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normal developer

  • 1 нормальный проявитель

    Русско-английский технический словарь > нормальный проявитель

  • 2 нормальный проявитель

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > нормальный проявитель

  • 3 проявитель

    м. кфт. developer

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > проявитель

  • 4 нормальный проявитель

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > нормальный проявитель

  • 5 Normalentwickler

    m < phot> ■ normal developer

    German-english technical dictionary > Normalentwickler

  • 6 проявитель

    developer, revealing reagent
    * * *
    прояви́тель м. кфт.
    developer
    бы́стрый прояви́тель — high-energy [fast] developer
    выра́внивающий прояви́тель — compensating developer
    дубя́щий прояви́тель — tanning developer
    контра́стный прояви́тель — high-contract developer
    ме́дленный прояви́тель — slow [low-energy] developer
    мелкозерни́стый прояви́тель — fine-grain developer
    мягкорабо́тающий прояви́тель — low-contrast developer
    негати́вный прояви́тель — negative developer
    норма́льный прояви́тель — normal (contrast) developer
    позити́вный прояви́тель — positive developer
    универса́льный прояви́тель — universal developer
    фикси́рующий прояви́тель — developer-fixer
    цветно́й прояви́тель — colour developer

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > проявитель

  • 7 нормальный остаток

    Русско-английский научный словарь > нормальный остаток

  • 8 desarrollo

    m.
    1 development (mejora).
    desarrollo del producto product development
    desarrollo sostenible sustainable development
    2 growth (crecimiento).
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: desarrollar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) development
    2 MATEMÁTICAS expansion
    3 DEPORTE run, course
    \
    país en vías de desarrollo developing country
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [de economía, industria, mercado] development
    2) [de teoría, tema, punto] development
    3) (=realización) [de proyecto, plan] carrying out; [de técnica, método] development
    4) [de capacidad, memoria, músculos] development
    5) (Mat) [de ecuación, función] expansion; [de problema] working
    6) [de persona, animal, planta] development

    está en la edad del desarrollo — she's reaching puberty, she's beginning to develop

    7) [de historia, acontecimiento] development

    el desarrollo de la trama — the unfolding o development of the plot

    8) [de bicicleta] gear ratio
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Econ) development
    b) (de facultad, capacidad) development
    c) (de niño, de planta) growth, development
    d) ( de adolescente) development
    2) (de teoría, tema, estrategia) development
    3) (de acto, acontecimiento)

