not+complicated

actually ['æktʃʊəlɪ]

adverb

(a) (establishing a fact) vraiment;

∎ I haven't actually read the book à vrai dire, je n'ai pas lu le livre;

∎ what did he actually say? qu'est-ce qu'il a dit vraiment?;

∎ what actually happened? que s'est-il passé au juste?;

∎ what he actually means is… ce qu'il veut vraiment dire, c'est…;

∎ I didn't actually see it myself en réalité, je ne l'ai pas vu de mes propres yeux;

∎ the piano's just for decoration, no one actually plays it le piano fait partie du décor, en fait personne n'en joue;

∎ yes, but what will the government actually do? oui, mais que va vraiment faire le gouvernement?

(b) (emphatic use) vraiment;

∎ did you actually say that? vous avez vraiment dit cela?;

∎ you mean she actually speaks Latin! tu veux dire qu'elle parle vraiment le latin!;

∎ he actually swore il est (même) allé jusqu'à lâcher un juron;

∎ she actually said good morning to me à mon grand étonnement elle m'a dit bonjour;

∎ he was actually on time for once pour une fois il était à l'heure

(c) (contradicting or qualifying) en fait;

∎ she's actually older than she looks en fait, elle est plus âgée qu'elle n'en a l'air;

∎ I don't agree, actually en fait, je ne suis pas d'accord;

∎ he's not a very nice person actually il n'est pas très gentil à vrai dire;

∎ actually, it's a bit more complicated than that en fait, c'est un peu plus compliqué que cela;

∎ actually, yes, I do mind, very much! à vrai dire, oui, ça m'ennuie beaucoup!;

∎ I suppose you've never been there - I have, actually je suppose que vous n'y êtes jamais allé - si, en fait

(d) (in requests, advice etc) en fait;

∎ actually, you could set the table en fait, tu pourrais mettre la table

story ['stɔ:rɪ] (pl stories)

noun

(a) (tale, work of fiction → spoken) histoire f; (→ written) histoire f, conte m; Literature (short story) nouvelle f;

∎ to tell sb a story raconter une histoire à qn;

∎ ghost/murder story histoire f de fantômes/de meurtre;

∎ fairy story conte m de fées;

∎ he stopped halfway through his story il s'interrompit en plein milieu de son récit;

∎ this is a true story c'est une histoire vraie;

∎ a collection of her poems and stories un recueil de ses poèmes et nouvelles;

∎ there is a story that…, the story goes that… on raconte que…;

∎ figurative the stories this old castle could tell! les murs de ce château en ont vu de belles!;

∎ there's a story behind or attached to every exhibit in the museum chacune des pièces du musée a sa propre histoire

(b) (plot) intrigue f, scénario m;

∎ the story of the film is very complicated l'intrigue du film est très compliquée;

∎ I like a play with a good story to it j'aime les pièces qui ont une bonne intrigue;

∎ the story is set in wartime London l'histoire se passe à Londres, pendant la guerre

(c) (account) histoire f;

∎ I got the inside story from his wife j'ai appris la vérité sur cette histoire par sa femme;

∎ let me tell you my side of the story laisse-moi te donner ma version de l'histoire;

∎ humorous well, that's my story and I'm sticking to it c'est la version officielle;

∎ the witness changed his story le témoin est revenu sur sa version des faits;

∎ but that's another story mais ça, c'est une autre histoire;

∎ that's not the whole story, that's only part of the story mais ce n'est pas tout;

∎ we'll probably never know the whole or full story nous ne saurons peut-être jamais le fin mot de l'histoire;

∎ it's always the same old story, it's the old, old story c'est toujours la même histoire ou chanson;

∎ these bruises tell their own story ces meurtrissures en disent long;

∎ each photo tells its or a story toutes les photos racontent une histoire;

∎ it's a long story c'est toute une histoire, c'est une longue histoire;

∎ to British cut or American make a long story short enfin bref

(d) (history) histoire f;

∎ his life story l'histoire de sa vie;

∎ humorous that's the story of my life! ça m'arrive tout le temps!

