of+events

ar, m. pl. ir, [bera at, accidere.]

1. a chance, hap, accident; verðr sá a., it so happened, Nj. 54, Vápn. 49; af (með) atburð, accidentally, perchance, Mart. 126, El. 5, 9, Mar. 656 ii. 16; með hverjum atburðum, how, by what chance? Róm. 287, Eluc. 12; slikt kalla ek a. en eigi jartein, such things I call an accident but not a miracle, Sturl. ii. 54; fyrir a. sakir hreysti hans, because of his valour, Skálda 189, Sks. 147.

2. esp. in pl., events, matters, circumstances; dráp Bárðar ok þá atburði er þar höfðu orðit, Bard’s death and the events that had happened, Eg. 222; Ólafr sagði honum alla atburði um sitt mál, O. told him minutely how his matters stood, Hkr. i. 193; þær sem skýra í hverjum atburðum menn fella á sik fullkomið bann, under what circumstances …, H. E. i. 462.

m. pl. the main events, world-famed events, Vsp. 59.

* * *

(að), v. to saw, cut with a saw (krossinn var sagaðr í sundr).

(gen. sögu, pl. sögur), f.

1) what is said, statement (má vera, at sönn sé s. þín);

2) tale, story, history; segja, ríta sögu, to tell, write a story; hann kemr eigi við þessa sögu, he is not connected with this ‘saga’; vera ór sögunni, to be out of the story; vera í sögu, to be mentioned in a story; svá sem sögu, to be mentioned in a story; svá sem sögur eru til, as the story goes;

3) the events which gave rise to the story; hann var þá mjök hniginn á efra aldr, er sjá saga gørðist, when this came to pass;

4) tale, report (eigi veit ek um sögur slíkar, hvárt satt er).

* * *

u, f., gen. sögu, pl. sögur; gen. pl. sagna is rare; and in compds the gen. sing. sögu- is preferred, thus sögu-bók, sögu-fróðr, where sögu-is used in a collective sense; when gen. sagna- is used it is often to be regarded as borrowed from sögn, as in sagna-fróðr, sagna-meistari; sagna from saga, however, occurs in dæmi-sagna, Stj. 560; Orkneyinga-sagna, Ó. H. 90, l. 3 from the bottom: [from segja; cp. Engl. saw; Germ. sage.]

B. A story, tale, legend, history. The very word owes its origin to the fact that the first historical writings were founded on tradition only; the written record was a ‘saga’ or legend committed to writing; the story thus written was not even new, but had already taken shape and had been told to many generations under the same name; hence the written history and the story told were both alike called Saga, just as in Gr. both were called λόγος (Herod, i. 184, ii. 161, vi. 19). In some instances when history is mentioned by name it is difficult to say whether a told or written Saga be meant; the former seems to be the case, esp.in the Landnáma—þar hefsk saga Harðar Grímkels-sonar ok Geirs, Landn. 62; þar görðisk saga þeirra Þorbjarnar ok Hávarðar ens halta, 127; Vé-björn var víga-maðr mikill, ok er saga mikil frá honum, 150; þar af görðisk saga Ísfirðinga ok víg Þorbjarnar, id.; þar af görðisk saga Böðmóðs gerpis ok Grímólfs, 157; þar af görðisk Svarfdæla saga, 208; þar af görðisk Þorskfirðinga saga, 124; ok þar var Þórðr gellir leiddr í áðr hann tók mannvirðing, sem segir í sögu hans, 111. Some of these Sagas were perhaps never committed to writing; others not till a later date, when the tradition had deteriorated; but they were told and known by name at the time when the Landn. was first composed, see Safn i. 191. Written Sagas, again, are those recorded in later works,—ok getr hans í Laxdæla sögu, Eb. 334; sem segir í sögu Laxdæla, Grett. 15; sem segir í Bandamanna sögu, 22;. vísar svá til í sögu Bjarnar, 132; sem segir í sögu Njarðvíkinga, Ld. 296; sem í sögu Þorgils Höllu-sonar segir, 290; sem segir í Eyrbyggja sögu, Landn. (Kb.) 90; sem segir í sögu Eireks, Fms. ii. 214; sem segir í Vápnfirðinga sögu, 239; sem segir í Njáls sögu, Þorst. Síðu H. 170; ok nokkut vísar til í enum efra hlut sögu Hróks ens svarta, Sturl. i. 3 (lost): sem segir í sögu Ragnars konungs, Fas. i. 346, cp. 510; sem segir í Skjöldunga sögu, Yngl. S. ch. 33; sem segir í sögu Sigurðar hrings, Fas. iii. 216; í Ólafs sögu Tryggva sonar, 237; sem segir í Konunga sögum, as is said in the Lives of the Kings, 509, Jómsv. (1824) 52; sem segir í Jarla sögum, as is said in the Lives of the Earls (of Orkney), Fb. ii. 347; sem ritað es í sögu hans, Landn. 41, Eg. 589; hann kemr ok við Heiðarvíga sögu, Eb. 334.

2. phrases, hér hefr or hér lýkr N. M. Sögu, see hefja and lúka; hann kemr eigi við þessa sögu, he touches not the saga, is not connected with it, Grett. 22; or kemr hann við margar sögur, Eb. 334; hann er ór sögunni, he is out of the story, Nj. 22, 29, passim; or N. M. kemr til sögunnar, comes into the story; nú víkr sögunni til …, now the tale turns, to …, Nj. 6; þat er löng saga at segja frá, it is a long tale to tell, Fms. xi. 89; lesa sögu, to read a story, x. 371; er engin saga af honum, no record of him, Grett.; skal við sögu súpa en eigi of mikit drekka, Str.; svá sem sögur eru til, as the story goes, Fms. i. 7: saga also includes the events which gave rise to the tale, hence the phrase, er saga þessi görðisk, when this tale came to pass, Fs. 3, and above. Classical passages referring to the Icel. Saga writings: þat var meirr en tvau hundruð vetra tólfræð er Ísland var byggt, áðr menn tæki hér sögur at rita, Ó. H. (pref.); flestar allar sögur, þær er görzt höfðu á Íslandi áðr Brandr biskup Sæmundarson andaðisk, vóru ritaðar, en þær sögur er síðan hafa görzt vóru lítt ritaðar, áðr Sturla skúld Þórðarson sagði fyrir Íslendinga sögur, Sturl. i. 107 (Arna-Magn. No. 122 B, whence Cod. Brit. Mus.) Story-telling was one of the entertainments at public meetings in Icel., at feasts, weddings, wakes; this was called sagna-skemtan, cp. the banquet of Reykhólar, A. D. 1119; hann sagði sögu Orms Barreyjar-skálds ok vísur margar, Sturl. i. 23; dansleikr, glímur sagna-skemtan, id.; honum var kostr á boðinn hvat til gamans skyldi hafa, sögur eða dans, um kveldit, iii. 281; such entertainments are mentioned even at the meetings of the Icel. alþing, as also at Yule time, see the interesting record of the Icel. story-teller in Harald S. harðr. ch. 99 (Fms. vi. 354–356), see also Sturl. iii. 304, 305, Fbr. (Fb. ii. 210); Íngimundr var fræði-maðr mikill, ok fór vel með sögur, Sturl. i. 9; þar vóru mjök töfl uppi höfð ok sagna-skemtan, Þorf. Karl. ch. 7; hálf-sögð er saga hver er aðrir einir segja, i. e. ‘audiatur et altera pars,’ Bs. i. 582, (mod., það er ekki nema hálfsögð saga ef einn segir.)