    durante el desarrollo del acto — during o in the course of proceedings

    * * *
    = advance, amplification, building, development, evolution, blooming.
    Ex. I think that the most important advance that we can look forward to is a great increase in the amount of authority data in MARC form.
    Ex. Even with such a limitation and many later supplementations by various hands, by way of addition, correction and amplification, it falls far short of completeness.
    Ex. Building a search profile has much in common with building a document profile during indexing.
    Ex. Enumerative schemes can be difficult to revise to take account of new developments.
    Ex. A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    Ex. The article 'The blooming of readers' presents a body of research that supports the notion that children can acquire reading skills without being directly taught to read.
    ----
    * área en desarrollo = growth area.
    * autodesarrollo = self-actualisation [self-actualization, -USA].
    * ayuda al desarrollo = development aid.
    * biología del desarrollo = developmental biology.
    * de desarrollo = developmental.
    * de desarrollo rápido = fast-evolving.
    * desarrollo académico = academic development.
    * desarrollo atrofiado = arrested development.
    * desarrollo cronológico = chronology.
    * desarrollo de aplicaciones = software development, application development.
    * desarrollo de capacidades = capacity building.
    * desarrollo de la colección = collection building, collection development [collections development].
    * desarrollo de la identidad nacional = nation building.
    * desarrollo del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * desarrollo del potencial = capacity building.
    * desarrollo de material educativo = instructional development.
    * desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.
    * desarrollo de programas = software development.
    * desarrollo de prototipos = prototyping.
    * desarrollo económico = economic development.
    * desarrollo empresarial = business development.
    * desarrollo estratégico = strategic development.
    * desarrollo industrial = industrial development.
    * desarrollo infantil = child development.
    * desarrollo mental = mental development.
    * desarrollo nacional = national development.
    * desarrollo personal = self-actualisation [self-actualization, -USA].
    * desarrollo prenatal = prenatal development.
    * desarrollo profesional = professional development, career development.
    * desarrollo profesional del personal = staff development.
    * desarrollo social = social development.
    * desarrollo sostenible = sustainable development.
    * desarrollo sostenido = sustainable development.
    * desarrollo tardío = late start.
    * desarrollo temporal = temporal development, timeline [time line].
    * desarrollo urbanístico = urban growth.
    * describir el desarrollo de = trace + the development of, trace + the evolution of.
    * economía en vías de desarrollo = transitional economy, developing economy.
    * empresa dedicada al desarrollo de productos = product developer.
    * en desarrollo = evolving, under development.
    * en período de desarrollo = in ascendancy.
    * en pleno desarrollo = in full swing, in full gear.
    * en vías de desarrollo = in course of development, emergent, developing.
    * especialista en el desarrollo = developmentalist.
    * estimular el desarrollo de = stimulate + the development of.
    * etapa de desarrollo = stage of development.
    * Fondo para el Desarrollo Europeo = European Development Fund.
    * Fondo para el Desarrollo Regional Europeo = European Regional Development Fund.
    * herramienta de desarrollo = development tool.
    * herramientas de desarrollo = toolkit.
    * instituto de desarrollo = development institute.
    * instituto para el desarrollo = development institute.
    * instituto para la investigación y el desarrollo = research and development institute.
    * investigación y desarrollo (I+D) = research and development (R&D).
    * nivel de desarrollo = stage of development, developmental level, development level, level of development.
    * Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
    * PADIS (Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de Africa) = PADIS (Pan-African Development Information System).
    * país en vías de desarrollo = developing country, transitional nation, transitional economy, developing nation, emerging economy, developing economy, country with developing economy.
    * países en vías de desarrollo, los = developing world, the.
    * política de desarrollo de la colección = collection development policy.
    * posibilidad de desarrollo = potential for development.
    * retrasar el desarrollo de Algo = push back + development.
    * ritmo de desarrollo = pace of development.
    * sicología del desarrollo = developmental psychology.
    * teoría del desarrollo humano = developmental theory.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Econ) development
    b) (de facultad, capacidad) development
    c) (de niño, de planta) growth, development
    d) ( de adolescente) development
    2) (de teoría, tema, estrategia) development
    3) (de acto, acontecimiento)

    durante el desarrollo del acto — during o in the course of proceedings

    * * *
    = advance, amplification, building, development, evolution, blooming.

    Ex: I think that the most important advance that we can look forward to is a great increase in the amount of authority data in MARC form.

