of+all+things

adv. formerly; f. daga, in former days.

* * *

adv. [akin to fjörð, q. v.], aforetime, formerly, once, erst, Stj. 121, Fms. x. 413, Sks. 108; forðum daga, in former days, Fms. i. 141, ii. 183, vi. 38; ungr var ek forðum, young was I once, Hm. 46: freq. in mod. usage, but esp. in the sense of yore, in days of old; the saying, þrysvar varð allt forðum, Sturl. iii. 253; cp. ‘all good things come in threes.’

f. (nægt, nægð, Stj. 235, freq. in mod. usage), = gnótt, abundance: esp. in pl., eiga alls nægtir, to have one’s fill of all good things, freq.

f. hoard, treasure (poet.).

* * *

n. pl.,—the m. pl. hoddar, which occurs twice in verses of the 13th century (Sturl.), is a false and late form; [Ulf. huzd = θησαυρός; A. S. hord; Engl. hoard; O. H. G. hort]:—a hoard, treasure, only in poetry; hodd blóðrekin, Hkv. 1. 9; hodd Hniflunga, Germ. Niebelungen hort, Akv. 26; hodd (acc. pl.) ok rekna brodda, Fagrsk. (in a verse); góðum hoddum, Fas. ii. 312 (in a verse); granda hoddum, mæra e-n hoddum, Lex. Poët.; kveðja hodda (gen.), Eb. (in a verse); oddar roðnir hoddum, Arnór; halda hoddum fyrir e-m, Ísl. ii. 224 (in a verse).

2. poët. phrases, as hoddum haettr, hodda (gen.) brjótr, njótr, stökkvir, stríðir, þverrir, the breaker … of gold, a princely man: as also poët. cornpds, hodd-brjótr, -beiðandi, -finnandi, -geymir, -glötuðr, -lestir, -lógandi, -mildingr, -sendir, -skati, -spennir, -stiklandi, -stríðandi, -sveigir, -sviptir, -veitir, -vönuðr, all epithets of a lordly, princely man: so of women, hodd-gefn, -grund; the nouns, hodd-mildr, -örr, = liberal; hodd-dofi, a, m. stinginess; and the mythical pr. names Hodd-mímir, Hodd-dropnir, ‘gold-dripping,’ Sdm.

II. a holy place, temple, sanctuary, where the holy things are hoarded; of this sense, which occurs in Heliand (Schmeller), the Gm. 27 is the single instance left on record, see Bugge’s note to l. c. in his Edda, p. 81.

(dat. höfði, gen. pl. höfða), n.

1) head (höggva höfuð af e-m);

láta e-n höfði skemmra, to behead one;

strjúka aldrei um frjálst höfuð, to be never free, never at ease;

skera e-m höfuð, to make a wry face at one;

heita í höfuð e-m, to be called after a person;

hætta höfði, to risk one’s life;

leggja við höfuð sitt, to stake one’s head;

fœra e-m höfuð sitt, to surrender oneself to an enemy;

drepa niðr höfði, to droop the head;

þoku hóf af höfði, the fog lifted;

stíga yfir höfuð e-m, to overcome one;

hlaða helium að höfði e-m, to leave one dead on the spot;

ganga milli bols ok höfuðs e-s or á e-m, to hew of one’s head, to kill outright;

senda e-n til höfuðs e-m, to send one to take another’s head;

leggja fé til höfuðs e-m, to set a price on one’s head;

leggjast e-t undir höfuð, to put aside, neglect (Þ. lagðist eigi þessa ferð undir höfuð);

vera höfði hærri, to be taller by a head;

2) head, chief (höfuð lendra manna);

Þrándheimr hefir lengi verið kallaðr höfuð Noregs, the chief district of Norway;

3) ornamental prow of a ship (skip með gyltum höfðum);

ornamental head on a bridle (slitnaði sundr beizlit, ok týndist höfuð, er á var).

* * *

n., dat. höfði; gen. pl. höfða, dat. höfðum; in Norse MSS. often spelt hafuð, Anecd. 4 (without umlaut); the root-vowel seems in very early times (8th century) to have been a diphthong; thus Bragi uses the rhymes, laufi—haufði, and rauf—haufuð, Edda; the old ditty with a half rhyme, höfðu vér í haufði, Hkr. i. 104, wou’d be faulty unless we accept a diphthong in the latter word: in good old MSS. (e. g. Sæm. Cod. Reg.) the word is always spelt with ꜹ or au, never o, and probably never had a diphthongal sound; the Norse spelling havuð however points to a short vowel; and later Icel. MSS. spell o or , e. g. Hb. in Vsp. l. c. It is probable that the short vowel originated in the contracted form, as haufði sounds hard; [cp. Goth. haubiþ; A. S. heâfod; Engl. head; Hel. hôbid; O. H. G. houpit; mid. H. G. houbet; mod. G. haupt; Dan. hôved; Swed. hufvud; Ormul. hæfedd (the single f marks a preceding long vowel); thus all old Teut. languages except the Icel. agree in the length of the vowel, whereas Lat. căput, Gr. κεφαλή have a short root vowel.]

A. A head, Vsp. 38, Sdm. 14, Vþm. 19, Þkv. 16, 19, Skm. 23, Nj. 19, 275, Grág. ii. 11, Fms. x. 381, Eg. 181, Edda 59, passim; mátti svá at kveða, at náliga væri tvau höfuð á hverju kvikendi, Hrafn. 22 (of a great increase in stock); Grímr rakaði bratt fé saman, vóru tvau höfuð á hvívetna því er hann átti, Ísl. ii. 14.

II. phrases and sayings, láta höfði skemra, to make one a head shorter, behead, Hým. 15, Fm. 34; strjúka aldrei frjálst höfuð, to stroke never a free head, be never free, never at ease; (sagði) at þeir mundi aldrei um frjálst höfuð strjúka, er vinir hans væri, meðan Þórðr væri höfðingi í Ísafirði, Sturl. ii. 124; eg má aldrei um frjálst höfuð strjúka, I never have any time to spare; sitja aldrei á sárs höfði, to be always quarrelling; skera e-m höfuð, to make a wry face at one, Grett. 17; heita í höfuðit e-m, to be called after a person; hón jós sveininn vatni ok kvað hann skyldu heita í höfuð föður sínum, ok var hann kallaðr Gestr, Bárð. 24 new Ed.: the mod. usage distinguishes between heita í höfuð á e-m, when a person is alive when the child was born, and heita eptir e-m, when that person is dead; halda höfði, to hold one’s head up, Flóv. 43, Og.; bera hátt höfuð, to bear one’s head high, Sturl. iii. 147, Sighvat; hefja höfuðs, to lift one’s head, Thom. 535; drepa niðr höfði, to droop one’s head, Bs. i. 625; þoku hóf af höfði, the fog lifted, Ld. 74; búa hvárr í annars höfði, to be at loggerheads, Sks. 346; fara huldu höfði, to go with a hidden head, in disguise, to hide oneself, Fms. vi. 12; færa e-m höfuð sitt, to surrender oneself to an enemy, Eg. ch. 62, 63, Fms. x. 261; stíga yfir höfuð e-m, to pass over one’s head, overcome one, 304; er á engri stundu örvænt nær elli stígr yfir h. mér, Eb. 332; hlaða hellum at höfði e-m, to leave one dead on the spot, Dropl. 18; ganga milli bols ok höfuðs, ‘to gang between bole and head,’ i. e. to kill outright, Eb. 240; hætta höfði, to risk one’s head, Hm. 106; leggjask e-t undir höfuð, to lay under one’s pillow, to put aside; leggjask ferð undir höfuð, Fær. 132, Orkn. 46; þú munt verða fátt undir höfuð at leggjask ef ek skal við þér taka, Sturl. i. 27; vera höfði hærri, to be a head taller, Fms. x. 381; setja höfuð á höfuð ofan, to set head upon head, Bs. i. 73, (viz. to consecrate a second bishop to a see, which was against the eccl. law); cp. kjósa annan konung í höfuð Davíð, Sks. 801.