II. tales, reports; eigi veit ek um sögur slíkar hvárt satt er, Nj. 259; jarteinir hans urðu ágætar ok fór sagan fyrir í hvert þorp, Blas. 41; seg heill sögu! Fms. vi. 207; er yðr þá eigi segjandz-saga til, Ó. H. 206; það verðr að segja svá hverja sögu sem hún gengr, a saying, every saga must be told as it happened:—sönn saga, a true story; skrök-saga, lygisaga, a fable; dæmi-saga, a parable; álfa-sögur, trolla-sögur, galdra-sögur, útilegu-manna sögur.

COMPDS: sögubók, sögubrot, söguefni, söguligr, Söguljóð, sögumaðr, sögumeistari, sögusögn, söguþáttr.

(stœri or stœrri, stœrstr), a.

1) big, great, of size (stórr fiskr, stórt dýr);

stór veðr, rough weather, great gales;

stór sær, high sea;

gørði þá stórt á firðinum, the sea rose high;

2) great, potent (at hann skyldi varast at gøra Ólaf eigi of stóran);

3) great, important (tillagagóðr hinna stœrri mála);

4) proud (fann hann þat brátt á Sigríði, at hón var heldr stór).

* * *

adj., compar. stæri or stærri, superl. stærstr, i. e. stœri, stœrstr; [a word peculiar to the Northern languages, from which it has entered into the Finnish; A. S. stôr; Engl. sturdy; North. E. stordy]:—the original sense seems to be ‘stirred,’ ‘disturbed’ (cp. III), but it is only used in the sense big, great, of size; ein stærst, Fms. iii. 123; bein miklu stærri, Eg. 769; stórir járnrekendr, Sks. 457; stórir askar, Eg. 204; stór héruð, 275; stór veðr, [cp. Shetl. stoor], rough weather, great gales, Ld. 50; stórr sær, a high sea, Sks.; stór, stæri sár, Nj. 153; stærst hof hér á landi, Landn. 335 (Mantissa); í stórum töskum, Hkr. iii. 244.

II. metaph. great, potent; við alla ena stærri menn, Ld. 124; mæltu at hann skyldi göra Ólaf eigi of stóran, Fms. i. 99; at hann görisk eigi of stórr, Eg. 50; gör þik eigi stærra enn þú átt kyn til, Fms. xi. 236; hve marga (aura) ok hve stóra, Grág. i. 136.

2. great, important; enna stærri mála, Nj. 2.

3. proud; bændr vóru þar því stærri enn annarsstaðar, at engi vildi til koma, Fms. iv. 112: Sigríð kona hans var heldr stór, v. 30 (skap-stórr, Ó. H. l. c.)

III. neut., görði þá stórt á firðinum, the sea rose high, Eg. 60; tíðendi þau er honum lægi svá stórt við, Fms. xi. 102; höggva stórt, to strike hard, Nj. 53.

IV. adverbial phrases, stórum, very greatly, much; svá at ek finna stórum, Ísl. ii. 343; stórum stauplar nú yfir, Fs. 153; þat berr stórum, it amounts to much, Fms. ii. 37; ætla ek stærum bera hin laga-brotin, vii. 305; stórum ríkr, very mighty, Hkr. iii. 244; stórum vinsæll, Fms. vii. 102; stórum feginn, Eg. 567; stórum sköruligt, Ld. 106. 2. stærrum, more, in a greater degree; skjótara ok stærum, Sks. 71; gefit hefir þú mér stærum, Fms. vii. 56; eigi stærum né smærum, neither more nor less, Grág. i. 241. 3. stórs, adv.; ekki stórs of ökla upp, Bs. i. 349. 4. stóru-gi, adv. much, greatly, Ísl. ii. 384; see -gi.

