natural+science+museum

тж Houston Museum of Natural Science (HMNS)

1 natural (no artificial).

al natural in the flesh (en persona)

es más guapa al natural que en la fotografía she's prettier in real life than in the photograph

ser natural en alguien to be in somebody's nature

2 natural, normal.

es lo más natural del mundo it's the most natural thing in the world, it's perfectly natural

es natural que se enfade it's natural that he should be angry

3 native (nativo).

ser natural de to come from

4 illegitimate (ilegítimo) (hijo).

5 native born, native, natural.

1 native (nativo).

2 character.

nature, disposition (talante).

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (no artificial) natural

2 (fruta, flor) fresh

3 (sin elaboración) plain; (sin alteración) additive-free

■ yogur natural plain yoghurt

4 (espontáneo) unaffected, natural

■ en esta foto has quedado más natural you look more natural in this photo

5 (lógico) natural, to be expected

6 (ilegítimo) natural, illegitimate

► nombre masculino

1 (temperamento) nature, disposition

■ es de natural irritable he is irritable by nature

2 (nativo) native, inhabitant

3 (en toreo) type of pass

\

al natural (en la realidad) in real life 2 COCINA in its own juice

de tamaño natural life-sized

del natural (pintado, sacado) from life

ser natural de to be a native of, come from

* * *

1) natural

2) native

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=no artificial) [calor] natural; [luz, frontera] natural; [seda] pure; [flor] real

2) (=fresco) fresh

3) (=sin aditivos) natural

4) (=a temperatura ambiente)

5) (=innato) natural

6) (=normal) natural

7) (=no afectado) natural

8) (=ilegítimo) illegitimate

9) (=nativo)

10)

11) (Mús) natural

SMF native

3. SM

1) (=carácter) nature

2)

3) (Arte)

4) (Taur) type of pass

* * *

1)

a) < fenómeno> natural; < ingredientes> natural

b) ( a temperatura ambiente) <cerveza/gaseosa> unchilled

c) (Mús) natural

2)

a) ( espontáneo) <gesto/persona> natural

b) ( inherente) natural, innate

c) ( normal) natural

3) (frml) ( nativo)

1) ( carácter) nature

2) ( nativo) native

3) (Art)

4) (Taur) close pass made with the muleta held in the left hand

* * *

= natural, effortless, natural-born, native, naturally-occurring.

Ex. Also, title entries were ordered by grammatical arrangement, rather than in natural word order.

Ex. The effortless ease of such replies does conceal from the enquirer the extensive anticipatory effort of the librarian in studying the sources of information and his prior experience in their use.

Ex. Giving a natural-born leader a new book to read for himself will mean that, if he likes it, very soon other children in the group will be wanting to read it too = Dar a un líder nato un nuevo libro para que lo lea por su cuenta significa que, si le gusta, muy pronto otros niños del grupo querrán leerlo también.

Ex. Malcolm Stanhope, also a native of the state, entered the library field at the age of 30, after having been a computer salesman for eight years.

Ex. This is a naturally-occurring abrasive traditionally employed in buffing metal.

----

* a escala natural = full-scale.

* alimentos naturales = health food.

* catástrofe natural = natural calamity, natural disaster.

* ciencias naturales = natural sciences.

* como algo natural = as a matter of course.

* consecuencia natural = corollary.

* defensas naturales = natural defences.

* derecho natural = natural right, natural law.

* desastre natural = natural disaster, natural calamity.

* de un modo poco natural = unnaturally.

* en su estado natural = in the wild.

* entorno natural = natural setting.

* entorno natural, el = natural environment, the.

* estado natural = natural state.

* fibra natural = natural fibre.

* formar parte natural de su entorno = blend into + the landscape.

* gas natural = natural gas.

* habilidad natural = natural ability.

* hábitat natural = wildlife habitat.

* iluminación natural = natural lighting.

* lenguaje de indización natural = natural indexing language.

* lenguaje natural = natural language.

* luz natural = natural daylight, natural light.

* madre o padre natural = birth parent.

* mes natural = calendar month.

* mirador natural = belvedere.

* morir de muerte natural = die + a natural death.

* muerte natural = natural death.

* museo de ciencias naturales = natural science museum.

* natural del país = native-born.

* paisaje natural = natural scenery, natural landscape.

* paraje natural = wildland.

* parque natural = nature park.

* poco natural = unnatural, stilted.

* producto natural = natural product.

* recursos de gas natural = natural gas resources.

* reserva natural = nature reserve, nature preserve, wildlife preserve.