    Ex: Even with such a limitation and many later supplementations by various hands, by way of addition, correction and amplification, it falls far short of completeness.
    Ex: Building a search profile has much in common with building a document profile during indexing.
    Ex: Enumerative schemes can be difficult to revise to take account of new developments.
    Ex: A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    Ex: The article 'The blooming of readers' presents a body of research that supports the notion that children can acquire reading skills without being directly taught to read.
    * área en desarrollo = growth area.
    * autodesarrollo = self-actualisation [self-actualization, -USA].
    * ayuda al desarrollo = development aid.
    * biología del desarrollo = developmental biology.
    * de desarrollo = developmental.
    * de desarrollo rápido = fast-evolving.
    * desarrollo académico = academic development.
    * desarrollo atrofiado = arrested development.
    * desarrollo cronológico = chronology.
    * desarrollo de aplicaciones = software development, application development.
    * desarrollo de capacidades = capacity building.
    * desarrollo de la colección = collection building, collection development [collections development].
    * desarrollo de la identidad nacional = nation building.
    * desarrollo del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * desarrollo del potencial = capacity building.
    * desarrollo de material educativo = instructional development.
    * desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.
    * desarrollo de programas = software development.
    * desarrollo de prototipos = prototyping.
    * desarrollo económico = economic development.
    * desarrollo empresarial = business development.
    * desarrollo estratégico = strategic development.
    * desarrollo industrial = industrial development.
    * desarrollo infantil = child development.
    * desarrollo mental = mental development.
    * desarrollo nacional = national development.
    * desarrollo personal = self-actualisation [self-actualization, -USA].
    * desarrollo prenatal = prenatal development.
    * desarrollo profesional = professional development, career development.
    * desarrollo profesional del personal = staff development.
    * desarrollo social = social development.
    * desarrollo sostenible = sustainable development.
    * desarrollo sostenido = sustainable development.
    * desarrollo tardío = late start.
    * desarrollo temporal = temporal development, timeline [time line].
    * desarrollo urbanístico = urban growth.
    * describir el desarrollo de = trace + the development of, trace + the evolution of.
    * economía en vías de desarrollo = transitional economy, developing economy.
    * empresa dedicada al desarrollo de productos = product developer.
    * en desarrollo = evolving, under development.
    * en período de desarrollo = in ascendancy.
    * en pleno desarrollo = in full swing, in full gear.
    * en vías de desarrollo = in course of development, emergent, developing.
    * especialista en el desarrollo = developmentalist.
    * estimular el desarrollo de = stimulate + the development of.
    * etapa de desarrollo = stage of development.
    * Fondo para el Desarrollo Europeo = European Development Fund.
    * Fondo para el Desarrollo Regional Europeo = European Regional Development Fund.
    * herramienta de desarrollo = development tool.
    * herramientas de desarrollo = toolkit.
    * instituto de desarrollo = development institute.
    * instituto para el desarrollo = development institute.
    * instituto para la investigación y el desarrollo = research and development institute.
    * investigación y desarrollo (I+D) = research and development (R&D).
    * nivel de desarrollo = stage of development, developmental level, development level, level of development.
    * Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
    * PADIS (Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de Africa) = PADIS (Pan-African Development Information System).
    * país en vías de desarrollo = developing country, transitional nation, transitional economy, developing nation, emerging economy, developing economy, country with developing economy.
    * países en vías de desarrollo, los = developing world, the.
    * política de desarrollo de la colección = collection development policy.
    * posibilidad de desarrollo = potential for development.
    * retrasar el desarrollo de Algo = push back + development.
    * ritmo de desarrollo = pace of development.
    * sicología del desarrollo = developmental psychology.
    * teoría del desarrollo humano = developmental theory.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Econ) development
    países en vías de desarrollo developing countries
    2 (de una facultad, capacidad) development
    3 (de un niño, de una planta) growth, development
    4 (de un adolescente) development
    la edad del desarrollo puberty, the age of puberty
    Compuesto:
    desarrollo sostenible or perdurable
    ( Agr, Ecol) sustainable development
    B
    1 (de una teoría, un tema) development
    2 ( Mat) development
    3 (de una estrategia) development
    el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas en este campo the development o evolution of new techniques in this field
    C
    (de un acto, acontecimiento): contemplaron el desarrollo del desfile they watched the parade pass by
    intentaron impedir el normal desarrollo del acto they tried to disrupt the proceedings
    para ver el desarrollo de los acontecimientos to see how things develop o turn out
    D (en ciclismo) ≈ gear ratio
    E ( Chi) ( Fot) developing
    * * *

     