B. In COMPDS, and with nouns, stór-, like smár-, is chiefly prefixed to nouns in plur. or in a collective sense: stór-auðigr, adj. very wealthy, Landn. 68, Eg. 2, 23, Fms. xi. 293, Hdl. 39. stór-ár, f. pl. great waters, Stj. 87, Rb. 350. stór-beinóttr, adj. bony, coarse-faced, Eb. 30, Fas. i. 173. stór-blót, n. pl. great sacrifices, Fms. v. 164. stór-bokkar, m. pl. ‘big bucks,’ lordlings, mighty and overbearing men, Eb. 334, Fms. viii. 238 (spelt bukkar), xi. 260, Bs. i. 621. stór-borgir, f. pl. big towns, Róm. 264. stór-borinn, part. high-born, Hkr. i. 243, Bær. 14. stór-brögðóttr, adj. very sly, Hðm. 13. stór-burðigr, adj. = stórborinn, Fas. ii. 474, v. l. stór-bú, n. pl. great estates, Eg. 170, Fms. i. 13. stór-bygðir, f. pl. large counties, settlements, Ó. H. 174. stór-byssur, f. pl. big catapults, Fas. iii. 428, v. l.: big guns. stór-bæir, m. pl. great estates, Hkr. i. 20. stór-bændr, m. pl. great freeholders, Fms. ii. 40, Orkn. 136, Sturl. i. 37. stór-deildir, f. pl. great differences, quarrels, Sturl. i. 140, iii. 7. stór-deilur, f. pl. id., Sturl. i. 140 C. stór-draumar, m. pl. portentous dreams, Sturl. ii. 204 C. stór-efli, n., in stór-eflis-menn, m. pl. mighty men, Fms. xi. 7, 13, Gísl. 55, Háv. 50, Glúm. 37. stór-efni, n. pl. important cases, N. G. L. stór-eignir, f. pl. great landed estates, Hkr. iii. 19; stóreigna maðr, a great landowner, Ísl. ii. 202. stór-erviði, n. severe toil, hard work, Sturl. iii. 65. stór-eyjar, f. pl. great islands, Fms. vii. 85. stór-fé, n. great wealth, Nj. 178, Eg. 75, Fms. ix. 320; stórfjár ok dýrgripa, vii. 186. stór-feginn, adj. very fain or glad, Ver. 19, Bret. 46, Fms. xi. 29. stór-fengr, adj. gross, huge; hann var s. ok auðigr, Sturl. i. 8; föður átta ek heldr stórfengan, Brand. 62; stórfeng kýr, a good milch cow, Bs. i. 194. stór-fetaðr, part. long-striding, taking great steps, Fas. ii. 348; s. hestr, Edda 57. stór-fetr, adj. id., Greg. 17. stór-firðir, m. pl. big firths, Fb. iii. 446. stór-fiskar, m. pl. big fishes (whales). Fas. ii. 113. stór-fjaðrar, f. pl. big feathers, Sks. 114. stór-fjarri, adv. very far, Lex. Poët. stór-fjöllóttr, adj. with great fells, Eb. 8. stór-flokkar, m. pl. great ‘flocks,’ large detachments, Ó. H. 208. stór-frörar, m. pl. ice-fields, Grett. (in a verse). stór-fuglar, m. pl. big birds, El. 2. stór-fundir, m. pl. great meetings, great battles, Nj. 107. stór-föt, n. pl. big clothes, Glúm. 390. stór-geðr (- geðjaðr), adj. great-minded. Lex. Poët.: = stórgætr (?), Bs. i. 606. stór-gjafar, f. pl. great, lordly, rich gifts, Nj. 151, Fms. vii. 2. stór-gjöfull, adj. munificent, Hkr. i. 291, Fms. viii. 238, Bs. i. 81, Magn. 464. stór-gjöld, n. pl. heavy fines, Fms. i. 66. stór-glæpir, m. pl. great crimes, Fms. vii. 261, Stat. 260, Sks. 773. stórglæpa-maðr, m. a great criminal, Stj. 40. stór-glæpligr, adj. highly criminal, Sks. 773. stór-gnípur, f. pl. huge peaks, mountains, Fas. ii. 76. stór-góz, n. a great property, Bs. i. 853. stór-grýti, n. pl. big stones, rocks, Mag. stór-grýttr, adj. rocky, stony, Fms. xi. 239. stór-gættingar, m. pl. magnates, 623. 32, Al. 16. stór-görr, part. of great size, Lex. Poët. stór-hagr, adj. very skilled, handy, Fas. ii. 347. stór-heimsligr, adj. ‘big-foolish,’ grossly foolish, 625. 73. stór-heit, n. pl. great vows, Bs. i. 421, Fms. ix. 387. stór-héruð, n. pl. great districts, Stj. 83, MS. 655 xvi. A. 3, Ó. H. 125. stór-hlutir, m. pl. great things, Fms. vii. 136: in an evil sense, great sins, MS. 671. 16, N. G. L. i. 459. stór-hræddr, adj. much afraid, Fbr. 149. stór-huga, adj. aiming high, aspiring. stór-hugaðr, adj. high-minded, proud, Am. 72, Stj. stór-hvalir, m. pl. big whales, Sks. 122. stór-hveli, n. id., Fas. ii. 78. stór-höfðingjar, m. pl. great magnates, Fms. vii. 206, 209, Hkr. ii. 140, Barl. 127, Sks. 6. stór-höggr, adj. dealing heavy blows, Fms. xi. 131, Landn. 69, Fb. ii. 128. stór-ílla, adv. very badly, Grett. 120, Fms. i. 12, Fb. i. 411. stór-íllr, adj. very bad, Fms. ix. 393, Lv. 68. stór-jarteinir, f. pl. great wonders, Stj. 289. stór-kappar, m. pl. great champions, Fas. ii. 481. stór-katlar, m. pl. big kettles, Fms. x. 29. stór-kaup, n. pl. wholesale buying. stórkaup-maðr, m. a wholesale dealer, Fb. ii. 75. stór-keralda, að, in a pun, Krók. 63, 64. stór-kerti, n. pl. geat tapers, Flóv. 35. stór-keröld, n. pl. large vats, Dipl. v. 18. stór-klæki, n. pl. great wickedness, Band. 38 new Ed., Ó. H. 217. stór-kostliga, adv. in grand style, Bs. i. 645. stór-kostligr, adj. grand; bær s., Ó. H. 66; s. gjafir, Sturl. i. 48: colossal, Fb. i. 522. stór-kvikendi, n. pl. great beasts, Stj. 70. stór-kvæði, n. pl. great poems, Skálda 205. stór-langr, adj. very long, Eb. 24. stór-látr, adj. proud, haughty, Fms. i. 2: munificent, Fs. 51, Al. 70: not content with a little (opp. to smá-látr), Eg. 17, Fms. vi. 368. stór-leiði, n. a long way, Bs. i. 458. stór-leikr, m. presumption, pride, Fms. iv. 206, Ölk. 34, Stj. 537. stór-leitr, adj. big-faced, Sturl. ii. 99. stór-lendur, f. pl. great lands, Bs. i. 226. stór-liga, adv. greatly, very, Bret. 24, Eg. 57: proudly, Edda. 30; svara s., Fms. i. 3; mæla s., vi. 246, x. 194. stór-ligana, adv. = stórliga, Stj., MS. 227, passim. stór-ligr, adj. great, Eg. 46. stór-ljótr, adj. very ugly, Glúm. 387. stór-lokkar, m. pl. long locks, Fas. i. 173. stór-lyndi, f. magnanimity, Fms. vii. 198, Hkr. iii. 245; sína s., Fms. vii. 96. stór-lyndr, adj. magnanimous, Fms. vii. 98; high-spirited, Nj. 18, Fs. 129, Grett. 158. stór-læti, n. liberality, Ld. 30, Fms. x. 235: pride, v. 71, Ölk. 34. stór-lönd, n. pl. great counties, Fms. iv. 140. stór-mannliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), like a grand man, munificently, Fs. 15, Ísl. ii. 337, Eg. 62, Fms. xi. 244. stór-mannligr, adj. magnificent, Fs. 11, 30, Fms. ii. 133, vi. 13, xi. 321. stór-margr, adj. very many, Eg. 219. stór-mál, n. pl. great suits; standa í stórmálum, Nj. 227, Fs. 29, Vápn. 22. stór-mein, n. pl. great evils, Fs. 44. stór-meizl, n. pl. great injuries, Sturl. ii. 49. stór-menni, n. great men, men of rank, Eg. 30, Fs. 11, Fms. i. 31, vi. 19, Ó. H. 71: great folk, Bárð. 172; frá Birni bunu er komit nær allt s. á Íslandi, Landn. 39: a liberal man, Sturl. i. 4, 9, Eg. 38, 198: a big man, giant, Edda 33. stór-mennska, u, f. greatness, munificence, Fms. xi. 19, 293, Fs. 15, passim; meir af stór-mennsku enu forsjá, Bs. i. 83. stórmennsku-fullr, adj. munificent. stór-merki, n. pl. wonderful things, great wonders; Guðs s., Edda (pref.), Fms. i. 133, Magn. 534, Symb. 29; hvat er fleira stórmerkja frá askinum, Edda. stór-merkiliga, adv. wonderfully, Mar. stór-merkiligr, adj. wonderful, Mar. stór-mikill, adj. huge, immense, Lv. 68, Eg. 59, Fms. i. 63, vii. 79, 278. stór-mjök, adv. very much, immensely, Fms. vii. 110, Fb. 1. 411, Bret. 54. stór-mæli, n. pl. great affairs; standa í stórmælum, Nj. 224: grave affairs, þau s. er ek hefi mót yðrum vilja brotið, Orkn. 118; eccl. the greater excommunication, hafði biskup í stórmælum ( in ban) tvá höfðingja, Sturl. ii. 2; lýsa stórmælum yfir, to excommunicate, iii. 201; biskup vildi ekki með hann tala, þvíat hann var í stórmælum, Bs. i. 286, 490, Stat. 260, Anecd. 8, 26. stór-nauðsynjar, f. pl. hard necessity, Gþl. 27, 352. stór-nær, adv. very nigh, Bs. i. 21. stór-orðr, adj. using big words, Fms. i. 75, xi. 94; stórort kvæði ok úfagrt, a big-worded, high-sounding poem, Ísl. ii. 237. stór-ráð, n. pl. great undertakings, Fms. i. 83. stór-ráða-samr, adj. daring, venturesome, Grett. 158. stór-ráðr, adj. ambitious; stórráð ok ráðgjörn, Fms. x. 220; s. ok ágjarn, vii. 28, Orkn. 144; a nickname, Sigríðr stórráða, cp. Lat. superbus. stór-ref-singar, f. pl. severe punishment. Fms. vii. 36. stór-regn, n. pl. heavy rains. Fms. viii. 202. stór-reki, m. ‘big-wreck’ big pieces of jetsum; allan stórreka, opp. to smáreki, Vm. 129. stór-riðinn, part. with big meshes, of a net. stór-ritaðr, part. written in large letters, Pm. 125. stór-ríki, n. pl. great empires, Bs. ii. 43. stór-ríkr, adj. very powerful, Ísl. ii. 202, v. l. stór-ræði, n. pl. daring, dangerous, great undertakings, Gþl. (pref. vi), Nj. 66, Fms. i. 83, vi. 10, 37, viii. 120, Sks. 746. stórræða-maðr, m. a man of great aims. Fms. ix. 283. stór-rök, n. pl. mighty events, Hom. 55. stór-sakar, f. pl. great offences. Fms. ii. 4, 33, Ld. 172. stór-samligr, adj. severe, Sks. 49. stór-sár, n. pl. grievous wounds, Fms. iii. 118. stór-skaðar, m. pl. great damage, Bs. i. 144. stór-skip, n. pl. great ships. Fms. vii. 259. stór-skorinn, part. huge, gaunt, Fb. i. 566; mikill vexti ok s., Bárð. 175; s. í andliti, Fb. i. 258; s. sem Goliath, Stj. 464; stórskorit höfuð, Grett. 83 new Ed. stór-skriptir, f. pl. heavy penances, K. Á. 192, H. E. i. 509; stórskripta-maðr, ii. 78. stór-skuldir, f. pl. great debts, Grág. i. 500. stór-slög, n. pl. great visitations, plagues, Stj. 268. stór-smiðr, m. a notable workman, Eg. 4. stór-smíði, n. pl. a huge, bulky work, Edda 19. stór-staðir, m. pl. great towns, Stj. 68; in Icel. or Norway of great church-prebends, Fms. vi. 157. stór-stígr, adj. long-striding. stór-straumr, m. a spring tide. stór-streymt, n. adj. = stórstraumr. stór-sveitir, f. pl. a large detachment., Fms. ix. 429. stór-syndir, f. pl. great sins, H. E. i. 521. stór-sæmdir, f. pl. great honours, Nj. 134, Fms. xi. 331. stór-sæti, n. pl. large ricks, Eb. 150, 224, Brandkr. 30. stór-tákn, n. pl. great wonders. Fms. i. 29, Stj. 261; sing., Bs. i. 42. stór-tignir, f. pl. high dignity, 625. 98. stór-tíðindi, n. pl. great tidings, great events, Fms. iii. 15, vi. 230, Nj. 195, Rb. 394, Sturl. i. 107 C; wonders, Edda 14, Fms. xi. 38. stór-tré, n. pl. huge beams, Karl. 448, Fms. x. 358, Krók. stóru-gi, see stórr (A. IV. 4). stór-úðigr, adj. high-minded, Hbl. 15, Valla L. stór-vandi, a, m. a great difficulty, Sturl. ii. 79. stór-vandræði, n. pl. id., Fms. vii. 25. stór-vegir, m. pl. broad roads, highways, Barl. 190. stór-vegligr, adj. very honourable, Hkr. ii. 100. stór-veizlur, f. pl. great banquets, Fms. i. 291. stór-vel, adv. right well, Eg. 60, 423, Ísl. ii. 382. stór-verk, n. pl. great deeds, Fms. v. 345. stór-viðaðr, adj. large timbered, Fms. ii. 218. stór-viðir, m. pl. great timbers, big beams, Fms. ii. 328, x. 361. Nj. 201, Bs. i. 81. stór-viðri, n. a great tempest, Fms. vii. 310, Grett. 153. stór-virki, n. pl. great feats, Fms. i. 287, ii. 109, vi. 55, Nj. 193, Ld. 40, Eg. 686, Korm. 242, Al. 160. stór-virkr, adj. working mightily; sterkr ok s., working like a giant, Bárð. 163; stórvirkr, opp. to góðvirkr, Nj. 55: as the name of a giant, Edda (Gl.), Fas. i. (Hervar. S. begin.) stór-vitr, adj. very wise, Nj. 22, Fms. i. 31, vi. 10, xi. 13, 205. stór-víða, adv. very widely, Fbr. 41. stór-yrði, n. pl. big words, Eg. 258, Nj. 261, Fms. ix. 419, x. 71, xi. 256, Al. 18. stór-ýðigr, adj. = stórúðigr, Valla L. 208. stór-þing, n. a ‘storthing,’ great council (oecumenical), Karl. 548, Pr. 104, Rb. stór-þorp, n. pl. great villages, Fagrsk. ch. 193. stór-þungt, n. adj. very heavy, Eb. 284. stór-þurftir, f. pl. great need, Bs. i. 525. stór-ættaðr, adj. high-born, Eg. 16, Nj. 178, Fms. i. 186, vi. 246. stór-ættir, f. pl. great families.