(e) euphemism (lie) histoire f;

∎ are you telling stories again? est-ce que tu racontes encore des histoires?

(f) (rumour) rumeur f, bruit m;

∎ there's a story going about that they're getting divorced le bruit court qu'ils vont divorcer;

∎ or so the story goes c'est du moins ce que l'on raconte

(g) Press (article) article m; (event, affair) affaire f;

∎ there's a front-page story about or on the riots il y a un article en première page sur les émeutes;

∎ the editor refused to run her story le rédacteur en chef a refusé de publier son article;

∎ all the papers ran or carried the story tous les journaux en ont parlé;

∎ have you been following this corruption story? est-ce que vous avez suivi cette affaire de corruption?;

∎ what's the story? quelle nouvelle?;

∎ the story broke just after the morning papers had gone to press on a appris la nouvelle juste après la mise sous presse des journaux du matin

(h) American = storey

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Dony trained initially for the Church, and it is not known how he became interested in the production of zinc. Liège, however, was close to extensive deposits of the zinc ore calamine, and brass had been made since Roman times in the region between Liège and Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen). William Champion's technique of brass manufacture was known there and was considered to be too complicated and expensive for the routine manufacture of brass. Dony may have learned about earlier processes of manufacturing zinc on the European continent from his friend Professor Villette of Liège University, and about English methods from Henri Delloye, a friend of both Villette and Dony and who visited Birmingham and Bristol on their behalf to study zinc smelting processes and brass manufacture at first hand. By 21 March 1805 Dony had succeeded in extracting zinc from calamine and casting it in ingots. On the basis of this success he applied to the French Republican administration for assistance and in 1806 was assigned by Napoleon the sole mining rights to the calamine deposits of the Vieille Montagne, or Altenberg, near Moresnet, five miles (8 km) from Aachen. With these rights went the obligation of developing an industrially viable method of zinc refining. In 1807 he constructed a small factory at Isle and there, after much effort, he perfected his celebrated horizontal retort process, the "Liège Method". After July 1809 zinc was being produced in abundance, and in January 1810 Dony was granted an Imperial Patent giving him a monopoly of zinc manufacture for fifteen years. He erected a rolling mill at Saint-Léonard and attempted to persuade the Minister of Marine to use zinc sheets rather than copper for the protection of ships. Between 1809 and 1810 Dony reduced the price of zinc in Liège from 8.60 to 2.60 francs per kilo. However, after 1813 he began to encounter financial problems and in 1818 he surrendered his commercial interests to his partner Dominique Mosselman (d. 1837). The horizontal retort process soon rendered obsolete that of William Champion, and variants of the Liège Method were rapidly evolved in Germany, Britain and the USA.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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To give a smooth surface to cloth such as the old English broadcloth, the nap was raised and then sheared off. Hand-operated shears of enormous size cut the fibres standing proud of the surface while the cloth was laid over a curved table top. Great skill was required to achieve a smooth finish. Various attempts, such as that in 1784 by James Harmer, a clergyman of Sheffield, were made to mechanize the process by placing several pairs of shears in a frame and operating them by cranks, but these were not successful. The first version of a rotary machine was made by Samuel Griswold Dore (sometimes spelt Dorr), an American from Albany, New York. His first frame, patented in 1792 in America, consisted of a wheel of twelve "spring knives" that were fixed like spokes and set at an angle of about 45° to the horizontal. Under this wheel, and on the same axle, rode a second one, carrying four "tangent knives" that lay almost flat upon the cloth. As the two wheels rotated above the cloth's surface, they acted in "the manner of shears". The principle used in Dore's machine is certainly different from that in the later, successful machine of John Lewis. The machine was thought to be too complicated and expensive for American woollen manufacturers and was much better suited to circumstances in the English industry, Dore therefore moved to England. However, in his British patent in 1793, he introduced a different design, which was more like that on which both Lewis's machine and the lawnmower were based, with knives set across the periphery of a hollow cylinder or barrel. Little more was heard of his machine in Britain, possibly because of Dore's death, which is mentioned in his patent of 1794, although it was used in America and France. Dore's son and others improved the machine in America and brought new specifications to England in 1811, when several patents were taken out.