III. in a personal sense, in poets, a person, = Lat. caput, Gr. κάρα, κεφαλή; fárgjarnt höfuð, thou fearful woman! Fas. ii. 556; hraustara höfuð, a bolder man, 315; berjask við eitt höfuð, 49; heiptrækt höfuð, Ýt. 25; andprútt höfuð, high-minded man! Sighvat; tírar h., glorious man; leyfðar h., id., Geisli 56; vina höfuð = cara capita, Bm. 2; frænda höfuð, kinsmen, Skáld H. 3. 40; hvarfúst h., thou fickle woman! Hel. 2.

2. a number, tale, head, of animals; fádygt höfuð, of a fox, Merl. 1. 39: head, of cattle, þeir eiga at gjalda þingfarar-kaup, er skulda-hjóna hvert hefir höfuð, kú skuldalausa eða kúgildi, Grág. (Kb.) i. 159, referring to the old way of taxation, which is still the law in Icel., that a freeholder has to pay tax (skattr) only if he has more head of cattle (kúgildi, q. v.), than persons to support.

IV. a head, chief; höfuð lendra manna, Fms. vii. 273; h. ok höfðingi, Stj. 457; Þrándheimr er h. Noregs, Fms. vi. 38; höfuð allra höfuð-tíða (gen.), Leiðarvís. 23.

V. of head-shaped things:

1. a beak, of a ship; með gylltum höfðum, Fms. viii. 385, x. 10, 417, passim; dreka-höfuð, q. v.: the beak was usually a dragon’s head, sometimes a bison’s, Ó. H.; a steer’s, Landn. 5. ch. 8; or it was the image of a god, e. g. of Thor, Fms. ii. 325, (Ó. T. ch. 253); or of a man, Karl-höfði, Ó. H., the ship of St. Olave; cp. the interesting passage, þat var upphaf enna heiðnu laga, at menn skyldu eigi hafa höfuðskip í hafi, en ef þeir hefði, þá skyldi þeir af taka höfuð áðr þeir kæmi í lands-sýn, ok sigla eigi at landi með gapandum höfðum eðr gínandi trjónum, svá at landvættir fældisk við, Landn. (Hb.) 258, Fms. vi. 180 (in a verse), vii. 51 (in a verse). 2. the capital of a pillar, Al. 116, Fb. i. 359 (of tent poles): of carved heads in a hall, sér þú augun útar hjá Hagbarðs-höfðinu? Korm. ch. 3: heads of idols carved on chairs, Fbr. ch. 38: carved heads on high-seats, Eb. ch. 4: that these figures sometimes represented fairies or goddesses is shewn by the word brúða (q. v.) and stólbrúða; heads of bedsteads seem to have been carved in a similar way; cp. also Korm. 86, see tjasna.

3. the head-piece of a bridle; týndi maðr höfði á beisli því er görsema-vel var gört, Bs. i. 314, v. l.; the head of a rake, hrífu-h., etc.

COMPDS: höfðabúza, höfðafjöl, höfðalag, höfðaskip, höfðatal, höfðatala, höfuðband, höfuðbani, höfuðbein, höfuðburðr, höfuðbúnaðr, Höfuðdagr, höfuðdúkr, höfuðfaldr, höfuðfatnaðr, höfuðfetlar, höfuðgerð, höfuðgjarnt, höfuðgull, höfuðhlutr, höfuðhögg, höfuðlausn, höfuðlauss, höfuðleðr, höfuðlín, höfuðmein, höfuðmikill, höfuðmundr, höfuðórar, höfuðrót, höfuðsár, höfuðskél, höfuðskip, höfuðskjálfti, höfuðsmátt, höfuðsnauðr, höfuðsótt, höfuðsteypa, höfuðsundl, höfuðsvími, höfuðsvörðr, höfuðtíund, höfuðverkr, höfuðvíti, höfuðvörðr, höfuðþváttr, höfuðþyngsl, höfuðærr, höfuðærsl.

B. Chief, capital, found like the Gr. ἀρχι- in countless COMPDS: höfuðatriði, höfuðá, höfuðárr, höfuðátt, höfuðbarmr, höfuðbaðmr, höfuðbarmsmaðr, höfuðbaugr, höfuðbenda, höfuðbiti, höfuðbitarúm, höfuðblót, höfuðborg, höfuðból, höfuðbæli, höfuðbær, höfuðdrottning, höfuðefni, höfuðengill, höfuðfaðir, höfuðfirn, höfuðfól, höfuðgersemi, höfuðgjöf, höfuðglæpr, höfuðgoð, höfuðgrein, höfuðgæfa, höfuðhátíð, höfuðhetja, höfuðhof, höfuðinnihald, höfuðísar, höfuðíþrótt, höfuðkempa, höfuðkennimaðr, höfuðkirkja, höfuðklerkr, höfuðkonungr, höfuðkostr, höfuðkvöl, höfuðlist, höfuðlýti, höfuðlæknir, höfuðlærdómr, höfuðlöstr, höfuðsmaðr, höfuðmeistari, höfuðmerki, höfuðmusteri, höfuðnafn, höfuðnauðsyn, höfuðniðjar, höfuðprestr, höfuðráð, höfuðráðgjafi, höfuðskáld, höfuðskepna, höfuðskutilsvein, höfuðskömm, höfuðskörungr, höfuðsmiðr, höfuðspekingr, höfuðstaðr, höfuðstafn, höfuðstafr, höfuðstjarna, höfuðstóll, höfuðstólpi, höfuðstyrkr, höfuðsynd, höfuðsæti, höfuðtunga, höfuðvápn, höfuðveizla, höfuðvél, höfuðvindr, höfuðvinr, höfuðþing, höfuðætt.

(-s, -ar), m.

1) man, opp. to woman (brigðr er karla hugr konum);

2) a man of the common people, a carle;

3) old man.

* * *

m. [a word common to all Teut. languages, although not recorded in Ulf.; A. S. carl, ceorl; Engl. carle, churl; Germ. kerl, etc.]:—a man, opp. to a woman; brigðr er karla hugr konum, Hm. 90; kostum drepr kvenna karla ofríki, Am. 69; often in allit. phrases, karla ok konur, konur ok karlar, etc.; bæði karlar ok konur, Fms. i. 14, Kb. 276, 298; kvenna ok karla, Edda 21; drápu þeir menn alla, unga ok gamla, konur sem karla, Fms. ii. 134, viii. 432; er þat ekki karla at annask um matreiðu, Nj. 48; taldi hón afleiðis þoka kurteisi karlanna, er þá skyldi heita verða fyrir þeim sem óhraustum konum, Bs. i. 340; karlar tólf vetra gamlir eða ellri eru lög-segendr eða lög-sjáendr, Grág. ii. 31; yngri menn en sextán vetra gamlir karlar, eða konur yngri en tuttugu, K. Þ. K.; samborin systir, bæði til karls ok konu, a sister on the father’s and mother’s side, D. N. ii. 528; spurði hvat konu varðaði ef hón væri í brókum jafnan svá sem karlar, Ld. 136; svá er mælt um karla ef þeir klæðask kvenna klæðnaði, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 204.

COMPDS: karlafólk, karlaföt, karlasiðr, karlaskáli, karlavegr, karlsefni, karlsungi.