f. the booth in the parliament (alþingi) belonging to the allsherjargoði. Its site is fixed, Sturl. ii. 44, 126 (referring to events in the year 1215).

n. [þing], mod. form alþing, by dropping the inflective i; the gen., however, still remains unchanged, alþingis. The parliament or general assembly of the Icel. Commonwealth, invested with the supreme legislative and judicial power, consisting of the legislative lögrétta (q. v.), and the courts, v. dómr, fimtardómr, fjórðungsdómar; v. also goði, goðorð, lügsögumaðr, lögsaga, lögberg, and many other words referring to the constitution and functions of the alþingi. It was founded by Ulfljot about A. D. 930, Ib. ch. 3; and reformed by Thord Gellir A. D. 964, who instituted the courts and carried out the political divisions of Icel. into goðorð, fjórðungar, and þing, ch. 5. In the years 1272 and 1281 the alþing, to some extent, changed its old forms, in order to comply with the new state of things. In the year 1800 it was abolished altogether. A kind of parliament, under the old name alþingi, was again established in the year 1843, and sat at Reykjavík. Before the year 930 a general assembly was held in Kjalarnes, whence it was removed under the name of alþingi to the river Öxará, near to the mountain Ármannsfell. The much-debated passage in Hænsaþ. S. ch. 14—en þingit var þá undir Ármannsfelli—therefore simply means that the events referred to happened after the removal of the Kjalarnesping. The parliament at first met on the Thursday beginning the tenth week of the summer, which fell between the 11th and the 17th of June; by a law of the year 999 its opening was deferred to the next following Thursday, between the 18th and 24th of June, old style; after the union with Norway, or after A. D. 1272 or 1281, the time of meeting was further deferred to June 29. July 2 (Vis. B. V. M.) is hence called Þing-Maríumessa. The parliament lasted for a fortnight; the last day of the session, called vápnatak, because the weapons having been laid aside during the session were again taken (cp. Engl. wapentake), thus fell on the first or second Wednesday in July. As to the rules of the alþingi, vide esp. the first chapter of the Þ. Þ. Grág. (Kb.) i. p. 38 sqq. The most eventful years in the history of the alþingi are, A. D. 930 (foundation), 964 (reform), 1000 (introduction of Christianity), 1004 (institution of the Fifth Court), 1024 (repudiation of the attempt of the king of Norway to annex Iceland), 1096 (introduction of tithes), 1117 (first codification of laws), 1262–1264 (submission to the king of Norway), 1272 and 1281 (new codes introduced). In the year 1338 there was no alþing held because of civil disturbances, eytt alþingi ok þóttu þat údærni, Ann. s. a., Grág. (Þ. Þ.) Íslend. bók, Kristni S., Njála, Sturl., Árna b. S., Ó. H. (1853), ch. 114; of modern writers, vide esp. Maurer, Entsteh. des Ísl. Staates; Dasent, Introd. to Burnt Njal; some of the Introductions by Jón Sigurðsson in D. I., esp. that to the Gamli Sáttmáli of the year 1262.