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SUBJECT AREA: Electricity

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Ilgner graduated from the Gewerbeakademie (the forerunner of the Technical University) in Berlin. As the representative of an electric manufacturing company in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) from 1897, he was confronted with the fact that there were no appropriate drives for hoisting-engines or rolling-plants in steelworks. Two problems prevented the use of high-capacity electric motors in the mining as well as in the iron and steel industry: the reactions of the motors on the circuit at the peak point of stress concentration; and the complicated handling of the control system which raised the risks regarding safety. Having previously been head of the department of electrical power transmission in Hannover, he was concerned with the development of low-speed direct-current motors powered by gas engines.

It was Harry Ward Leonard's switchgear for direct-current motors (USA, 1891) that permitted sudden and exact changes in the speed and direction of rotation without causing power loss, as demonstrated in the driving of a rolling sidewalk at the Paris World Fair of 1900. Ilgner connected this switchgear to a large and heavy flywheel which accumulated the kinetic energy from the circuit in order to compensate shock loads. With this combination, electric motors did not need special circuits, which were still weak, because they were working continuously and were regulated individually, so that they could be used for driving hoisting-engines in mines, rolling-plants in steelworks or machinery for producing tools and paper. Ilgner thus made a notable advance in the general progress of electrification.

His transformer for hoisting-engines was patented in 1901 and was commercially used inter alia by Siemens \& Halske of Berlin. Their first electrical hoisting-engine for the Zollern II/IV mine in Dortmund gained international reputation at the Düsseldorf exhibition of 1902, and is still preserved in situ in the original machine hall of the mine, which is now a national monument in Germany. Ilgner thereafter worked with several companies to pursue his conception, became a consulting engineer in Vienna and Breslau and had a government post after the First World War in Brussels and Berlin until he retired for health reasons in 1919.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Whitcomb Judson was a mechanical engineer by profession. He filed his first patent application for a zip fastener in 1891 and took out a fifth in 1905. His invention was originally designed for shoes and consisted of separate fasteners with two interlocking parts which could be fastened either by hand or by a movable guide. In his last patent, he clamped the fastening elements to the edge of a fabric tape and patented a machine for manufacturing this. Through an earlier exploit, the Judson Pneumatic Street Railway Company, Judson knew Colonel Lewis Walker, who helped him to organize the Universal Fastener Company of Chicago to manufacture these fasteners, which at first were made by hand. One machine invented by Judson proved to be too complicated, but Judson's later fasteners were easier to adapt to machine production. The original company was reorganized as the Automatic Hook and Eye Company of Hoboken, New Jersey, and the new fasteners were sold under the name "C-curity". However, the garment manufacturers would not use them at first because the fasteners had defects, such as springing open at unexpected moments. The Automatic Hook and Eye Company brought in Gideon Sundback, who improved Judson's work and made the zip fastener successful.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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John Lombe's father, Henry Lombe, was a worsted weaver who married twice. John was the second son of the second marriage and was still a baby when his father died in 1695. John, a native of the Eastern Counties, was apprenticed to a trade and employed by Thomas Cotchett in the erection of Cotchett's silk mill at Derby, which soon failed however. Lombe went to Italy, or was sent there by his elder half-brother, Thomas, to discover the secrets of their throwing machinery while employed in a silk mill in Piedmont. He returned to England in 1716 or 1717, bringing with him two expert Italian workmen.