* ser algo natural para = be second nature to + Pronombre, come + naturally to.

* ser natural de = be a native of.

* sobrenatural, lo = supernatural, the.

* sopa natural = fresh soup.

* tendencia natural = in-built tendency.

* término del lenguaje natural = natural-language term.

* tienda de alimentos naturales = health food store, health food shop.

* ventilación natural = natural ventilation.

* * *

1)

a) < fenómeno> natural; < ingredientes> natural

b) ( a temperatura ambiente) <cerveza/gaseosa> unchilled

c) (Mús) natural

2)

a) ( espontáneo) <gesto/persona> natural

b) ( inherente) natural, innate

c) ( normal) natural

3) (frml) ( nativo)

1) ( carácter) nature

2) ( nativo) native

3) (Art)

4) (Taur) close pass made with the muleta held in the left hand

* * *

* * *

1 ‹fenómeno› natural; ‹ingredientes› natural

una de las grandes bellezas naturales de nuestro país one of our country's great natural beauty spots

2 (sin elaboración) natural

en estado natural natural, native

¿piña natural o de lata? fresh pineapple or tinned?

al natural ‹mejillones› in brine

una lata de tomates al natural a can of tomatoes in natural juice

es mucho más bonita al natural she's much prettier without makeup

3 (a temperatura ambiente) ‹cerveza/gaseosa› unchilled

se sirve al natural serve at room temperature

4 ( Mús) natural

fa natural F natural

1 (sin afectación, espontáneo) ‹gesto/pose/persona› natural

es muy natural en el trato she has a very natural manner

2 (inherente) natural, innate

una inclinación natural hacia la música a natural o an innate musical ability

la generosidad es natural en ella she's generous by nature

3 (normal) natural

se acostó tarde y como es natural se quedó dormida she went to bed late and, of course o naturally, overslept

me parece lo más natural del mundo it seems perfectly natural to me

es natural que le cueste adaptarse it's quite natural o normal that he should find it hard to adapt

es muy natural que le hayan dicho que no it's only natural that they refused o that they should have refused him

C ( frml) (nativo) ser natural DE to be a native OF, to come FROM

Juan Prieto, de 33 años, natural de Alicante Juan Prieto, 33 years old, from Alicante

A (carácter) nature

es de natural generoso she has a generous nature, she is generous by nature

B (nativo) native

los naturales del lugar people from the area

C ( Art):

pintar/dibujar del natural to paint/draw from life

D ( Taur) close pass made with the muleta held in the left hand

(nativo) native

los naturales del lugar the people from the area

* * *

a) ‹fenómeno/ingrediente› natural;

◊ al natural ‹ mejillones› in brine

b) ( a temperatura ambiente) ‹cerveza/gaseosa› unchilled

c) (Mús) natural

a) ( espontáneo) ‹gesto/persona› natural

b) ( inherente) natural, innate

c) ( normal) natural;

◊ me parece lo más natural del mundo it seems perfectly natural to me

a) ( carácter) nature

b) ( nativo) native;

◊ los naturales del lugar people from the area

* * *

♦ adj

1. [de la naturaleza] [recursos, frontera] natural;

un fenómeno natural a natural phenomenon

2. [sin aditivos] [yogur] natural;

al natural [fruta] in its own juice;

es más guapa al natural que en la fotografía she's prettier in real life o in the flesh than in the photograph

3. [fresco] [flores, fruta, leche] fresh

4. [lógico, normal] natural, normal;

ser natural en alguien to be in sb's nature;

es lo más natural del mundo it's the most natural thing in the world, it's perfectly natural;

es natural que se enfade it's natural that he should be angry

5. [nativo] native;

ser natural de to come from

6. [ilegítimo] illegitimate;

hijo natural illegitimate child

7. [hábil y no hábil]

30 días naturales de vacaciones 30 days' holiday (including weekends)

8. RP [del tiempo] unchilled, at room temperature;

un agua natural a glass of unchilled water

9. Mús natural

♦ nmf

♦ nm

1. [talante] nature, disposition

2. Arte

3. Taurom = left-handed pass without the sword

* * *

I adj

1 natural;

es natural it’s only natural

2 MÚS nota natural

ser natural de come from

II m

fruta al natural fruit in its own juice

* * *

natural adj

1) : natural

2) : normal

como es natural: naturally, as expected

natural de : native of, from

de tamaño natural : life-size

natural nm

1) carácter: disposition, temperament

2) : native

un natural de Venezuela: a native of Venezuela

* * *

natural¹ adj (en general) natural

natural² n

1) no pl., no art. Wissenschaft, die

2) (branch of knowledge) Wissenschaft, die

3)