COMPDS: alþingisdómr, alþingisför, alþingishelgun, alþingislof, alþingismál, alþingisnefna, alþingisreið, alþingissátt, alþingissáttarhald, alþingissekt, alþingissektarhald.

(gen. arðrs), m. a simple form plough.

* * *

rs, m. [Lat. aratrum; Gael. arad; cp. erja, Ulf. arjan, arare; A. S. erian; Old Engl. ear, etc.; in Norse ar or al is a small plough]

1. a sort of plough, probably different in size and shape from plógr, which is a later word, of foreign stamp, as are all that have p for their initial letter. The poem Rm. distinguishes between both, göra arðr (acc.) and keyra plóg, 19. The first colonisers of Iceland used arðr, as shewn by Landn. 35 (relating events of the year 875); hann átti einn oxa, ok lét hann þrælana draga arðrinn; eykr fyrir plógi eðr arðri ( plough or ard), N. G. L. ii. 115; ef maðr stel jarni af arðri eðr plógi, id.; höggva má maðr sér til plógs eðr arðs (gen. dropping the radical r), id.; draga arðr, Al. 52; arðri (dat.), Karl. 471, Mar. (Fr.), Stj.: um allt þat er miklu varðar er betri sígandi arðr en svífandi (emend. of Dr. Hallgrim Scheving), a proverb, better a slow but deep trenching plough than a quick and shallow one, Bs. i. 139; the old arðr was probably bulky and heavy.

2. metaph. in Icel. at present arðr (gen. arðs, arðar, Snót 90), as well as plógr, means gain, produce, profit: arðsamr, adj. profitable.

COMPD: arðsgeldingr.

n. an απ. λεγ., Nj. 107 (cp. the verse, p. 118), bloody rain, a prodigy, foreboding, slaughter, plague, or like events, cp. Eb. ch. 51, Dl. verse 1.

n. pl. waiting, delay; góðr í bíðum, patient.

* * *

n. pl. [A. S. bid], a biding, waiting, delay; skömm bið, Al. 118: patience, mikit megu biðin (a proverb), 119, 623. 60; vera góðr í biðum, to be patient and forbearing, Bs. i. 141; liggja á bið (biðum?), to bide the events, Fms. x. 407: in mod. usage fem. sing., lífið manns hart fram hleypr, hefir það enga bið, Hallgr.

n. gait, bearing; Icel. say, vera hægr, stilltr í fasi, or fas-góðr, fas-prúðr, adj. of gentle gait and bearing; fas-mikill, adj. rushing: this word, though in freq. use at the present time, seems never to occur in old writers, unless it be in arga-fas, q. v.: the etymology is uncertain, perhaps from Engl. fashion, face; it seems at all events to be of foreign origin; at the time of Pal Vídalín it was in full use, cp. Skýr. 90.

* * *

(-s, -ar), m. elephant.

* * *

m. [early Swed. and Dan. fil], an elephant; this interesting word, which is still in exclusive use in Icel., was borrowed from the Persian fil, and came to Scandinavia in early times, probably by the eastern road of trade through Russia and Constantinople; it occurs in a verse of the 10th century (Fb. i. 209), the genuineness of which may be doubtful, but at all events the word is old; freq. in Al., Stj., Flóv., and romances. But úlfaldi, Goth. ulbandus, A. S. olfend or olvend, a corruption of the Gr. ελέφαντ-, means camel.

COMPDS: fílsbein, fílstönn.

n. (heathen) god.

* * *

n. pl. [all the Teutonic languages have this word in common; Ulf. guþa, n. pl., Gal. iv. 8; guda, id., John x. 34, 35; and Guþ, m.; A. S. godu, n. pl., and God, m.; O. H. G. Cot: in mod. languages masc.; Engl. God; Germ. Gott; Dan.-Swed. Gud].

A. HISTORICAL REMARKS.—In heathen times this word was neuter, and was used almost exclusively in plur., as were also other words denoting Godhead, e. g. regin or rögn = numina, q. v.; and bönd, höpt, prop. = bonds, and metaph. gods:—this plur. usage seems not to refer to a plurality of gods, but rather, as the Hebrew אלהים, to the majesty and mystery of the Godhead; it points to an earlier and purer faith than that which was current in the later ages of the Scandinavian heathendom; thus the old religious poem Völuspá distinguishes a twofold order of gods,—the heavenly powers (regin or ginn-heilög goð) who had no special names or attributes, and who ruled the world, like the Μοιρα or Αισα of Gr. mythology;—and the common gods who were divided into two tribes, Æsir ( Ases) and Vanir, whose conflict and league are recorded in Vsp. 27, 28, and Edda 47.

II. after the introduction of Christianity, the masculine gender (as in Greek and Latin) superseded the neuter in all Teutonic languages, first in Gothic, then in Old High German and Anglo-Saxon, and lastly in the Scandinavian languages; but neither in Gothic nor in Icel. did the word ever take the masc. inflexive r or s, so that it remains almost unique in form.

2. in Scandinavian the root vowel was altered from o to u (goð to guð), [Swed.-Dan. gud], yet in old poems of the Christian age it is still made to rhyme with o, Goðs, boðnum; Goð, roðnar, Sighvat; as also in the oldest MSS. of the 12th century; sometimes however it is written ḡþ, in which case the root vowel cannot be discerned.

3. in Icel. the pronunciation also underwent a change, and the g in Guð ( God) is now pronounced gw (Gwuð), both in the single word and in those proper names which have become Christian, e. g. Guðmundr pronounced Gwuðmundr, whence the abbreviated form Gvendr or Gvöndr. The old form with o is still retained in obsolete words, as goði, goðorð, vide below, and in local names from the heathen age, as Goð-dalir; so also Gormr (q. v.), which is contracted from Goð-ormr not Guð-ormr. On the other hand, the Saxon and German have kept the root vowel o.

III. in old poems of heathen times it was almost always used without the article; gremdu eigi goð at þér, Ls.; áðr vér heilög goð blótim, Fas. i. (in a verse); ginnheilög Goð, Vsp. passim; goðum ek þat þakka, Am. 53; með goðum, Alm.; in prose, en goð hefna eigi alls þegar, Nj. 132.

2. with the article goð-in, Vsp. 27: freq. in prose, um hvat reiddusk goðin þá er hér brann hraunit er nú stöndu vér á, Bs. i. (Kr. S.) 22; eigi eru undr at goðin reiðisk tölum slíkum, id.; Hallfreðr lastaði eigi goðin, þó aðrir menn hallmælti þeim, Fms. ii. 52; allmikin hug leggr þú á goðin, Fs. 94; eigi munu goðin þessu valda, Nj. 132, passim.

3. very seldom in sing., and only if applied to a single goddess or the like, as Öndor-goðs (gen.), Haustl. 7; Vana-goð, of Freyja, Edda; enu skírleita goði, of the Sun, Gm. 39.