B. In a political sense, the common folk, opp. to great folk, see jarl; vér karla börn ok kerlinga, we bairns of carles and carlines, Hkr. i. (in a verse), opp. to hróðmögr Haralds, the king’s son; þaðan eru komnar Karla ættir, Rm. 22; era þat karls ætt er at kvernum stendr, Hkv. 2. 2; kölluðu Karl, Rm. 18; ek em konungs dóttir en eigi karls, I am a king’s daughter and not a carle’s, Fas. i. 225; skyldi hón gæta hjarðar ok aldri annat vitask, en hón væri karls dóttir ok kerlingar, 22 (of a king’s daughter in disguise): in the allit. phrase, fyrir konung ok karl, for king and churl, D. N. i. 523, ii. 747, Gþl. 137; so in the saying, þat er margt í karls húsi sem eigi er í konungs garði, there are many things in the carle’s cottage that are not in the king’s palace, Gísl. 79, Fas. iii. 155, Mag. 73: mod., það er mart í koti karls sem kongs er ekki í ranni; so also in the popular tales, which often begin with the phrase, that there was a Kongr og dróttning í riki sinu og karl og kerling í Garðs-horni, and have as a standing incident that the churl’s son marries the king’s daughter, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii, cp. also Ó. T. (1853) pref.; svo byrjar þessa sögu at karl bjó ok átti sér kerlingu, Parc. (begin.); karl hefir búit ok kona öldruð, Fb. ii. 331 (in a verse); karls son, a churl’s son, Fms. ix. 509. karla-ættir, f. pl. the churls, Rm.

II. a house-carle, servant; hrundu þeir fram skútu, ok hlupu þar á sex karlar, Nj. 18; hón hafði á skipi með sér tuttugu karla frjálsa, Landn. 109, cp. Fb. i. 265; hús-karl, bú-karl, salt-karl, q. v.; Sléttu-karlar, Fbr.; cp. Swed. Dale-karlar.

III. in contempt; fret-karl, q. v.; staf-karl (Norse stakkar, Dan. stakkel), a ‘staff-churl,’ beggar: in the phrase, karl ok kýll, beggar and bag, Nj. 274; bragða-karl, a cunning fellow; lítill karl, you little wretch! þú þorðir ekki, lítill karl, at segja satt til, Fbr. 39 new Ed.: in mod. usage also in a good sense, góðr karl, a good fellow; harðr karl, a hardy carle: as also with the article, karlinn = Germ. der kerl.

C. An old carle, old man, opp. to kerling; svá skal körlum skipta ok kerlingum, sem öðrum skuldum, N. G. L. i. 51; heyrit þér hvat karlinn mælir, Nj. 143; karl inn skegglausi; Þorbjörn karl, the old carle Th., Eb. 176; Arngeirr karl, Bjarn. 59, 69, 71; einn gamall karl, Barl. 74; karl afgamall, a decrepit old carle, Eg. (in a verse); hann glíkir sik gömlum karli, Stj, 475, passim in old and mod. usage.

* * *

(kýs; kaus, køri and keyri; kusum and kurum; kosinn, kørinn), v.

1) to choose, select (valkyrjur ríða jafnan at kjósa val);

2) to desire, wish (þá kýs ek laust kaup várt);

kjósa heldr, to choose rather, prefer;

3) to elect (kjósa biskup);

4) with preps.:

kjósa e-n af fleirum, to select, choose from a number;

kjósa af, to choose (kuru þeir þá af at ganga til handa konungi);

margir kjósa ekki orð á sik, many are not so well spoken of as they may wish to be;

kjósa e-n til e-s, to select one for a thing (kjósa e-n til fylgdar við sik, til biskups);

kjósa um e-t, to choose between (kjós þúnú um tvá kosti).

* * *

pres. kýss; pret. kauss, 2nd pers. kauss þu, Gs. 8; pl. kusu; subj. kysi; part. kosinn: but also as frjósa (q. v.), pret. kjöri (köri, keyri), pl. kuru, kjöru, Fms. vi. 420, subj. kyri or keyri, part. kjörinn, keyrinn: with neg. suff. kjós-at-tu, imperat. (choose not), Hkv. Hjörv. 3: the forms kaus, kusu, kysi, kosinn are very rare in old writers, see the following references, whereas in mod. usage the forms in r are all obsolete: [Ulf. kiûsan = δοκιμάζειν, 2 Cor. viii. 8, Gal. vi. 4; A. S. ceôsan; Engl. choose; O. H. G. kiusan; Germ. kiesen, cp. kjör; Dan. kaare; Swed. kåra]:—to choose, elect, with acc. or absol.,

α. þeim mönnum er hann kjöri til með sér, Bs. i. 84; þær líf kuru, Vsp. 20; kurum land þaðra, Am. 97; segja honum hvat þeir kuru af, Fms. xi. 67; kuru þeir þat af at ganga til handa konungi, Hkr. ii. 41; keyri hann þann af er betr gegndi, Fms. i. 202, Bs. i. 37; Sigurðr konungr kjöri (kaus, Mork.) heldr leikinn, Fms. vii. 96; þeir kjöru at færa heldr fé til strandar, Fb. ii. 25; minni slægja en þeir ætluðu er keyru Þorvald til eptirmáls, Glúm. 383; skipta í helminga landi, en Magnús konungr kyri (keyri), Fms. viii. 152; eðr þrjú skip önnur þau sem hann keyri ór herinum, x. 84; þat kuru allir Birkibeinar, viii. 186; en þeir kjöru frið við Odd, Fas. ii. 190; hann spyrr hvern ek kjöra (subj.) af þeim sem komnir vóru, i. 191; þat kjöra ek (subj., I would choose) at verða konungr, ii. 233; ok nú höfu vér kjörit sem Guð kenndi oss, Fms. vii. 89; nú hafi þér þat kjörit (kosit, Fms. viii. l. c.) er mér er skapfelldra, Fb. ii. 611; at þeir höfðu keyrit í hans stað abóta, Fms. ix. 338; ok var keyrinn (kosinn, v. 1.) í hans stað sira Þórir, 412, x. 50, 98; hér hefir þú keyrit mann til, Ld. 258 C; en þeir kuru hundinn, þvíat þeir þóttusk þá heldr sjálfráði mundu vera, Hkr. i. 136; kuru heldr ( chose rather) at drepa hina, Róm. 295; kjöri hann heldr at halda görð jarls en þeir væri úsáttir, Fms. ii. 114; hann keyri heldr at leysa líf sitt, Nj. 114; allir keyru honum at fylgja, 280; þá er kjörit er handsalat er, Grág. i. 198; þetta er keyrit hyggiliga, Ld. 178; er hinn skyldr at hafa kjörit sumardag fyrsta, Grág. ii. 244: in the phrase, hafa kjörna kosti, to have the choice things; var þá dæmt, at Væringjar skyldu hafa kjörna kosti af öllu því er þeir höfðu þrætt um, Fms. vi. 137.

β. þann mann er kosinn er til veganda at lögum, Grág. ii. 41; skalt þú kjósa Kol til veganda at vígi Hjartar, Nj. 100; margir kjósa ekki orð á sik, people cannot help how they are spoken of, 142; kjósa sik í annan hrepp, Grág. i. 444; vildi Hallr bæði kjósa ok deila, Ld. 38, (see deila); þeir er ávíga urðu skyldi kjósa mann til, … at hafa annan veg kosit, … ok vildi hann þá heldr hafa annan til kosit, Glúm. 383, 384; hálfan val hón kyss, Gm. 8, 14; kjósa hlutvið, Vsp.; kjós þú (imperat.), Hm. 138; kjósa mæðr frá mögum, Fm. 12; ok kusu (kjöru, v. 1.) ina vildustu hesta, Karl. 328; hann kaus heldr brott verpa stundlegum metorðum, Mar.; þrjá kostgripi þá er hann kaus, (kjöri, v. 1.), Edda i. 394; hón bað hann kjósa hvárt heita skyldi Glúmr eða Höskuldr, Nj. 91.