Thomas Lombe was a prosperous London merchant who financed the construction of a new water-powered silk mill at Derby which is said to have cost over £30,000. John arranged with the town Corporation for the lease of the island in the River Derwent, where Cotchett had erected his mill. During the four years of its construction, John first set up the throwing machines in other parts of the town. The machines were driven manually there, and their product helped to defray the costs of the mill. The silk-throwing machine was very complex. The water wheel powered a horizontal shaft that was under the floor and on which were placed gearwheels to drive vertical shafts upwards through the different floors. The throwing machines were circular, with the vertical shafts running through the middle. The doubled silk threads had previously been wound on bobbins which were placed on spindles with wire flyers at intervals around the outer circumference of the machine. The bobbins were free to rotate on the spindles while the spindles and flyers were driven by the periphery of a horizontal wheel fixed to the vertical shaft. Another horizontal wheel set a little above the first turned the starwheels, to which were attached reels for winding the silk off the bobbins below. Three or four sets of these spindles and reels were placed above each other on the same driving shaft. The machine was very complicated for the time and must have been expensive to build and maintain.

John lived just long enough to see the mill in operation, for he died in 1722 after a painful illness said to have been the result of poison administered by an Italian woman in revenge for his having stolen the invention and for the injury he was causing the Italian trade. The funeral was said to have been the most superb ever known in Derby.

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SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines

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In 1869 Stumpf was commissioned by the Pope Manufacturing Company of Hertford, Connecticut, to set up two triple-expansion, vertical, Corliss pumping engines. He tried to simplify this complicated system and started research with the internal combustion engine and the steam turbine particularly as his models. The construction of steam turbines in several stages where the steam passed through in a unidirectional flow was being pursued at that time, and Stumpf wondered whether it would be possible to raise the efficiency of a reciprocating steam engine to the same thermal level as the turbine by the use of the uniflow principle.

Stumpf began to investigate these principles without studying the work of earlier pioneers like L.J. Todd, which he later thought would have led him astray. It was not until 1908, when he was Professor at the Institute of Technology in Berlin- Charlottenburg, that he patented his successful "una-flow" steam engine. In that year he took out six British patents for improvements in details on his original one Stumpf fully realized the thermal advantages of compressing the residual steam and was able to evolve systems of coping with excessive compression when starting. He also placed steam-jackets around the ends of the cylinder. Stumpf's first engine was built in 1908 by the Erste B runner Maschinenfabrik-Gesellschaft, and licences were taken out by many other manufacturers, including those in Britain and the USA. His engine was developed into the most economical type of reciprocating steam engine.

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[keis] n արկղ, տուփ. cigar case գլանակատուփ, պորտսի գար. packing case փաթեթավորելու համար արկղ. jewel case զարդատուփ. show case ցու ցա փեղկ. cello case պատյան թավջութակի հա մար. vanity case կանացի (կոսմետիկայի) պա յուսակ. overnight case ճանապարհորդական պի տույ քատուփ. suit case ճամպրուկ

[keis] n դեպք, նաև՝ բժշկ., գործ. doubtful case կասկածելի դեպք. emergency case անհե տաձգելի օգնություն հիվանդին a sad case ծանր դեպք. in case of դեպքում. in any case ամեն դեպքում. in most cases մեծամասնությամբ. in no case ոչ մի դեպքում. in case I forget եթե ես մո ռանամ. just in case ամեն դեպքում. It is not the case Դա այդպես չէ. gone case խսկց. անհուսալի դեպք. a case of conscience խղճի գործ/հարց. That alters the case Դա փոխում է գործը/վի ճակը. as the case stands տվյալ պայմաններում. բժշկ. me dical case հիվանդ, դեպք. case history հիվան դու թյան պատմություն. walking case ոչ ան կող նա յին հիվանդ. five cases of typhus տիֆի հինգ դեպք. իրավ. գործ. complicated/lost case խճճված/կորցրած դատական գործ. pending case ընթացիկ դատական գործ. case law ն ա խատի պային իրավունք. case on appeal վճռ ա բեկման ներկայացված գործ. win/lose/defend/investigate a case գործը տանել/կորցնել/պաշտպա նել/հետաքննել. case book այցելուների գրան ցամատյան. (փաստարկ) case file գործ, փաս տաթղթերի հավաքածու. the case for and against թեր և դեմ փաստարկները. a strong case for refusing մերժելու լուրջ պատճառ. the nominative case քեր. ուղղական հոլով. հմկրգ. case ռեգիստր. case sensitive search ռե գիստ րից կախված որոնում. case shift անցում մեկ ռեգիստրից մյուսին