IV. after the introduction of Christianity, the neut. was only used of false gods in sing. as well as in pl., Sólar-goð = Apollo, Orrostu-goð = Mars, Drauma-goð = Morpheus, Bret. (Verel.); and was held up for execration by the missionaries; gör þik eigi svá djarfa, at þú kallir goð hinn hæsta konung er ek trúi á, Fb. i. 371. Yet so strongly did the neut. gender cleave to the popular mind that it remains (Grág. Kb. i. 192) in the oath formula, goð gramt = Goð gramr; and Icel. still say, í Guðanna (pl.) bænum.

2. guðír, masc. pl., as in A. S. gudas, is freq. in eccl. writers, but borrowed from the eccl. Lat.

B. IN COMPDS:

I. with nouns, goða-blót, n. sacrifice to the gods, Fb. i. 35. goða-gremi, f. a term in the heathen oath, wrath of the gods, Eg. 352. goða-heill, f. favour of the gods, Þorst. Síðu H. 9. goða-hús, n. a house of gods, temple, Dropl. 11, Nj. 131, Fb. i. 337. goða-stallar, m. pl. the altar in temples, Fas. i. 454. goða-stúka, u, f. the sanctuary in heathen temples, answering to the choir or sanctuary in churches, Landn. 335 (App.) goða-tala, u, f. in the phrase, í goðatölu, in the tale ( list) of gods, 625. 41. goð-borinn, part. διογενής, god-born, Hkv. 1. 29. goð-brúðr, f. bride of the gods (the goddess Skaði), Edda (in a verse). Goð-dalir, m. pl. a local name, hence Goð-dælir, m. pl. a family, Landn. goð-gá, f. blasphemy against the gods, Nj. 163, Ld. 180. goð-heimr, m. the home of the gods, Stor. 20, cp. Ýt. goð-konungr, m. (cp. Gr. διογενής βασιλεύς), a king,—kings being deemed the offspring of gods, Ýt. goð-kunnigr and goð-kyndr, adj. of the kith of gods, Edda 6, 11, 13. goð-lauss, adj. godless, a nickname, Landn. goð-lax, m. a kind of salmon, Edda (Gl.) goð-leiðr, adj. loathed by the gods, Korm. goð-máligr, adj. skilled in the lore of the gods, Hým. 38. goð-mögn, n. pl. divine powers, deities, Edda 1; biðja til þinna goðmagna, Bret. (Verel.) goð-reið, f. ‘a ride of gods’ through the air, a meteor, thought to forebode great events, Glúm. (in a verse), cp. the Swed. åska. goð-rifi, n. scorn of the gods, Sks. 435. goð-rækr, adj. ‘god-forsaken,’ wicked, 623. 30. goðum-leiðr, adj. = goðleiðr, Landn. (in a verse). goð-vargr, m. a ‘god-worrier,’ sacrilegus, ‘lupus in sanctis,’ Bs. i. 13 (in a verse). goð-vefr, vide guðvefr. goð-vegr, m. the way of the gods, the heaven, the sky, Hdl. 5. Goð-þjóð, f. the abode of the gods, Vsp.:—but Goth. Gut-þjuda = the land of the Goths, by assimilation Goð-þjóð, passim in old poems and the Sagas.

II. with pr. names, originally Goð-, later and mod. Guð-; of men, Guð-brandr, Guð-laugr, Guð-leifr, Guð-mundr, Guð-röðr, Guð-ormr or Gutt-ormr, etc.; of women, Guð-björg, Guð-finna, Guð-laug, Guð-leif, Guð-ný, Guð-ríðr, Guð-rún, etc.; cp. the interesting statement in Eb. (App.) 126 new Ed. (from the Hauks-bók), that men of the olden time used to call their sons and daughters after the gods (Goð-, Þór-, Frey-, Ás-); and it was thought that a double (i. e. a compound) name gave luck and long life, esp. those compounded with the names of gods; menn höfðu mjök þá tvau nöfn, þótti þat likast til langlífis ok heilla, þótt nokkurir fyrirmælti þeim við goðin, þá mundi þat ekki saka, ef þeir ætti eitt nafn, though any one cursed them by the gods it would not hurt if they had ‘one’ name, i. e. if they were the namesakes of the gods, Eb. l. c.;—we read ‘eitt nafn’ for ‘eitt annat nafn’ of the Ed. and MS. In Fb. i. 23, the mythical king Raum is said to have had three sons, Alf, Björn, and Brand; the first was reared by the Finns, and called Finn-Alf; Björn by his mother (a giantess), and called Jötun-Björn; and Brand was given to the gods, and called Goð-Brand (Guð-brandr, whence Guðbrands-dalir, a county in Norway); cp. also Eb. ch. 7.

☞ For the Christian sense of God and its compds vide s. v. Guð.

f. legislation, Jb. (pref.), Fms. i. 33, v. 102, Orkn. 124; this word requires explanation,—in old writers it means the constitution, the fundamental laws or political constitution of a commonwealth; as Ari, the historian, says, ‘frá Íslands bygð, frá landnáms-mönnum ok lagasetning,’ of the settlement of Iceland, of her settlers and her political constitution, Íb. (pref.); where lagasetning refers to the institution of the alþing, and the other events related in Íb. ch. 2 and 3; so also, ritaði hann (viz. Ari) mest í upphafi sinnar bókar um Íslands bygð ( the settlement), ok lagasetning ( constitution), Hkr. (pref.), referring to the constitutional laws of Ulfljot recorded in ch. 2 of the Icelander Book; lagasetning here exactly answers to what Konrad Maurer, by a mod. term, calls ‘die entstehung des Isländisches staates.’ So also of the laws of king Hakon the Good (cp. the remarks s. v. þing), lagasetning Hákonar konungs, … hann (the king) var maðr stórvitr, ok lagði mikinn hug á lagasetning, hann ‘setti’ Gulaþings-lög …, Hkr. i. 135 (cp. Fms. i. 31): again, in Ó. H. 227 it answers to the mod. word legislation (of the laws of Sweyn, the son of Alfifa), and so Orkn. 24. It is to be borne in mind that ‘lög’ has a double sense, viz. law in a strict sense, and in a local-political sense = a ‘law-community,’ legally constituted state, nearly answering to Gr. πόλις.

* * *

n. pl.

1) reason, ground, origin (nú skal segja, af hverjum rökum heiðnir menn héldu jól);

2) wonder, marvel; forn r., great things of yore; firrist (imperat.) æ forn r. firar, let bygones be bygones; stór r., mighty things, great marvels; tíva r., the life and doings of the gods; þjóða r., origin, creation of mankind; í aldar r., at the end of the world; ragna r., see ragnarök.

* * *

n. pl. [O. H. G. rahha = sentence, judgment; the word is prob. akin to rakna, rak-, rekja, réttr]:—a reason, ground, origin; segja nokkur rök frá Dróttins-degi, Leiðarv. 5; nú skal tína nokkut um rök tiðanna, 625. 164; af þessum rökum hófsk sjá hátíð, Hom. 132; enn eru regulares, er upp hefjask af enum sömum rökum, Rb. 124; ek skal víss verða af hverjum rökum úrar-horn er upp runnit, Fas. iii. 633; nú skal segja af hverjum rökum heiðnir menn héldu Jól sín, Fb. i. 564, Hom. (St.); nú eru þessi rök til, hví Guð vildi, Mar.; Dróttinn sýndi þeim flest rök sinnar dýrðar á þessum degi, Hom. (St.); fvrra dag sögðum vér nakkvat frá tvennum rökum hátíðar þeirrar, id.