II. reflex., recipr., skyldi annarr hanga en öðrum steypa í forsinn Sarp, ok bað þá kjósask at, draw lots, Hkr. iii. 302.

m. [old Swed. lagman; the president of the supreme court formerly held in Orkney was called the lagman]:—‘law-man.’ In the ancient Scandinavian kingdoms each legal community or state (lög) had its own laws, its own parliament (lögþing), and its own ‘law-man’ (lagh-mann, lögmaðr); the lagman was the first commoner and the spokesman of the people against the king and court at public assemblies or elsewhere; he was also the guardian of the law, and the president of the legislative body and of the law courts. As in the heathen time laws were not written, the lagman had to say what was the law of the land in any case of doubt; in the general assemblies, at least in Iceland, he had to ‘say’ the law (from memory) to the assembled people from the Law-hill (Lögbergi); hence in the Icelandic Commonwealth he was called lög-sögu-maðr (q. v.), the ‘law-speaker,’ ‘law-sayer,’ ‘speaker of the law,’ and his office lög-saga or lög-sögn = ‘law-speaking:’

1. Sweden and Gothland in olden times were the classical lands of lagmen, for the whole kingdom was a confederation of commonwealths, each with its parliament, law-speaker, and laws, who were all of them united under one king; see the various records in the old Swedish laws, Sveriges Gamla Lagar, as edited by Schlyter, as also the classical account given of lagman Thorgny in Ó. H. ch. 60 sqq.—í hverri þessi deild landsins er sitt lögþing, ok sín lög, yfir hverjum lögum er lögmaðr, … þat skulu lög vera sem hann réð upp at kveða; en ef konungr, eða jarl, eða byskupar fara yfir land ok eigu þing við búendr, þá svarar lögmaðr af hendi búenda …; aðrir lögmenn allir skulu vera undir-menn þess lögmanns er á Tíunda-landi er, Ó. H. 65.

2. in Norway the political institutions of the old patriarchal ages were greatly disturbed through the wars and conquest of Harald Fairhair; the ancient laws of Norway too have been preserved in a much more fragmentary state than those of Sweden; of some of the most interesting laws only the eccl. section has been preserved, often in Icelandic transcripts or abridged. The most interesting records of the lagmen are therefore not to be found in the Norse laws, but in the Sagas, e. g. the debates in the Hák. S. Gamla, ch. 71–80, 85–97 (in the Flatey book), as also in the Þinga-þáttr in Fms. vii. 123–150, and in stray passages in the Icelandic Sagas, in such phrases as lögmenn ok konungr, lögmenn ok dómendr, lenda menn ok lögmenn ok alla alþýðu, Eg. 352.

3. in the later Middle Age in Norway, and in Icel. after 1280, the lagman was a justice, who presided in the court lögrétta, at the lögþing (II), cp. Jb. passim.

4. in the Icelandic Commonwealth, the officer whose duties have been described above was specially called lögsögumaðr, and lögmaðr is only used = lagamaðr = a lawyer,—þat er ok, at lögsögumaðr skal svá görla þáttu alla upp segja, at engi viti einna miclogi görr, en ef honum vinsk eigi fróðleikr til þess, þá skal hann eiga stefnu við fimm lögmenn (lawyers, men skilled in law), en næstu dægr áðr, eðr fleiri, Grág. i. 2, 3; þat skal allt hafa er finnsk á skr þeirri er Hafliði lét göra … en þat eitt af annarra lögmanna fyrirsögn ( of other lawyers) er eigi mæli því í gegn, 7; Njáll var lögmaðr svá mikill ( so great a lawyer), at eingi fannsk hans jafningi, Nj. 30. At the union with Norway (A. D. 1272) the lögsögu-maðr of the Commonwealth was replaced by two lagmen of the Norse kind, so that in the Sagas composed after that date (e. g. the Grettla) or in Sagas preserved in later transcripts, the terms were now and then confounded, and ‘lögmaðr’ was, by way of anachronism, used of the lögsögu-maðr of the old Commonwealth, cp. Grett. 64, 115, 173, 191 new Ed., Nj. 24, 164, 237 (v. l.), Eg. 597, Ísl. (Gunnl. S.) ii. 208, 238, 256, Bs. i. (Hungrv.) 62, Fms. iv. 115, 176, where the Ó. H. edition has the true reading, being made from a vellum of the Commonwealth time.

β. two instances are recorded referring to the 10th century in Iceland, where a lögmaðr occurs as a kind of county sheriff or officer, viz. in the Háv. S. (begin.) and the Svarfdæla S. ch. 10; but both records seem to be spurious and adapted to the state of things in Norway, for neither Saga is preserved in its pure original state, but remoulded after the union; see Maurer’s Entstehung des Isl. Staates, Beiträge, 136 sqq. In Scandinavia during the Middle Ages, as the power of the king increased, so that of the old lagman sank, and at last died away. In England it is preserved in the Speaker of the House of Commons, whose very name recalls to mind the law-speaker of the old Scandinavian communities.

II. a pr. name, Lög-maðr, Orkn.

COMPDS: lögmannsdæmi, lögmannseiðr, lögmannslauss, lögmannsúrskurðr.

n. pl. mistakes in a work; in the phrase, sjá or finna m. á e-u, to find or see faults in a thing, see that things are not all right, Bs. i. 142, Ísl. ii. 351, Eb. 168, Fs. 142.

m. name of the wise giant of Norse mythology, the keeper of the holy well Mímis-brunnr, m. = the burn of Mimir, the well of wisdom, in which Odin pawned his eye for wisdom, a myth which is explained as symbolical of the heavenly vault with its single eye, the sun, setting in the sea, Vsp. 22. Mímir also occurs in the following compds, hregg-mímir = the ‘tempest-sky,’ and vett-mímir = the top sky = the uppermost heaven, Edda (Gl.), which are among the nine heavens, such as the ancients fancied it, which shews a connection of this name with the sky; Sökk-mímir, the M. of the depth, is the name of a giant (representing the sky of the Inferno?), Gm. Again, another myth says that Odin carried with him the cut off head of the giant Mímir ( Míms-höfuð), which told him all hidden things, Vsp. 47, Yngl. S. ch. 7, Edda: Odin is called Míms-vinr, m. = the friend of Mímir, Stor. Míms-synir, m. pl. the sons of Mímir = the winds (?), Vsp.

II. hold-mímir, flesh-maimer (?), is the poët. name of a sword, Edda (Gl.); cp. also Ulf. mimz = κρέας, 1 Cor. viii. 13, (= a chop, butcher’s meat?). ☞ Is the word to be derived from maiming, cutting, and is the likeness to Lat. memor only accidental? cp. also the following word.

adj. brave, frank, bold, manly, imposing in appearance; mikill maðr vexti, s., Fms. vii. 102; s. maðr, a fine, stalwart man, Eg. 28, 199; ekki fríðr maðr sýnum en þó inn sköruligsti í yfirbragði, Ld. 18; vænn maðr at áliti, meðalmaðr at vexti, kvikligr ok s., Bs. i. 80; manna sköruligastr at sjá, Fb. i. 539; Magnús konungr var sköruligastr ok skjótligastr, Fms. vii. 63; mikill ok s., Finnb. 334; vex upp sveinninn, s. með miklu mannviti, O. H. L. 4: of a lady, hón var væn ok ætt-góð ok skörulig, Lv. 73; mikil kona ok s., Fs. 54, 86.

2. of manners or things, fine; með sköruligum flutningi, with a manly pleading, Hrafn. 18; skörnlig ræða, a fine speech, Fms. vii. 102; sköruleg veizla, magnificent, Eg. 44; veita hit sköruligasta, Fms. i. 247; all-skörulig ferð, Fs. 85.

(smá, smátt), a.