 

классификация
Разделение множества объектов на подмножества по сходству или различию в соответствии с принятыми признаками.
[ГОСТ 1.1-2002]

классификация
1. Отнесение объектов, элементов некоторого множества к тому или иному классу (подмножеству, элементы которого характеризуются неким существенным признаком или группой существенных признаков); 2. Результат этого процесса. Существенный признак, по которому проводится К., называется ее основанием или критерием. Полученные в результате К. сведения об объекте называются номинальными данными. По своему смыслу К. представляет собой систему с иерархической структурой. Традиционно К. в естественных и технических науках подчиняется строгим правилам: а) в одной и той же К. применяется только одно основание, б) сумма подмножеств (классов) должна равняться классифицируемому множеству, в) ни один элемент одного подмножества (класса) не должен одновременно входить в другое подмножество (правило взаимоисключения), г) К. должна быть последовательной: включать все ступени иерархии, без «перес ка ки вания» через некоторые из них. Однако К. в общественных науках не всегда подчиняются приведенным правилам: они не имеют, например, исчерпывающего характера, предусмотренного правилом б), границы между классами в них размыты, неопределенны; критерии К. в них, как правило, являются многомерными: одни и те же характеристики могут быть свойственны разным классам и различия между ними прослеживаются лишь в совокупности характеристик, через их различные комбинации, приоритеты и соотношения. Здесь также более важен, чем в естественных науках, исторический аспект: постоянное взаимопересечение, изменение, возникновение и отмирание классов и самих классифицируемых явлений. В настоящее время быстро развиваются математико-ста тистические методы автоматической К. объектов с помощью ЭВМ. В их основе лежит анализ информации о каждом объекте, которая вводится в вычислительное устройство, и определение на ее основе, в соответствии с принятым «решающим правилом«, его принадлежности к тому или иному классу. См. Распознавание образов.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

Тематики

• стандартизация
• экономика

EN

• classification

 

классификация (в Service Manager 2010)
Размещение инцидента в иерархии дескрипторов, описывающих общую суть инцидента. Например, инцидент может быть классифицирован как относящийся к программному обеспечению, затем — к корпорации Майкрософт, а затем — к приложению Word 2003.
[ http://systemscenter.ru/scsm_help.ru/]

EN

classification
The placement of an incident into a hierarchy of descriptors that indicate what the incident is generally about. For example, an incident could be classified as being related to software, and then to Microsoft, and then to Word 2003.
[ http://systemscenter.ru/scsm_help.ru/]

Тематики

• информационные технологии в целом

EN

• classification

 

классификация (в информационных технологиях)
Действие по назначению категории чему-либо. Классификация используется для обеспечения целостности в управлении и отчётности. КЕ, инциденты, проблемы, изменения и т.п., обычно классифицируются.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

EN

classification
The act of assigning a category to something. Classification is used to ensure consistent management and reporting. Configuration items, incidents, problems, changes etc. are usually classified.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

Тематики

• информационные технологии в целом

EN

• classification

 

классификация (товаров)
Определение для изделия правильного кода в соответствии с таможенным тарифом в целях исчисления пошлины. В тех случаях, когда данная процедура становится очень сложной, нередко импортеры прибегают к судебным разбирательствам по вопросу правильности определения таможенной службой пошлин на данное изделие
[Упрощение процедур торговли: англо-русский глоссарий терминов (пересмотренное второе издание) НЬЮ-ЙОРК, ЖЕНЕВА, МОСКВА 2011 год]

EN

classification
The placement of an item under the correct number in the customs tariff for duty purposes. At times this procedure becomes highly complicated; it is not uncommon for importers to resort to litigation over the correct duty to be assessed by the customs on a given item
[Trade Facilitation Terms: An English - Russian Glossary (revised second edition) NEW YORK, GENEVA, MOSCOW 2141]

Тематики

• торговля

EN

• classification

3.14 классификация (classification): Схема, в соответствии с которой информация подразделяется на категории с целью применения соответствующих защитных мер против этих категорий.

