking. A second manufacturing works was set up in 1878 at Creil (Oise), France, and when the partnership terminated in 1888 Saxby moved to Creil and managed the works himself until he retired to Sussex in 1900.[br]Bibliography1856, British patent no. 1,479 (simultaneous operation of points and signals). 1860, British patent no. 31 (a true interlocking mechanism).1867, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 538 (improvements to the interlocking mechanism patented in 1860).1870, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 569 (the facing point lock by plunger bolt).1871, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 1,601 (catch-handle actuated interlocking) 1874, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 294 (gridiron frame).Further ReadingWestinghouse Brake and Signal Company, 1956, John Saxby (1821–1913) and His Part in the Development of Interlocking and of the Signalling Industry, London (published to mark the centenary of the 1856 patent).PJGR -
27 state department
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См. также в других словарях:
(Oise) — Oise (département) Pour les articles homonymes, voir Oise. Oise … Wikipédia en Français
Oise — Lage der Oise in Frankreich Daten Gewässerkennzahl FR: … Deutsch Wikipedia
Oise — Departamento de Francia … Wikipedia Español
Oise — (spr. Oase), 1) (sonst Esia), Fluß in Frankreich; entspringt auf den Ardennen, bei Chimay in Belgien, durchfließt das Departement Aisne (wo sie bei Chauny schiffbar wird u. den Ton aufnimmt), das Departement Oise (wo sie die Serre, Vensé, Aisne,… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
OISE — Juste avant Paris, la Seine reçoit en rive droite la Marne; un peu après Paris, de nouveau en rive droite lui arrive l’Oise, qui draine grâce à l’Aisne la plus grande surface réceptrice parmi les tributaires du fleuve: 17 000 km2. Si ce bassin… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Oise — [waːz], 1) Département in Nordfrankreich, im Bereich der unteren Oise in der Picardie, 5 860 km2, 766 000 Einwohner; Verwaltungssitz: Beauvais. 2) die, rechter Nebenfluss der Seine, 302 km lang, entspringt bei Chimay in den belgischen… … Universal-Lexikon
Oise [1] — Oise (spr. ūās , im Altertum Esia oder Isara), rechter Nebenfluß der Seine, entspringt in der belg. Provinz Hennegau südlich von Chimay in den Ardennen, tritt sehr bald nach Frankreich über und fließt in vorzugsweise südwestlicher Richtung durch… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Oise [2] — Oise (spr. ŭās ), Departement im nördlichen Frankreich, nach dem Fluß O. (s. oben) benannt, umfaßt Teile der ehemaligen Provinzen Ile de France und Pikardie, grenzt an die Departements Somme (nördlich), Aisne (östlich), Seine et Marne und Seine… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
oise — OISE, la riviere d oise, Isara … Thresor de la langue françoyse
Oise — (spr. ŏahs ), r. Nebenfluß der Seine im nordöstl. Frankreich, entspringt auf den Ardennen, mündet nach 305 km bei Conflans Sainte Honorine. – Das Dep. O., 5887 qkm, (1901) 407.808 E.; Hauptstadt Beauvais … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Oise — (Oahs), Nebenfluß der Seine, entspringt bei Chimay in den Ardennen, mündet nach 36 Ml. – O., franz. Depart., 106 QM. groß. fruchtbar, industriell, hat 404000 E.; Hauptst. Beauvais … Herders Conversations-Lexikon