1) small, little (mörg skip ok smá);

2) neut., hann seldi smátt varninginn, he sold by retail; höggva smátt, to strike small blows; hann kvaðst eigi mundu smátt á sjá, he said he would deal liberally in the matter; smátt ok smátt, bit by bit, by degrees;

3) smám, bit by bit, slowly (fara smám).

* * *

smá, smátt: gen. smás, acc. smán, dat. smám, smá: pl. smáir, smár, smá, dat. smám, acc. smá, smár, smá: mod. bisyllabic smáan, smáum, smáa: compar. smæri; superl. smæstr. The Icel. form ‘smá’ instead of ‘smal’ of the Germ. and Saxon is peculiar to all the Scandin. languages, and also prevails in Scotland and North. E., but the words are one; ‘smá’ is only a contracted form, as is seen by the fact that ‘smal’ remains in the words smali (q. v.), smalki, smælingr; and (although as απ. λεγ.) in smalvamm, smalmenni, q. v.: [Ulf. smals = Germ. schmal, Engl. small, etc.; but Dan.-Swed. smaa; Scot. and North. E. sma’.]

A. Small, little, of size, stature; mörg skip ok smá, Vápn. 8; smæri skip, Fms. i. 93; vúru þau öll smæst, viii. 255; sumir smáir, sumir stórir, Sks. 442; keppask til smára hluta, Ó. H. 87; hann ræðr öllum hlutum, stórum ok smám, Edda 3; höfðingja ok smæri menn, Fms. x. 266; hin smæri sár, Grág. ii. 29; smá tíðendi, small tidings, Lv. 33, Fms. ix. 477; þau (mál) er smæst eru, Js. 5; skógr þykkr ok smár, a wood thick but dwarf, Fms. i. 136; smáir sandar, small sand, a beach of fine sand, Eg. 141; melja mergi smæra, Ls. 43; hann lamði hausinn í smán mola, Edda 58; ok var brotinn fótrinn svá smátt sem skelja-moli, Bs. i. 423; litlir menn ok smáir, Landn. 145; smás fylkis niðs, Sighvat; smaestir fuglar, id.; kaupa smám kaupum sem stórum, Fb. ii. 75; sás girði eðr smæri, Grág. ii. 338; opt hefir þú mér hallkvæmr verit, en eigi má nú smæstu ráða, thou hast often been good to me, and this is not the smallest instance, Lv. 42.

2. neut., hann seldi smátt varninginn, he dealt in ‘small wares,’ sold by retail, Vápn. 7; höggva smátt, to strike small blows, Ísl. ii. 265: hann kvaðsk eigi mundu smátt á sjá, he said he would not look minutely into it, i. e. that he would deal liberally, Ld. 50; miklu vex hón hinnig smærum, much less, Sks. 71; þeir skulu skipta vikum eða smærum, divide by weeks or less, Grág. ii. 350; selja smærrum saman, in lesser quantities, N. G. L. iii. 123: smám, nema hón seli svá smám landit sem áðr var tínt, Grág. ii. 214; en er hann var á leiðinni ok fór smóm (slowly, bit by bit) þá er hann mátti svá, Bs. i. 344; smám ok smám, bit by bit, Fms. x. 366; reiddi hann silfrit smám ok smám, Hkr. ii. 244, Al. 23: smám þeim, by degrees; vaxa smám þeim, Stj. 200; eptir þat hrærðu þau sveininn sm́m þeim, Bs. i. 337 (smám, 318, l. c.): in mod. usage, smám-saman, sounded smá-saman, gradually; smátt og smátt, bit by bit.

II. in mod. usage smá- is prefixed to verbs, denoting little by little, by degrees; honum smá-batnaði, he recovered little by little; það smá-liðkast, það smá-batnar, smá-líðr á daginn, það smá-styttist, smá-lengist, smá-breiðkar, smá-dýpkar, smá-hækkar, smá-víðkar, smá-kólnar, smá-hitnar, smá-fækkar, smá-fjölgar, etc.