Примечание - Соответствующие защитные меры применяют для следующих категорий: возможность мошенничества, конфиденциальность или критичность информации.

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО/ТО 13569-2007: Финансовые услуги. Рекомендации по информационной безопасности

3.6 классификация (classification): Систематическая идентификация и упорядочение деловой деятельности и (или) документов по категориям в соответствии с логически структурированными условиями, методами и процедурными правилами, представленными в классификационной системе.

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 15489-1-2007: Система стандартов по информации, библиотечному и издательскому делу. Управление документами. Общие требования оригинал документа

3.14 классификация (classification): Схема, в соответствии с которой информация подразделяется на категории с целью применения соответствующих защитных мер против этих категорий.

Примечание - Соответствующие защитные меры применяют для следующих категорий: возможность мошенничества, конфиденциальность или критичность информации.

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО ТО 13569-2007: Финансовые услуги. Рекомендации по информационной безопасности

3.2 классификация (classification): Обозначение газа или газовой смеси, включающее номер настоящего стандарта и группу индексов (основную группу и подгруппу), идентифицирующих газ или газовую смесь.

Примечание - Группы индексов приведены в 5.1 (см. таблицу 2).

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 14175-2010: Материалы сварочные. Газы и газовые смеси для сварки плавлением и родственных процессов оригинал документа

2.30 класс чистоты (classification): Уровень чистоты (2.32) воздуха по взвешенным в воздухе частицам, применимый к чистому помещению (2.33) или чистой зоне (2.34), выраженный в терминах «Класс N ИСО», который определяет допустимые концентрации (частиц (2.102) в кубическом метре (частиц/м³)) для заданных диапазонов размеров частиц.

Примечания

1 Концентрацию определяют по уравнению (1) ИСО 14644-1:1999, статья 3.2.

2 В соответствии с ИСО 14644-1:1999 классы чистоты ограничены диапазоном от класса 1 ИСО до класса 9 ИСО.

3 Пороговые значения размеров частиц (2.105) (нижние пороговые значения), применяемые для классификации по настоящему стандарту, находятся в диапазоне 0,1-5,5 мкм. Для пороговых размеров частиц, находящихся вне этого диапазона, чистота (2.32) воздуха может быть определена (но не классифицирована) с помощью U-дескрипторов (2.136) или М-дескрипторов (2.89).

4 Промежуточные классификационные числа могут быть определены с наименьшим допустимым приращением 0,1, т. е. диапазон промежуточных классов ИСО увеличивается от класса 1,1 ИСО до класса 8,9 ИСО.

5 Класс чистоты может быть определен для любого из трех состояний чистых помещений (см. 2.17, 2.18, 2.97).

[ИСО 14644-1:1999, статья 2.1.4]

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 14644-6-2010: Чистые помещения и связанные с ними контролируемые среды. Часть 6. Термины оригинал документа

3.5.3 классификация (classification): Процесс распределения абстракций в структуре, организованной в соответствии с их отличительными свойствами.

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 15531-31-2010: Системы промышленной автоматизации и интеграция. Данные по управлению промышленным производством Часть 31. Информационная модель ресурсов оригинал документа

3.42 классификация (classification): Процесс выстраивания абстракций в структуру, организованную в соответствии с их отличительными свойствами, взаимосвязями и поведением.

Источник: ГОСТ Р 54136-2010: Системы промышленной автоматизации и интеграция. Руководство по применению стандартов, структура и словарь оригинал документа