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1 BE
Quenya uses forms of ná as the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns “in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another” (VT49:28). It may also denote a position, as in tanomë nauvan “I will be there” (VT49:19). PE17:68 mentions návë “being” as a “general infinitive” form; the gloss would suggest that návë may also be regarded as a gerund. Present tense ná “is” (Nam), pl. nar or nár ”are" (PE15:36, VT49:27, 30), dual nát (VT49:30). Also attested with various pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë “you (sg.) are” (polite and familiar, respectively), nás “it is”, násë “(s)he is”, nalmë “we are” (VT49:27, 30). Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps intended as aorist forms (nain “I am”, naityë/nailyë “you are”); VT49:30 however lists aorist forms with no intruding i (nanyë *“I am”, nalyë *”thou art”, ná “is”, nassë *”(s)he is”, nalmë *“we are”, nar “are”). Pa.t. nánë or né “was”, pl. náner/nér and dual nét “were” (VT49:6, 10, 27, 30). According to VT49:31, né “was” cannot receive pronominal endings (though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29), and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you were”, anes “(s)he/it was” (VT49:28). Future tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34, VT49:19; alternative form uva only in VT49:30) Perfect anaië “has been” (VT49:27, first written as anáyë). The form na may be used as imperative (na airë "be holy", VT43:14, alcar...na Erun "glory...be to God", VT44:34); this imperative na is apparently incorporated in the word nai "be it that" (misleading translation "maybe" in LotR). This nai can be combined with a verb to express a hope that something will happen (Nam: nai hiruvalyë Valimar, “may you find Valimar”) or if the verb is in the present rather than the future tense, that it is already happening (VT49:39: nai Eru lye mánata “God bless you” or *”may God be blessing you”). According to PE17:58, imperative na is short for á na with the imperative particle included. – Ná "is" appears with a short vowel (na) in some sources, but writers should probably maintain the long vowel to avoid confusion with the imperative na (and with the wholly distinct preposition na "to"). The short form na- may however be usual before pronominal suffixes. By one interpretation, na with a short vowel represents the aorist (VT49:27). – The word ëa is variously translated "is", "exists", "it is", "let it be". It has a more absolute meaning than ná, with reference to existence rather than being a mere copula. It may also be used (with prepositional phrases) to denote a position: i ëa han ëa “[our Father] who is beyond [the universe of] Eä” (VT43:12-14), i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa “the One who is above all thrones” (UT:305). The pa.t. of this verb is engë, VT43:38, perfect engië or rarely éyë, future euva, VT49:29. – Fíriel's Song contains a word ye "is" (compare VT46:22), but its status in LotR-style Quenya is uncertain. – NOT BE, NOT DO: Also attested is the negative copula uin and umin "I do not, am not" (1st pers. aorist), pa.t. úmë. According to VT49:29, forms like ui “it is not”, uin(yë) “I am not”, uil(yë) *“you are not”, *uis *”(s)he is not” and uilmë *”we are not” are cited in a document dating from about 1968, though some of this was struck out. The monosyllable ú is used for “was not” in one text. The negation lá can be inflected for time “when verb is not expressed”. Tense-forms given: (aorist) lanyë “I do not, am not”; the other forms are cited without pronominal suffixes: present laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva, imperative ala, alá. MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN. –VT49:27-34, Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:34/An Introduction to Elvish:5, VT42:34,Silm:21/391, FS, UGU/UMU, VT49:13 -
2 NOT