B. In COMPDS, smá- is often used simply as a diminutive, as there is no dimin. inflexion in the language; it is rarely prefixed to any but plur. or collective nouns. smá-atvik, n. pl. details. smá-bátar, m. pl. little boats, Fms. vii. 224, Sks. 174, Ó. H. 137. smá-bein, n. pl. small bones, N. G. L. i. 172. smá-bjöllur, f. pl. little bells, Vm. 47. smá-borinn, part. of low birth, Hkr. i. 106, Fms. vii. 8. smá-búendr, m. pl. = smábændr, Ó. H. 101. smá-búsgögn, n. small house-implements, Dipl. v. 18. smá-byrðingar, m. pl. little ships of burden, N. G. L. ii. 251. smá-bækr, f. pl. little books, Pm. 82, Vm. 23. smá-bændr, m. pl. small farmers, Grett. 127, Bs. ii. 143, Fb. iii. 458. smá-börn, n. pl. little bairns, Fms. i. 263, x. 117, Stj. 25, N. T. smá-djöflar, m. pl. petty devils, imps, Sturl. ii. 221. smá-dúkar, m. pl. little kerchiefs, Vm. 47. smá-dýr, n. pl. ‘small deer,’ small animals, Stj. 572, Barl. 41. smá-eyjar, f. pl. little islands, Fms. x. 5. smá-fénaðr, m. small cattle, Gþl. 393. smá-ferjur, f. pl. small ferries, Fms. x. 153. smá-fiskar, m. pl. small fishes, Fas. ii. 112. smá-fuglar, m. pl. small birds, Grág. ii. 346, Al. 132, Fms. vi. 153. smá-geislar, m. pl. faint beams, Fms. i. 140. smá-gjafar, f. pl. small gifts, Stj. smá-gjarn, adj., Valla L. 201 (false reading for sín-gjarn, q. v.) smá-greinir, f. pl. small matters, Bjarn. 3. smá-grjót, n. smal-grit, pebbles, Sturl. ii. 210, Sks. 422. smá-hlutir, m. pl. trifles, Ld. 286, Fas. i. 112, Bs. ii. 167. smá-hringar, m. pl. small circles, rings, Stj. 80, Fas. iii. 45. smá-hrís, n. a shrubbery, Fms. vi. 334. smá-hundar, m. pl. small dogs, Flóv. 34. smá-hús, n. pl. small houses, Pr. 119. smá-hvalir, m. pl. little whales, Vm. 91. smá-kertistikur, f. pl. small candlesticks, Vm. 171. smá-kirkjur, f. pl. small churches, N. G. L. ii. 241. smá-kjörr, n. pl. scrub, brushwood, Fms. vi. 334. smá-klukkur, f. pl. small bells, Vm. 64. smá-kofar, m. pl. small huts, Bs. i. 240. smá-konungar, m. pl. kinglets, Fms. iv. 26, x. 283, Sks. smá-koppar, m. pl. small cups, hollows, Fb. ii. 284. smá-kornóttr, adj. small-grained, Stj. 292. smá-kvistir, m. pl. small twigs, Barl. 81, Bs. ii. 183. smá-kvæmr, adj. of low descent, Fær. 236. smá-látr, adj. content with little, Vápn. 7, Al. 6. smá-leikar, adj. smallness, Finnb. 262, Fas. iii. 393 (sing., Fms. iii. 192). smá-leitr, adj. small-featured, Al. 52, Bs. ii. 11. smá-lérept, n. fine linen, Pm. 123. smá-ligr, adj. trifling, Sks. 30 B. smá-líkneski, n. pl. small images, Pm. 80, 120. smá-lyginn, adj. petty lying, Rb. 310. smá-lærisveinar, m. pl. little disciples, Bs. i. 219. smá-læti, n. stinginess (opp. to stórlæti), Vápn. 10. smá-lönd, n. pl. small lands (islands); öll s. í hafinu, Fas. i. 347; a local name of the Danish islands, Fms. vi. 56, 31: cp. the county Småland in Sweden, Fms. xii. sma-mannligr, adj. mannikin-like, Landn. 121. smá-menn, m. pl. = smámenni, Fms. vi. 14, Dropl. 18. smá-menni, n. small people, Nj. 94, Eg. 770, Fms. vii. 124, Barl. 169. smá-meyjar, f. pl. little girls, Nj. 2. Smámeyja-land, n. the land of the dwarf maidens, mythical, Sams. S. smá-munir, n. pl. trifles, Ld. 286. sma-mæli, n. pl. small cases, Anecd. 46. smá-mæltr, part. ‘small-spoken,’ lisping, Sturl. iii. 278 (where a nickname), freq. in mod. usage. smá-neyti, n. ‘small neats,’ calves, and the like: mart s., Lv. 91. smá-piltar, m. pl. small boys, Stj. 123, Fas. iii. 124. smá-rakkar, m. pl. small dog’s, Mar., Fms. viii. 207, Stj. 99. smá-ráðr, adj. aiming at small things, Ld. 172, Fms. ii. 32. smá-regn, n. small rain, drizzle, Stj. 14 (sing.) smá-rekar, m. pl. small jetsums or waifs, Vm. 60, Pm. 69. smá-ríki, n. pl. petty kingdoms, Fms. ii. 190. smá-róar, m. pl. small relief, Bs. i. 351. smá-sakar, f. pl. petty suits, Hrafn. 4. smá-sandar, m. pl. fine sand, plains of fine sand, Eg. 141. smá-sauðr, m. (sing.), a little sheep, Stj. 516. smá-skip, n. pl. small ships, Fms. ii. 302, vii. 266, N. G. L. ii. 252. smá-skitligr, adj. tiny; s. í andliti, tiny-faced, Fb. i. 540; lítill ok s., Fas. ii. 247. smá-skógar, m. pl. copsewood, Landn. 68. smá-skútur, f. pl. small craft, Fms. iii. 1, vi. 402, vii. 234, Eg. 341. smá-smíði, n. hardware, opp. to stór-smíði, N. G. L. iii. 15 (cp. Low Germ. klein-smied). smá-smugall, -smogall, adj. penetrating through every pore, Rb. 334: metaph. minute, subtle; vitr ok s., Mar., Barl., Str.; smásmugul ok hvöss ok skygn augu, Skálda 160: compar. smásmuglari, 159: mod., in a bad sense, hair-splitting, fault-finding, sma-smugliga, adv. subtlely, minutely, Stj. 155, Bs. ii. 52. sma-smugligr, adj. minute, Sks. 637: hair-splitting. smá-smygli, f. minuteness, Str. 2, Bs. ii. 42. smá-spengr, f. pl. small spangles, Nj. 142. smá-straumr, m. and smá-streymt, n. adj. a neap-tide. smá-sveinar, m. pl. small boys, Eg. 188, Fms. vii. 158, Stj. 121: sing., smásveini einum, Bs. i. 45. smá-sveinligr, adj. boyish; s. nám, Bs. i. 219. smá-svik, n. pl. petty tricks, Fms. vi. 383. smá-syndir, f. pl. petty sins, 677. 9. smá-tennr, f. pl. small tusks (of a walrus), Sks. 179. smá-tíundir, f. pl. small tithes, Vm. 89, H. E. ii. 167. smá-tölur, f. pl. (smá-talna), small numbers, Rb. 114. smá-varningr, m. small wares (sing.), Nj. 75. smá-váfur, f. pl. tiny ghosts, imps, Grett. 79 new Ed. smá-vegis, adv. trifling. smá-vendir, m. pl. small wands, Sks. 443. smá-verplar, m. pl. small casks, N. G. L. iii. 15. smá-viði, n. a shrubbery, Eg. 580. smá-vofrur, f. pl. = smáváfur, Grett. 112. smá-þarmar, m. pl. [A. S. smæl-þearmas], the small gut, also the lower abdomen, Nj. 262, Fas. ii. 255, Sturl. i. 196, Fb. i. 301, Mar., passim; smáþarma-mein, Bs. i. 825. smá-þing, n. a small object, Thom. 301. smá-öxar, f. pl. small axes, A.A. 270.

a. some; þá féll áin sum í landsuðr, a branch of the stream ran away to the south-east; á sumu landinu, in some part of the land; þó gekk sumt eptir, still some things came to pass; sums kostar, partly; sums staðar, in some places.

* * *

adj. [Ulf. sums = τίς; common to all Teut. languages, but mostly with o; Dan. somme; Engl. some]:—some; þá fell áin sum ( some part of the river) í landsuðr, Nj. 263; hann rænti fólk, en drap sumt, sumt hertók hann, Fms. i. 28; Anakol ok sum sveitin var eptir, Orkn.; yðr þykkir sumt ofjarl en sumt ekki at manna, Fms. vi. 53.

2. plur., sumra presta, H. E. i. 513; sumir … guldu fé, sumir …, Hkr. i. 89; Hvat görðu húskarlar Njáls? Eigi veit ek hvat sumir görðu, einn ók skarni á hóla, Nj. 66.

COMPDS: sumskostar, sumstaðar.

* * *

(gen. pl. tungna), f.

1) tongue; skœðar tungur, evil tongues; hafa tungu fyrir e-m, to have a tongue for a person, be the spokesman; gæti hann, að honum vefist eigi tungan um höfuð, let him take heed that his tongue do not twist a noose for his own neck;

2) tongue, language (þá skiptust tungur í Englandi, er Vilhjálmr bastarðr vann England); dönsk t., the Danish (Norse) tongue;

3) tongue of land (Ö. nam tungu alla milli Hvítar ok Reykjadalsár).

* * *

u, f., gen. pl. tungna; [Goth. tuggo; common to all Teut. languages; cp. Lat. lingua]:—a tongue, Sól. 44, Grág. ii 11, passim: metaph. usages, hraðmælt tunga, Hm. 28; skæðar tungur, evil tongues, Nj. 264; hafa tungu fyrir e-m, to have tongue for a person, be the spokesman, Fms. vi. 223; harðr í tungu, Hallfred; skáldskapr var honum svá tiltækr, at hann kvað af tungu fram sem annað mál, Ó. H. 171; hann sá eld mikinn í tungna líkjum, Hom. 91; lof-tunga, ‘praise-tongue,’ flatterer, a nickname.

2. sayings; tunga er höfuðs-bani, ‘tongue is head’s bane,’ is the ruin of a man, Hm. 72; e-t leikr á tveim tungum, N. G. L. i. 211 (see leika II. 4); tungan leikr við tanna sar, the tongue touches sores of the teeth, Mkv.; hann hefir tönn og tungu á öllu, of a ready tongue; gæti hann, at honum vefisk eigi tungan um hófuð, let him beware lest his tongue winds round his head, i. e. let him beware of loose talk, (a long tongue being = inconsiderate tongue that works evil), Nj. 160, Þorst. Síðu H. 178; also, e-m vefsk tunga um tönn, to be disconcerted: a person endowed with poetical gifts is believed to have a tongue longer than other men (the tongue-tip reaching to the nostrils), Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 557; to this refers the legend of Hallbjörn hali, síðan togar hann á honum tunguna, ok kvað vísu þessa, then be stretched his tongue and said, Fb. i. 215; on the other hand, of words spoken in an evil hour, it is said that fiends have stretched (pulled) a man’s tongue, troll toga tungu ór höfði e-m (see troll): in nursery talk, swearing is said to leave a black spot on the tongue, blótaðu ekki, það kemr svartr blettr á tunguna á þér!