2. a wonder, sign, marvel; vér vitum at hann (Christ) var borinn með myklum rökum, en þó var hann með meirum tákmun skírðr, Hom. 56; önnur rök þau sem Guðspjöll segja, 686 B. 14; spá-sögur ok þau rök er hann (Christ) sýndi í heimi, 625. 163; forn rök, great things of yore; var haldit fyrir speki ok spádóm flest þat er hón (the prophetess) sagði af fornum rökum, Fb. i. 77; firrisk æ forn rök fírar, i. e. let bygones be bygones, Ls. 25; stór rök, mighty things; stór verða rök, rignir bióði, Merl. 2. 31; sjá þessi rök þrennar aldir, 2. 77; ráða mörg rök, to foretell many events, 1. 2:—alda rök, the beginning, the creation of the world, Edda i. 36; but also of the end of the world, dooms-day, Vþm. 39; þjóða rök, the origin, creation of mankind; sv;á þundr um reis (not reist?) fyrir þjóða rök, thus Th. arose ere the memory of man, Hm. 146; tíva rök, the life and doings of the gods, Vþm. 38, 40, 42.

3. the old phrase, ragna rök, the history of the gods and the world, but esp. with reference to the last act, the last judgment, doom’s-day, weird of gods and the world; feigum munni mælta ek mína forna stafi ok um ragna rök, with ‘fey’ mouth I spake my old saws of the life and fate of the gods, Vþm. 55; eru þat svik ein er ek sjá þykkjumk eða ragna rök, ríða menn dauðir, is what I behold a delusion or is it the last day, do dead men ride? Hkv. 2. 38, 39; unz ragna rök rjúfendr koma, Vtkv. 14; fram sé ek lengra um ragna rök röm, Vsp. 40; görðisk (= görðusk) rök ragna, it was as if the world’s end was at hand, Am. 22,—thus always in old poems, with the sole exception of Ls. 39, see rökr.

* * *

(að), v. to saw, cut with a saw (krossinn var sagaðr í sundr).

(gen. sögu, pl. sögur), f.

1) what is said, statement (má vera, at sönn sé s. þín);

2) tale, story, history; segja, ríta sögu, to tell, write a story; hann kemr eigi við þessa sögu, he is not connected with this ‘saga’; vera ór sögunni, to be out of the story; vera í sögu, to be mentioned in a story; svá sem sögu, to be mentioned in a story; svá sem sögur eru til, as the story goes;

3) the events which gave rise to the story; hann var þá mjök hniginn á efra aldr, er sjá saga gørðist, when this came to pass;

4) tale, report (eigi veit ek um sögur slíkar, hvárt satt er).

* * *

að, to saw, cut with a saw, Barl. 166, Fms. vii. 89.

* * *

(að), v. to saw, cut with a saw (krossinn var sagaðr í sundr).

(gen. sögu, pl. sögur), f.

1) what is said, statement (má vera, at sönn sé s. þín);

2) tale, story, history; segja, ríta sögu, to tell, write a story; hann kemr eigi við þessa sögu, he is not connected with this ‘saga’; vera ór sögunni, to be out of the story; vera í sögu, to be mentioned in a story; svá sem sögu, to be mentioned in a story; svá sem sögur eru til, as the story goes;

3) the events which gave rise to the story; hann var þá mjök hniginn á efra aldr, er sjá saga gørðist, when this came to pass;

4) tale, report (eigi veit ek um sögur slíkar, hvárt satt er).

* * *

u, f. [akin to saga and segja?], one of the goddesses, see Gm. 7; often used in circumlocutions of a woman, silki-sága, öl-sága, etc., Lex. Poët.

(gen. seiðs or seiðar), m. spell, charm, enchantment, incantation; seiða (efla, magna) seið, to work a spell, practise sorcery.

* * *

m., gen. seiðar, dat. seiði; the fem. seið sina (sinn), Fms. ii. 136, and seiðit, Fas. iii. 319, are false forms:—a spell, charm, enchantment, incantation, which in the heathen times was solemnly performed at night; the wizards or witches were seated with certain solemn rites on a scaffold (seiðhjallr), from which they chanted their spells and songs; the ‘seidr’ was performed either to work any kind of good or evil to another person, or to be a kind of oracle or fortune-telling, to foreshow future events, such as the life and fate of those present, the weather, or the like; of the evil kind is the charm in Gísl. l. c., Ld. 152; fá at seið, Hkr. i. 21; Ingjaldr ok völvan ætluðu til seiðar mikils um nóttina, Fas. ii. 507; Freyja kenndi fyrst með Ásum seið, 8; fremja seið, Þorf. Karl. 376; efla seið, Eg. 403, Fas. ii. 72; magna seið, Gísl. 116; konungr bað hann hætta seiði, Fms. i. 10: hón bað fá sér konur er kunnu fræði þat sem til seiðsins þarf, Þorf. Karl. 378; var þangat at heyra íll læti er þeir frömdu seiðinn (seiðit Ed. wrongly), Fas. iii. 319: seiðis-hús, the house where the spell was worked. Fas. iii. 166, v. l.; in Yngl. S. ch. 7 the charm of ‘seidr’ is attributed to Odin; Óðinn kunni þá íþrótt, er mestr máttr fylgdi, ok framði sjálfr, er seiðr heitir, en af því mátti hann vita örlög manna ok úorðna hluti, svá ok at göra mönnum bana eðr úhamingju eða vanheilindi, svá ok at taka frá mönnum vit eðr afl ok gefa öðrum, en þessi fjölkyngi, er framið er, fylgir svá mikil ergi, at eigi þótti karlmönnum skammlaust við at fara, ok var gyðjunum kennd sú íþrótt, Yngl. S. ch. 7; as to the rites and ceremonies of the ‘seidr’ see esp. the interesting account in Þorf. Karl. S. ch. 3, compared with that in Vd. ch. 10 and Örvar Odds S. ch. 2 and 3; even the old poem Völuspá is framed as a song delivered by a prophetess working a spell. The witch scene in Macbeth is an echo of the ancient ‘seidr’ as it survived in tradition in Shakespeare’s time, though the devilry and the cauldron are later additions.

n. pl. tidings, news, events; þú skalt eigi kunna frá tíðindum at segja, thou shall not be left alive to tell the tale; gerast (verða) til tíðinda, to happen, occur (verðr ekki til tíðinda); mun þetta vita tíðinda, this forebodes great tidings; er þetta var tíðinda, when this happened.

