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1 lambë
noun "tongue, language" the usual word for 'language' in non-technical use WJ:368, 394, ÑGAL/ÑGALAM, "the language or dialect of a particular country or people...never used for 'language' in general, but only for particular forms of speech" VT39:15; also name of tengwa \#27 Appendix E. In early "Qenya", lambë was defined as "tongue" of body, but also of land, or even = "speech" LT2:339. In LotR-style Quenya lambë only means "tongue = speech", whereas the word for a physical tongue is lamba. Lambë Valarinwa "Valarin tongue" WJ:397, lambë Quendion "the language of the Elves" PM:395, Lambengolmor pl. noun "Loremasters of Tongues", a school founded by Fëanor WJ:396; sg. \#Lambengolmo. Spelt Lambeñgolmor in VT48:6. -
2 tengwesta
"ñ" noun "a system or code of signs", "Language", referring particularly to structure, including morphology and grammar VT39:15. As a technical term for "language", this includes languages not made up of sounds WJ:394, but usually it means "spoken language" when unqualified WJ:395. In the Etymologies, tengwesta is glossed "grammar" TEK. -
3 lamba
1 noun "tongue" physical tongue, while lambë = "language" WJ:394, LAB; according to VT45:25, Tolkien first wrote lambe, but as noted, this alternative form is rather used for "tongue" in the sense of "language" 2 noun ?"hammer" possibly an alternative form of namba, q.v., but the source is obscure and namba is to be preferred VT45:37 -
4 quenya
noun original adj. "speech" PM:399; the language-name Quenya is said to mean properly "language, speech" WJ:393; cf. the phrase coirëa quenya "living speech" PM:399.However, Quenya archaic Quendya, still so in Vanyarin is also interpreted "Elvish" Letters:176, sc. the adjective corresponding to Quendi WJ:374, but it was no longer used as a general adjective. Quenya lambë"Quenya tongue" WJ:407. The command queta Quenya! speak Quenya! was used in the sense of speak precisely and intelligibly, put into actual words instead of using hand signs or looks; the word Quenya is here used adverbially PE17:138. The variant queta quenyāPE17:137 appears to use the distinct accusative formed by lengthening a final vowel known from Book Quenya. -
5 tengwië
noun "language" in the compound mátengwië "language of the hands" VT47:9. Compare tengwë, tengwesta. -
6 sindarinwa(þ)
adj. "Grey-elven" in the phrase hwesta sindarinwa "Grey-elven hw" Appendix E; it may really be "Sindarin" as a noun with the possessive ending -va, -wa appended, hence literally "hw of the Sindarin language" -
7 quorin
"q" adj. "drowned, choked" LT1:264 Some will reject this as a valid word in LotR-style Quenya, since quo- may not be a possible combination in this later version of the High-Elven language. -
8 quetil
"q" noun "tongue, language" KWET -
9 mólanoldorin
noun "the language of the Noldor enslaved by Morgoth" MŌChanged by Tolkien from múlanoldorin. -
10 ta
1 pron. "that, it" TA; compare antaróuta/u "he gave it" FS; see anta-. The forms tar/tara/tanna thither, talo/tó thence and tás/tassë there are originally inflected forms of this pronoun: *to that, *from that and *in that place, respectively. Compare there as one gloss of ta see \#4. 2 adv. so, like that, also, e.g. ta mára so good VT49:12 3 pron. "they, them", an "impersonal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring "only to 'abstracts' or to things such as inanimates not by the Eldar regarded as persons" VT43:20, cf. ta as an inanimate Common Eldarin plural pronoun, VT49:52. Compare te, q.v. The word ta occurring in some versions of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer may exemplify this use of ta as an "impersonal" plural pronoun: emmë avatyarir uta/u "we forgive uthem/u" VT43:8, 9; this refers to trespasses, not the trespassers. However, since Tolkien also wanted ta to mean that see \#1 above, he may seem to be somewhat dissatisfied with ta they, them, introducing variant forms like tai VT49:32 to free up ta as a sg. pronoun. In one document, tai was in turn altered to te VT49:33, which could suggest that the distinction between animate and inanimate they, them was abandoned and the form te q.v. could be used for both. In some documents, Tolkien seems to use tar as the plural form VT49:56 mentions this as an uncertain reading in a source where the word was struck out; compare ótar under ó-. 4 conj., said to be a reducted form of tá then, used before each new item in a series or list; if as often in English the equivalent of and was omitted, and placed only before a final item e.g. Tom, Dick, and Harriet, this would in Quenya represent a discontinuity, and what followed after ta would be an addition of something overlooked or less important. PE17:70 Hence the use of arta ar ta, and ta for et cetera; in older language ta ta or just ta. 5 adv. there VT49:33; this may be an Elvish root or element rather than a Quenya word; see tanomë; see however also tar, tara, tanna under ta \#1. -