II. a tongue, language; Dönsk tunga, the Danish (Norse) tongue, see Danskr; tungan er vér köllum Norrænu, Fms. xi. 412; vitr maðr ok kunni margar tungur, 298; þar eru tungur sjau ok tuttugu, 414; hverega tungu er maðr skal ríta annarrar tungu stöfum, þá verðr sumra stafa vant, af því at eigi finnsk þat hljóð í tungunni sem stafirnir hafa þeir er af ganga, … nú eptir þeirra dæmum, alls vér erum einnar tungu, … or vóru teknir þeir (stafir) er eigi gegna atkvæðum várrar tungu, Thorodd; ein var þá tunga á Englandi, sem í Noregi ok í Danmörku, en þá skiptusk tungur í Englandi er Vilhjálmr bastarðr vann England, Ísl. ii. 221; Danskir, Sœnskir eða Norrænir ór þeirra konunga veldi þriggja er vár tunga er … af öllum tungum öðrum enn af Danskri tungu, Grág. ii. 72; tungna-grein, tungna-skipti, division of tongues, Stj.

III. metaph. of tongue-formed things, a tongue of land at the meeting of two rivers (= Gr. μεσοποταμία); í tungu einni milli gilja tveggja, Valla L. 223, Sd. 141; Önundr nam tungu alla milli Hvítár ok Reykjadalsár, Landn. 60; frá Flókadalsár-ósi til Reykja-dalsár-óss, ok tungu þá alla er þar var á milli, Eg. 186; very freq. in Icel, local names, Tunga, Tungur, Tungna-jökull, Tungna-fell, Tungu-á, Tungu-heiðr, Hróars-tunga, Biskups-tungur, Stafholts-tungur, Skaptár-tunga, Landn., map of Icel.: Tungu-goði, a, m. a nickname: Tungu-menn, m. pl. men from T., Landn., Sturl.

2. the tongue of a balance, in tungu-pundari; in the poets, a sword is slíðr-tunga, hjalta-tunga, slither-tongue, hilt-tongue, and the like, Lex. Poët.

B. COMPDS: tungubragð, tungufimi, tunguhapt, tunguhvass, tungulauss, tungumjúkr, tunguníð, tungupundari, tungurætr, tungnaskipti, tunguskorinn, tunguskæði, tunguskæðr, tungusnjallr, tungusótt, tungusætr, tunguvarp.

* * *

prep. with dat. and acc.

I. with dat.

1) under;

þá brast í sundr jörð undir hesti hans, the earth burst asunder under his horse;

þungr undir árum, heavy to row;

þeir leita þeirra ok finna þá undir eyju einni, they seek for them and find them under an island;

undir þeim hesti var alinn Eiðfaxi, that horse was the sire of E.;

2) fig. (undir þeim biskupi eru ellifu hundruð kirkna);

eiga undir sér, to have under one, in one’s power;

eiga fé undir e-m, to have money in his hands, deposited with him;

3) under, depending on;

orlög vár eru eigi undir orðum þínum, our fate does not depend on thy words;

hann á vin undir hverjum manni, he has a friend in every man;

4) ellipt. or adverbial usages;

vóru þau (Njáll ok Bergþóra) úbrunnin undir, they were unburned underneath;

meðan töður manna eru undir, whilst the hay is lying (mown, but not got in);

ef þér þœtti nökkut undir um mik, if thou hast cared at all for me;

sól (dagr) er undir, the sun (day) is down, under the horizon;

væri oss mikit undir, at vér fengim liðsinni hans, it were worth much to us to get his help;

II. with acc.

1) under, underneath, denoting motion (var settr undir hann stóll);

2) of time;

hrökk undir miðdegi, it drew close to midday;

3) fig. leggja undir sik, to lay under oneself, to subjugate;

þjóna undir e-n, to serve under one;

þessa laxveiði gaf hann undir kirkjuna, he made it over to the church;

bera fé undir e-n, to bribe one;

leggja virðing konungs undir vápn mín, to let it depend on my weapons;

ef undir oss skal koma kjörit, if the choice is to be left with us;

Hjört þótti mér þeir hafa undir, H. me thought they got under;

ef kona tekr mann undir bónda sinn, if she be untrue to her husband;

bjóða fé í leigu undir sik, to offer to pay money for one’s passage.

* * *

prep. with dat. and acc.; an older monosyllabic und is often used in poets, Ls. 44, Hdl. 11, Þkv. 16, Hm. 58; und valkesti, und árum, Lex. Poët.; und hánum, Haustl.: unt = und, Akv. 26 (Bugge): [Ulf. undar; A. S., Engl., and Dan. under; O. H. G. untar; Germ. unter]:—under, underneath, below.

A. With dat., undir hesti hans, Nj. 158; tréit u. honum, underneath him, 202; mána vegr und hánum, Haustl.; skipit undir þeim, Háv. 42, Ld. 78; troða undir fótum, Fms. ii. 172; bera undir hendi sér, Eg. 237, Nj. 200; sverðit brotnaði undir hjaltinu, 43; sitja undir borðum, 68; róa undir seglum, Fms. viii. 131; skip þungt undir árum, heavy to row. Eg. 354; undir túngarði, Ld. 138; u. veggnum, Háv. 49; u. haugnum, Eb. 94; u. heiðinni, Eg. 277; fjöll undir jöklum, Fb. i. 540; liggja undir nesi einu, Nj. 43; undir garðinum, Njarð. 374; und kvernum, Ls. 44: und Miðgarði, Hdl. 11; undir Þríhyrningi, Nj. 89, 114; undir Hrauni, Eb. 52; undir Felli, Nj. 16, of places seated under a fell, Landn. passim.

2. hvárt þat fé hefði undir því kvikendi alizt, of a dam, Grág. ii. 312; undir þeim var alinn Freyfaxi, she ( the mare) was the dam of F., Landn. 195.

II. metaph. usages; alla sem undir honum eru, Sks. 677 B; u. þeim biskupi eru ellifu hundrað kirkna, Rb. 332; búa u. e-m, Fms. i. 107; undir hendi, höndum e-m, hönd (B.I. fine); eiga undir sér, to have under one, in one’s power, Fms. iv. 271, Ld. 250, Vígl. 33, Sturl. i. 20; see eiga (A. IV. 2): eiga fé undir e-m, to have money in his hands, deposited with him, Nj. 101; taka tíu hundruð u. Eiríki bónda, ten hundred in E.’s keeping, Dipl. ii. 6; tvau hundruð u. sonum herra Stepháns, i. 11; þeim manni er féit er undir, Grág. i. 184; er und einum mér öll hodd Hniflunga, Akv. 26.

2. under, depending on; svá var ávísat sem u. væri bani ykkar beggja, Am. 12; örlög vár eru eigi u. orðum þínum, Karl. 339; hans líf stendr þar u., Stj. 219; undir því væri, at ek hefða góð málalok, Nj. 47; hvárt þykkir þer u. því sem mest, 263; mikit þótti spökum mönnum undir, at …, Ld. 38; undir þínum þokka þykkir mér mest af þínum frændum, I am most concerned for what thou thinkest, Lv. 72.

3. undir vitni e-s, 623. 15; u. handlagi e-s, Dipl. i. 11; hann á vin undir hverjum manni, he has a friend in every man, Fas. i. 290; jafnan er munr undir manns liði (= í manns liði), a man’s help is something, Bs. i; þó at smátt sé und einum, though one man (more or less) makes little difference, Hallfred; um þá gripi er görsemar eru undir, things of value, Gísl. 80; lítil eru tiðendi u. förum mínum, Fms. xi. 118; fela ván sína alla u. Guði, 686 B. 2; eiga traust u. e-m, Fms. i. 261; undir trausti, skjóli, hlífð … e-s, 623. 15; u. griðum, Grág. ii. 194; segja hvat honum er undir fréttinni, Grág. (Kb.) i. 51; mjök var undir heimboði við þik, at vér vildim, Ld. 236; hvat undir mun búa bæn þessi, Eg. 764; þat bjó mest undir ferð Áka, at …, Fms. xi. 45; jarl spyrr hvat undir kveðju sé, Fas. iii. 567.