    Del verbo desarrollar: ( conjugate desarrollar)

    desarrollo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    desarrolló es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    desarrollar    
    desarrollo
    desarrollar ( conjugate desarrollar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( en general) to develop
    2
    a) ( exponer) ‹teoría/tema› to explain

    b) ( llevar a cabo) ‹actividad/labor› to carry out

    desarrollarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( en general) to develop
    2 [acto/entrevista/escena] to take place
    desarrollo sustantivo masculino
    development;

    según el desarrollo de los acontecimientos according to how things develop
    desarrollar verbo transitivo
    1 to develop: ha desarrollado su musculatura desde que hace deporte, he has become more muscular since he started doing sport
    (un proyecto, teoría) han desarrollado un nuevo modelo de ordenador portátil, they've developed a new type of portable computer
    2 (exponer con mayor detalle) to explain
    desarrollo sustantivo masculino
    1 (crecimiento, progreso) development
    el desarrollo industrial de la comarca, the industrial development of the area
    su bebé tiene un desarrollo satisfactorio, her baby is coming along fine
    2 (exposición detallada) development
    (solución por pasos de un problema) working out
    3 (transcurso) course: una persona se desmayó durante el desarrollo del acto, someone fainted during the ceremony

    ' desarrollo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    desarrollarse
    - despegue
    - extensa
    - extenso
    - planteamiento
    - retrasada
    - retrasado
    - retraso
    - curso
    - emotivo
    - frenar
    - ir
    - marcha
    - potenciar
    - precoz
    - progreso
    - propulsar
    - rápido
    - retroceso
    - vía
    English:
    allocate
    - appropriate
    - arrest
    - boomtown
    - cramp
    - developing
    - development
    - evolution
    - growth
    - progress
    - research
    - disrupt
    - grown
    - swing
    * * *
    1. [mejora] development;
    el desarrollo económico economic development;
    países en vías de desarrollo developing countries;
    el pleno desarrollo de las capacidades intelectuales the full development of intellectual abilities
    desarrollo sostenible sustainable development
    2. [crecimiento] growth;
    el desarrollo del ser humano human development;
    la edad del desarrollo (the age of) puberty
    3. [exposición] [de tema, teoría, idea] explanation
    4. [transcurso] [de negociaciones, conferencia] course;
    no hubo incidentes en el desarrollo de la manifestación there were no incidents in the course of the demonstration
    5. [realización] [de actividad, trabajo, proyecto] carrying out
    6. [creación] [de prototipos, técnicas, estrategias] development;
    investigaciones encaminadas al desarrollo de una vacuna contra el sida research aimed at developing a vaccine against AIDS
    7. [en bicicleta] gear ratio;
    mover un gran desarrollo to turn a big gear
    8. Mat [de término] expansion;
    [de ecuación, problema] solving, working out
    * * *
    m development
    * * *
    : development
    * * *
    desarrollo n development