lá (as for not- as a prefix = un-, see below). According to VT42:33, lá is the stressed form of the negation, whereas la is the unstressed form (cf. la- as the pretonic prefix *"not-" or *"un-", VT45:25). NO INDEED NOT lala; DON'T áva, avá; DON'T DO IT! áva carë!; I WILL NOT: vá (exclamation, also = Do not!); avan, ván, vanyë "I won't", avammë, vammë "we won't" (notice that if plural rather than dual, Tolkien later revised the ending for “we” from –mmë to –lmë); NOT COUNTING hequa (leaving aside, excluding, except), NOT COUNTED unotë, unotëa (read *únotë, *únotëa?) (uncounted), NOT TO BE SAID, THAT MUST NOT BE SAID avaquétima, NOT TO BE TOLD OR RELATED avanyárima. There are also specific verbs for NOT BE, NOT DO; concerning these, see entry BE. –LA, WJ:371, 364/365, VT39:14, WJ:370 -
3 UN-
(prefix denying presence or possession of thing or quality) ú- (no-, not, un-, in-) (according to LR:396 s.v. UGU, this prefix usually has a "bad sense", cf. vanimor "fair folk" vs. úvanimor "monsters"), il- (denoting "the opposite, the reversal, i.e., more than the mere negation"), also pretonic prefix la- "un-, not-". –VT39:14, UGU, UMU, LT1:255, VT45:25 -
4 YES
ná (literally "is", i.e. "[so it] is"), also (in the “past tense”) né, with reference to something past, i.e. “yes” =” it was so, it was as you say/ask”. Náto is possibly an emphatic form of “yes”. – In one conceptual phase, Tolkien used lá for "yes", but in both earlier and later material, lá is the negation "no, not" instead. –QL:64, VT42:33, VT49:18, 28-29, 31
См. также в других словарях:
négation — [ negasjɔ̃ ] n. f. • negatiun XII e; lat. negatio, de negare « nier » 1 ♦ Acte de l esprit qui consiste à nier, à rejeter un rapport, une proposition, une existence; expression de cet acte. Négation de Dieu. Négation de la vérité, des valeurs. ⇒… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Negation — (von lat.: negare = verneinen) ist Ablehnung, Verneinung oder Aufhebung; verneint werden können zum Beispiel Aussagen, abgelehnt werden können zum Beispiel moralische Werte, aufgehoben werden können zum Beispiel Konventionen. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 … Deutsch Wikipedia
negation — [ni gā′shən] n. [< Fr or L: Fr négation < L negatio < negatus, pp. of negare, to deny < neg(i) < ne (see NO1) + * g(h) < IE * ĝ(h)i, intens. particle used after negation] 1. the act or an instance of denying; negative answer;… … English World dictionary
negation — Negation. s. f. Terme dogmatique. Il est opposé à affirmation. Toute proposition contient affirmation ou negation. en François deux negations n ont point la force d affirmer comme en latin, où deux negations valent une affirmation. Il sign. aussi … Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
negation — I noun abjuration, abnegation, abolishment, abolition, abrogation, annulment, cancellation, cassation, confutation, contradiction, contravention, declination, declinature, defiance, denial, disaffirmation, disagreement, disapprobation,… … Law dictionary
negation — ► NOUN 1) the contradiction or denial of something. 2) the absence or opposite of something actual or positive: evil is not merely the negation of goodness. 3) Mathematics replacement of positive by negative … English terms dictionary
Negation — Ne*ga tion, n. [L. negatio, fr. negare to say no, to deny; ne not + the root of aio I say; cf. Gr. ?, Skr. ah to say; cf. F. n[ e]gation. See {No}, adv., and cf. {Adage}, {Deny}, {Renegade}.] 1. The act of denying; assertion of the nonreality or… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Negation — (v. lat.), die Wegnahme oder Verneinung von etwas Gesetztem od. Behauptetem (Position). Die N. sagt aus, daß ein Begriff nicht das Merkmal od. das Prädicat eines andern sei Was in dieser Beziehung steht, ist negativ, als Gegensatz des in jener… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Negation — (lat.), Verneinung, d.h. Aufhebung eines andern in Gedanken Gesetzten, daher stets auf eine vorausgegangene Bejahung oder Position bezüglich und niemals für sich denkbar. Das Verhältnis der Ausschließung, das zwischen der Bejahung (Affirmation)… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Negation — Negatiōn (lat.), Verneinung; negativ, verneinend, dem Positiven entgegengesetzt … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Negation — (vom lat. negare, leugnen), die Verneinung, Aufhebung einer Bejahung; negativ, verneinend; negativer Begriff, ein aus der Verneinung eines andern entstandener. z.B. Abwesenheit von Licht = Finsterniß, Mangel an Wärme = Kälte; negative Größen, was … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