11 carpassë
k noun mouth-system, i.e. full organized language, including system, vocabulary, metre etc. PE17:126; probably replaced by pahta 2, q.v. -
12 carpa
k 1 noun mouth, including lips, teeth, tongue etc. PE17:126; also used for language, in particular the phonetic system.Cf. náva and páva. -
13 retto
*climber PE17:182, language unidentified. The form is mentioned as somehow related to the Sindarin element -reth in Orodreth *Mountain-climber and could be either Old Sindarin or the Quenya cognate. *Ret- might then be the Quenya verb for climb, a derivative of the root RETE of similar meaning. -
14 mátengwië
noun "language of the hands" VT47:9 -
15 sinda(þ)
adj. "grey" PE17:72; nominal pl. Sindar used = "Grey-elves", lit. *"Grey ones"; see WJ:375. Gen. pl. Sindaron in WJ:369. With general meaning "grey" also in Sindacollo Singollo "Grey-cloak, Thingol" SA:thind, PE17:72; see also sindë, Sindicollo;sindanórië "grey land", ablative sindanóriello "from/out of a grey country" Nam; the reference is to a mythical region of shadows lying at outer feet of the Mountains of Valinor PE17:72. However, other sources give sindë q.v. as the Quenya word for "grey"; perhaps sinda came to mean primarily "Grey-elf" as a noun. Derived adjective Sindarin "Grey-elven", normally used as a noun to refer to the Grey-elven language. Appendix F -
16 pahta
1 adj. "closed, shut, private" VT39:23, VT41:6, PE17:171 2 noun speech, i.e. language PE17:126; accompanied by the intransitive verb pakta- speak, talk, which would be *pahta- in Quenya, of which the transitive equivalent is quet-, q.v. The intransitive verb speak is also given as carpa-, q.v. -
17 Mairon
masc. name the Admirable cf. adj. maira, said to be the original name of Sauron, changed when he was suborned by Melkor, but he continued to call himself Mairon the Admirable, or Tar-mairon King Excellent, until after the downfall of Númenor PE17:183. Since Sauron had joined Melkor before the Elves came to Valinor and developed the Quenya language, we are perhaps to understand that Mairon is a translation by sense of Saurons original Valarin name, though Sauron himself may seem to have used the Elvish form in Middle-earth and on Númenor. -
18 ëa
1 sometimes "eä" vb. "is" CO, in a more absolute sense "exists", VT39:7/VT49:28-29 than the copula ná. Eä "it is" VT39:6 or "let it be". The verb is also used in connection with prepositional phrases denoting a position, as in the relative sentences i or ilyë mahalmar ëa who is above all thrones CO and i ëa han ëa *who is beyond the universe of Eä VT43:14. Eä is said to the be present & aorist tense VT49:29. The past tense of ëa is engë VT43:38, VT49:29; Tolkien struck out the form ëanë, VT49:30, the historically correct perfect should be éyë, but the analogical form engië was more common; the future tense is euva VT49:29. See also ëala. Eä is also used as a noun denoting "All Creation", the universe WJ:402; Letters:284, footnote, but this term for the universe "was not held to include souls? and spirits" VT39:20; contrast ilu. One version of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer includes the words i ëa han ëa, taken to mean "who is beyond Eä" VT43:14. Tolkien noted that ëa properly cannot be used of God since ëa refers only to all things created by Eru directly or mediately, hence he deleted the example Eru ëa *God exists VT49:28, 36. However, ëa is indeed used of Eru in CO i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar uëa/u the One who uis/u above all thrones as well as in various Átaremma versions see VT49:36, so such a distinction may belong to the refined language of the loremasters rather than to everyday useage. 3 "eagle" LT1:251, LT2:338, a Qenya word apparently superseded by soron, sornë in Tolkien's later forms of Quenya. -
19 sovo-
vb. wash read perhaps \#sov- if the verb is to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya, since Tolkiens later versions of the language do not seem to have o-stem verbs, pa.t. sóvë QL:86 -
20 caista
"k", fraction "one tenth" 1/10, also cast, an unusual Quenya form since the language does not normally tolerate two consonants finally VT48:11. Compound caistanótië "k" "decimal system" in counting ibid. However, Tolkien later rejected the root KAYAN "ten" in favour of KWAYAM, changing the cardinal "ten" from cainen to quain, quëan VT48:13. Apparently we must therefore read *quaista as the new fraction "one tenth".
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