III. ellipt. or adverbial usages; vóru þau úbrunnin undir, underneath, Nj. 208; mér þótti hann vera í rauðum hosum undir, 214; var þar undir niðri skógr, Eg. 580; meðan töður manna eru undir, whilst the hay is down, of hay mown, but not got in, Nj. 192; hart mun þykkja u. at búa, 90.

2. at þat sé eigi verr undir, enn vara, of not less value, substance, K. Þ. K. 172; ef mér þætti nökkut u. um mik, if I thought it mattered aught, Nj. 19; þykki mér mikit u., at …, does it matter much to thee? 65; hverjum manni muni þykkja nokkut undir, at …, Sturl. i. 176.

B. With acc., under, underneath, Lat. sub, denoting motion; var settr undir hann stóll, Nj. 269; koma fótum undir sik, 202; fara undir skipit, Njarð. 376; kominn undir jarðar-menit, Ld. 60; renna u. hendr e-m, Háv. 41; þeim tók undir hendr, Ld. 38; kom u. kverk öxinni, Nj. 84; láta u. belti sér, 168; setjask u. borð, 176; heimtask út u. akkerin, Fms. ix. 44; stýra u. veðr, … beita undir veðr, Fb. i. 540; leggja út u. Eyjar, Nj. 125; riða austr u. Eyjafjöll, 216; sigla suðr u. England, Hkr. i. 129; leggjask niðr u. hauginn, Eb. 94; ganga u. hamar-skúta nökkurn, Nj. 264; hleypa heim undir Þríhyrning, 105.

2. of time; hrökk undir miðdegi, it drew close to midday, Fas. i. 506; cp. the mod. phrase, það er komið undir dagmál, hádegi, … náttmál, of time, close to, hard upon.

II. metaph. usages; gefa hann undir vápn yður, Njarð. 354; leggja virðing konungs undir vápn mín, to let it depend on, Fms. x. 199; jarl hverr skyldi hafa und sik þrjá hersa (= undir sér), 182; Hjört þótti mér þeir hafa undir, they had him under, had him on the ground, Nj. 95; leggja undir sik, to lay under oneself, subjugate, Fms. i. 3; skattgilda undir sik. Eg. 402; ganga undir e-n, to submit to, Fms. i. 37, 156, Ld. 166; játtask undir e-t, Fms. ix. 227; taka vel … u. e-t, Ld. 150; þjóna u. e-n, to serve under, Fms. x. 23; draga u. sik, Eg. 61; arf berr undir e-n, devolves upon, Grág. i. 179; þessa laxveiði gaf hann undir kirkjuna, he made it over to the church, Fms. i. 272; Sámsey er undir biskup, is under a bishop, xi. 230; þær eignir liggja undir þá ætt, vi. 432; leita ráðs u. e-n, xi. 80, MS. 686 B. 13; vikja máli u. e-n, Nj. 77; skírskota u. e-n, Ó. H. 86, Eg. 352, N. G. L. i. 348; bera fé u. e-n, to bribe, Ld. 114. Fms. v. 187; játa sik undir at gjalda, to engage oneself, Dipl. ii. 2; leggja e-t undir þegnskap sinn, upon one’s honour, Grág. (Kb.) i. 48; þá mælti Einarr svá undir málit, interrupt it, Sturl. i. 66 C.

2. special phrases; ef kona tekr mann undir bónda sinn, if she be untrue to her husband, N. G. L. i. 351, H. E. i. 236; því fylgðu engir mann-lestir, þvíat ek tók engan mann undir Gísla, I was true to G., Gísl. 15; land styrkvara undir bú, at heyföngum, stronger in the way of household, yielding more crops, Sturl. iii. 271; bjóða fé í leigu u. sik, to offer money for a passage, Nj. 128; taka penning veginn u. blóðlát, for letting blood, Rétt. 2. 10; taka eyri u. hvert lispund, id.; líða undir lok, to come to-an end, Nj. 156.

III. ellipt., sól er undir, the sun is under, Grág. i. 104; dagr er undir, Fb. iii. 384; slá u. sem mest má þessa viku, to mow as much as possible this week, so as to prepare for drying it the next, Eb. 150; standa undir með e-m, to back, Sturl. i. 20.

1) station for taking eggs, fishing, catching seals, etc. (cf. eggver, fiskiver, selver, útver);

2) poet. sea; fyrir handan ver, beyond the sea.

(gen. pl. -ja), n. case, cover (verit var af guðvefjarpelli).

* * *

n. a case; undir úlfalda verjum, Stj. 181; beðr með þýðeskt ver, D. N. iv. 218; verit var af pelli, Karl. 495; kodda-ver, a pillow-case; sængr-ver, a bed-case.

n. [akin to vörr; A. S. wær; cp. Engl. weir, usually sounded ware about Oxford still]:—the sea, only used in poets; vestr fór ek of ver, of a journey to England, Höfuðl. 1; fyrir vestan ver (prose, fyrir vestan haf), beyond the ‘western weir,’ i. e. in the British Isles, Hkv. 2. 7; fyrir handan ver, Gkv. 2. 7; fyrir austan ver, east of the sea, i. e. in Norway, Edda (Ht.); um ver, across the sea, Fms. vii. 329 (in a verse): in poët. compds, ver-bál, ver-glóð, ‘sea-fire,’ i. e. gold; ver-fákr, a sea-steed, i. e. a ship.

II. a fishing-place, station, for fishing, taking eggs, catching seals, herrings: farmers in Icel. at certain seasons of the year (spring, winter, and autumn) send some of their labourers to out-lying fishing-places (called göra mann út and út-görð); here people meet for fishing from all parts of the island; these fishing-places are called ‘ver;’ maðr hét Glúmr, hann var til vers, he was in a fishing-place, Korm. 142; þar sem menn rjúfa skipan í veri, Jb. 440; they are called ver-menn, m. pl. fishermen; and ver-tíð, f. the fishing season; vor-vertíð, haust-vertíð, vetrar-vertíð, see Icel. Almanack: the phrases, fara í verið, vera í veri; so also the compds, egg-ver, síld-ver, sel-ver, álpta-ver, fisk-ver, the taking eggs, catching herrings, seals, swans, fish, as also of the places where these things are caught; út-ver, an outlying ver: in local names, Álpta-ver, in southern Icel.

adj. ‘out of all concern,’ out of danger, safe, secure, Greg. 24, Fms. vi. 152: fearless, undaunted, hugdjarfr sem inn öruggazti berserkr, i. 259; öruggr í framgöngu, vi. 421; verit öruggir ok óttalausir, Ó. H. 240; drengr góðr ok ö. í öllu, Nj. 30, passim.

2. resolved; þeir vöru öruggir í því at firrask Noreg sem mest, Eg. 159, Ld. 302: trusty, to be relied on, gefið eiguir þeim sem yðr eru öruggir, Fms. vii. 182, Th. 2.

3. of things, safe; engi örugg fylgsni, Fms. i. 136; öruggr íss, safe ice, ix. 371; öruggr skjöldr, Finnb. 328; ö. reiði á skipi, Sks. 29; örugga hvíld ok haga, MS. 544. 14; berjask með öruggum atgangi, Ísl. ii. 268; öruggt til lækninga, Sks. 32 new Ed., Magn. 468.

a. superl. most;

mun þat flestrum manni úfœra þykkja, it will seem impossible to most people;

neut., flest, most things (flest í þessu bréfi);

flestr allr (vel flestr), flestir allir (vel flestir), almost all (flest allt stórmenni; flest öll hof).