* * *

n. pl. [Engl. tidings is a Norse word, d having been changed into g; Dan. tidende; Ormul. tiþennde]:—tidings, news; meiri t. ok undarligri, Fms. ii. 194; hver t., xi. 102; þá er hann frétti þau t. er mikils vóru verð, Eg. 51; Björn spurði þessi t., 160; sögðu þeir þau t., at …, 168; segja Snorra Goða þessi t., Ld. 224; spyrr Helgi hvat hann sæi til tíðenda, 172; þú skalt eigi þurfa frá tíðendum at segja, be left to report the tidings, Nj. 8, Bs. i. 521; segja t. sunnan ór héraðinu, Ísl. ii. 333; spurðusk þessi t. um allar Færeyjar, Fær. 33; eigi kæmi þau t. til eyrna mér at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64; mikil t., great tidings, Ld. 326, Edda 12; sagði Bragi Ægi frá mörgum tíðindum þeim er Æsir höfðu átt, 45; en sömu tíðendi, 655 i. 1; ný tíðindi, new tidings; forn t., old tales, Ht. R. 2; íll t., ill tidings, Hom. 150; góð t., good tidings; smá t., Ó. H. 85; spyrja almæltra tíðenda, the news of the day, Eb. 250; þeir kvöddusk ok spurðusk almæltra tíðenda, Band. 2.

2. news, an event; hann sá tíðendi görva á Gullteig, he saw clearly what happened to G., Ísl. ii. 349; er þetta var tíðenda, happened, Fb. i. 127; vita tíðenda, to be important, ii. 87 (gegna tíðendum, ÓH. l. c.); verða til tíðenda, to betide, happen, Ó. H. 120; við staddr þau in miklu t. er …, Fms. vi. 186; hér segir frá þeim tíðendum, sem nú hafa verit um hríð, viii. 5; eptir þessi t., x. 1.

COMPDS: tíðendalaust, tíðendapati, tíðendasaga, tíðindaSkopti, tíðendaspurn, tíðindasögn, tíðendavænligr, tíðendavænn.

* * *

(pl. -ir), f.

1) quarter of the heaven, direction, = átt( flugu þau í brott bæði samt í sömu ætt);

2) one’s family, extraction, pedigree (hann var sœnskr at ætt); þaðan eru komnar þræla ættir, the race of thralls; telja ætt til e-s, to trace one’s pedigree to; e-t gengr í ætt, it is hereditary;

3) generation (í ina þriðju eða fjórðu ætt).

* * *

f., like sætt (q. v.), the forms vary between átt and ætt; in old writers the latter form is by far the more common; in mod. usage they have been separated, átt meaning a quarter in a local sense, ætt a family: [ætt is akin to Ulf. aihts = τα ὑπάρχοντα; A. S. æhte = property; Early Engl. agte; Germ. acht = patrimony; the root verb is eiga, átti, like mega, máttr; from this original sense are derived both the senses, ætt = a family, and ætt or átt = Scot. ‘airt,’ ‘regio caeli;’ the etymology of átt from átta ( eight), suggested at p. 47, col. 1, is too fanciful.]

B. An airt, quarter of the heavens, in gen. dat. pl. átta, áttum; eptir þat sá sól, ok mátti þá deila ættir, Fb. i. 431; átta ættir, eina ætt, Sks. 54; af suðr-ætt, … vestr-ætt, flugu brott í sömu ætt, … ór þeim ættum sem þér þóttu ernirnir fljúga, Ísl. ii. 195, 196; þá drífr snær ór öllum áttum, Edda i. 186 (so also Ub. l. c., but ættum Cod. Worm. l. c.); í allar áttir, Edda i. 182 (ættir Ub. l. c.); norðr-ætt, suðr-ætt, vestr-ætt, austr-ætt, qq. v.; hann skyldi auka ríki sitt hálfu í hverja höfuð-átt, Hkr. i. 49; af öllum áttum, from all ‘airts’ of heaven, Edda 40, Hkr. i. 33; ór ýmissum áttum, Orkn. (in a verse), and so on; see átt, p. 47.

II. prop. what is inborn, native, one’s own, Lat. proprium; one’s family, extraction, kindred, pedigree; áttir, Grág. i. 238, Haustl. 10; allt er þat ætt þín, Óttar heimski, Hdl.; telja, rekja ættir, to trace pedigrees, id.; jötna ætt, id.; órar ættir, Vþm.; komnir af ætt Hörða-Kára, Fms. i. 287; hitt veit ek eigi hvaðan þjófs-augu eru komin í ættir várar, Nj. 2; tvá menn er ættir eru frá komnar, Adam ok Evu, Edda (pref.); dýrra manna ættir, … enginn stærisk af sinni ætt, Landn. 357; er þaðan komin mikil ætt, Eb. 123 new Ed.; hann er orðinn stórum kynsæll, því at til hans telja ættir flestir inir göfgustu menn á Íslandi, 126; Háleygja-ætt, Landn. 255; jarla-ættir, konunga-ættir, biskupa-ættir, etc., passim; ór ættum er ef lengra er rekit, out of the ætt, not genuine, spurious, Edda 124; e-t gengr í ætt, to be hereditary, of habits, character, diseases, or the like, Ó. H. 122; cp. úr-ætta.

COMPDS: ættarbálkr, ættarbragð, ættarbætir, ættarferð, ættarfylgja, ættarfærsla, ættargripr, ættarhaugr, ættarhögg, ættarlaukr, ættarmenn, ættarmót, ættarnafn, ættarréttr, ættarskarð, ættarskjöldr, ættarskömm, ættarspillir, ættarstofn, ættarsvipr, ættartal, ættartala.

☞ Genealogies (ættir, ættar-tölur, ætt-vísi) form the ground-work of the old Icel. historiography; the ancient Saga-men delighted in them, and had a marvellous memory for lineages; in the Sagas the pedigrees give the clue by which to trace the succession of events, and supply the want of chronology. Whole chapters in the best Sagas, esp. at the beginning of a work, are set apart for genealogies, thus. Nj. ch. 1, 19, 20, 25, 26, 46, 57, 96, 97, 114, 115, 155, as also 47, 57, 58, 106 (begin.), Eb. ch. 1, 7, 8, 12, 65, Ld. ch. 1, 31, 32, Eg. ch. 23, Gullþ. ch. 1, Dropl. S. ch. 1–3, Þorst. hv. ch. 1–3, Þorst. Saga St. (the end), Rafns S. (the end-chapter), Flóam. S. ch. 1 (and esp. the end-chapter), Hænsa Þ. S. ch. 1, Gísl. S. pp. 8, 9, Vapn. S. ch. 3, Ísl. i. 353–362 (Biskupa-ættir), Guðm. S. ch. 1, Árna b. S. ch. 1, Þórð. S. hr. new Ed. (at the end), Fagrsk. 144–148, Orkn. S. ch. 39, 59. In the Sturlunga S. the initial chapters (Sturl. i. 44–55, with which the work of Sturla begins) are devoted to the tracing the families of that time; so also Sturl. i. 202–206, iii. 96, 97. But the chief store-house for genealogical knowledge is the Landnáma, which contains about 5000 pr. names, of which perhaps a third are names of women.

1) occurrence, event;

verðr sá atburðr, at, it so happens that;

dráp Bárðar ok þá atburði er þar höfðu orðit, and the events that had happened there;

2) incident, circumstance;

Ó. sagði honum alla atburði (all the circumstances, particulars) um sitt mál;

í hverjum atburðum, under what circumstances;

með hverjum atburðum, in what manner, how;

3) chance, accident;

slíkt kalla ek atburð, en eigi jartegn, such a thing I call an accident, and not a miracle;

af atburð, by chance; accidentally;

með atburð, by chance; per adventure, perhaps;

4) attack;

5) gesture (með atburð kallaði hann mik til sín);

var hón en fríðasta jungfrú ok vel at atburðum, of good manners, well-bred.