    Spanish-English dictionary > desarrollo

  • 9 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

  • 10 код в остатках

    1. residual class code
    2. residue code

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > код в остатках

  • 11 Ford, Henry

    [br]
    b. 30 July 1863 Dearborn, Michigan, USA
    d. 7 April 1947 Dearborn, Michigan, USA
    [br]
    American pioneer motor-car maker and developer of mass-production methods.
    [br]
    He was the son of an Irish immigrant farmer, William Ford, and the oldest son to survive of Mary Litogot; his mother died in 1876 with the birth of her sixth child. He went to the village school, and at the age of 16 he was apprenticed to Flower brothers' machine shop and then at the Drydock \& Engineering Works in Detroit. In 1882 he left to return to the family farm and spent some time working with a 1 1/2 hp steam engine doing odd jobs for the farming community at $3 per day. He was then employed as a demonstrator for Westinghouse steam engines. He met Clara Jane Bryant at New Year 1885 and they were married on 11 April 1888. Their only child, Edsel Bryant Ford, was born on 6 November 1893.
    At that time Henry worked on steam engine repairs for the Edison Illuminating Company, where he became Chief Engineer. He became one of a group working to develop a "horseless carriage" in 1896 and in June completed his first vehicle, a "quadri cycle" with a two-cylinder engine. It was built in a brick shed, which had to be partially demolished to get the carriage out.
    Ford became involved in motor racing, at which he was more successful than he was in starting a car-manufacturing company. Several early ventures failed, until the Ford Motor Company of 1903. By October 1908 they had started with production of the Model T. The first, of which over 15 million were built up to the end of its production in May 1927, came out with bought-out steel stampings and a planetary gearbox, and had a one-piece four-cylinder block with a bolt-on head. This was one of the most successful models built by Ford or any other motor manufacturer in the life of the motor car.
    Interchangeability of components was an important element in Ford's philosophy. Ford was a pioneer in the use of vanadium steel for engine components. He adopted the principles of Frederick Taylor, the pioneer of time-and-motion study, and installed the world's first moving assembly line for the production of magnetos, started in 1913. He installed blast furnaces at the factory to make his own steel, and he also promoted research and the cultivation of the soya bean, from which a plastic was derived.
    In October 1913 he introduced the "Five Dollar Day", almost doubling the normal rate of pay. This was a profit-sharing scheme for his employees and contained an element of a reward for good behaviour. About this time he initiated work on an agricultural tractor, the "Fordson" made by a separate company, the directors of which were Henry and his son Edsel.
    In 1915 he chartered the Oscar II, a "peace ship", and with fifty-five delegates sailed for Europe a week before Christmas, docking at Oslo. Their objective was to appeal to all European Heads of State to stop the war. He had hoped to persuade manufacturers to replace armaments with tractors in their production programmes. In the event, Ford took to his bed in the hotel with a chill, stayed there for five days and then sailed for New York and home. He did, however, continue to finance the peace activists who remained in Europe. Back in America, he stood for election to the US Senate but was defeated. He was probably the father of John Dahlinger, illegitimate son of Evangeline Dahlinger, a stenographer employed by the firm and on whom he lavished gifts of cars, clothes and properties. He became the owner of a weekly newspaper, the Dearborn Independent, which became the medium for the expression of many of his more unorthodox ideas. He was involved in a lawsuit with the Chicago Tribune in 1919, during which he was cross-examined on his knowledge of American history: he is reputed to have said "History is bunk". What he actually said was, "History is bunk as it is taught in schools", a very different comment. The lawyers who thus made a fool of him would have been surprised if they could have foreseen the force and energy that their actions were to release. For years Ford employed a team of specialists to scour America and Europe for furniture, artefacts and relics of all kinds, illustrating various aspects of history. Starting with the Wayside Inn from South Sudbury, Massachusetts, buildings were bought, dismantled and moved, to be reconstructed in Greenfield Village, near Dearborn. The courthouse where Abraham Lincoln had practised law and the Ohio bicycle shop where the Wright brothers built their first primitive aeroplane were added to the farmhouse where the proprietor, Henry Ford, had been born. Replicas were made of Independence Hall, Congress Hall and the old City Hall in Philadelphia, and even a reconstruction of Edison's Menlo Park laboratory was installed. The Henry Ford museum was officially opened on 21 October 1929, on the fiftieth anniversary of Edison's invention of the incandescent bulb, but it continued to be a primary preoccupation of the great American car maker until his death.
    Henry Ford was also responsible for a number of aeronautical developments at the Ford Airport at Dearborn. He introduced the first use of radio to guide a commercial aircraft, the first regular airmail service in the United States. He also manufactured the country's first all-metal multi-engined plane, the Ford Tri-Motor.
    Edsel became President of the Ford Motor Company on his father's resignation from that position on 30 December 1918. Following the end of production in May 1927 of the Model T, the replacement Model A was not in production for another six months. During this period Henry Ford, though officially retired from the presidency of the company, repeatedly interfered and countermanded the orders of his son, ostensibly the man in charge. Edsel, who died of stomach cancer at his home at Grosse Point, Detroit, on 26 May 1943, was the father of Henry Ford II. Henry Ford died at his home, "Fair Lane", four years after his son's death.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1922, with S.Crowther, My Life and Work, London: Heinemann.
    Further Reading
    R.Lacey, 1986, Ford, the Men and the Machine, London: Heinemann. W.C.Richards, 1948, The Last Billionaire, Henry Ford, New York: Charles Scribner.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Ford, Henry

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