4) (technique, expert's skill) Kunst, die

* * *

1) (knowledge gained by observation and experiment.) die Wissenschaft

2) (a branch of such knowledge eg biology, chemistry, physics etc.) die Naturwissenschaften

3) (these sciences considered as a whole: My daughter prefers science to languages.) die Wissenschaft

•

- academic.ru/64728/scientific">scientific

* * *

I. n

1. no pl (study of physical world) [Natur]wissenschaft f

the marvels [or wonders] of modern \science die Wunder der modernen Wissenschaft

applied/pure \science angewandte/reine Wissenschaft

2. (discipline) Wissenschaft f

physics and chemistry are \sciences Physik und Chemie sind Naturwissenschaften

3. (body of knowledge) Wissenschaft f

\science of axioms MATH Axiomatik f

\science of building Architekturlehre f

the \science of climatology die Klimatologie

\science of electricity Elektrizitätslehre f

\science of materials TECH Werkstoffkunde f

\science of mining Bergbaukunde f

II. n modifier (class, experiment, reporter, teacher) Wissenschafts-

\science laboratory wissenschaftliches Labor

\science museum Wissenschaftsmuseum nt

* * *

1) Wissenschaft f; (= natural science) Naturwissenschaft f

2) (= systematic knowledge or skill) Technik f

* * *

science [ˈsaıəns] s

1. a) Wissenschaft f

b) Naturwissenschaft(en) f(pl)

2. a) Wissenschaft f, Wissensgebiet n

b) Naturwissenschaft f:

the science of optics die (Lehre von der) Optik; → dismal A 1

3. fig Kunst f, Lehre f, Kunde f:

science of gardening Gartenbaukunst

4. PHIL, REL Wissen n, Erkenntnis f (of von)

5. Kunst(fertigkeit) f, (gute) Technik ( auch SPORT):

have sth down to a science es zu einer wahren Kunstfertigkeit gebracht haben in (dat)

6. Science → Christian Science

7. obs Wissen n

sc. abk

1. scale

2. scene

3. science

4. scientific

5. scilicet, namely näml.

sci. abk

1. science

2. scientific wiss(enschaftl).

* * *

1) no pl., no art. Wissenschaft, die

2) (branch of knowledge) Wissenschaft, die

3)

4) (technique, expert's skill) Kunst, die

* * *

Wissenschaft f.

museum

A n musée m ; science/natural history/military museum musée des sciences/d'histoire naturelle/militaire.

B modif [curator, display, collection] de musée.

(n.) = natural history museum

Ex. The data derived from a study of randomly selected natural history and science museums and science centres indicated that the libraries in those institutions were not adequately funded.

* * *

We can't stay in all day! Non possiamo rimanere in casa tutto il giorno!

Why don't we take the kids to the museum? Perché non portiamo i bambini al museo?

The museum sounds like a good idea. Il museo mi sembra una buona idea.

We haven't been to the museum for ages. È una vita che non andiamo al museo.

I've never been to the museum. Non sono mai stato al museo.

Put the idea to the kids and see what they say. Proponi l'idea ai bambini e vedi cosa dicono.

Listen up a minute will you! State a sentire, per favore!

Seeing as it's such a miserable day today, why don't we go to the museum? Visto che oggi è una bruttissima giornata, perché non andiamo al museo?

We can go to the Science Museum, that'll keep the children out of mischief. Possiamo andare al museo delle scienze, terrà i bambini fuori dai guai.

I bet you'll enjoy yourselves. Secondo me vi divertirete.

We had a great time when we visited the museum last year. Ci siamo divertiti un mondo al museo l'anno scorso.

We can go to the Natural History Museum too if we have time. Possiamo andare anche al museo di storia naturale se abbiamo tempo.

I'll make some sandwiches. Faccio dei panini.

How much is it to get in? Quanto si paga per entrare?

It's free admission on Tuesdays. Il martedì l'ingresso è gratuito.

You can leave a donation if you like. Volendo, si può lasciare un'offerta.

Come on, kids, get a move on! Forza, bambini, datevi una mossa!

The museum's packed today what with this bad weather. Oggi il museo è pieno per via di questo brutto tempo.

We'll just have to make the most of it now we're here. Dobbiamo godercelo il più possibile dal momento che siamo qui.

Come on kids, let's have a look at the aeroplanes. Forza, bambini, andiamo a dare un'occhiata agli aeroplani.

* * *

(n.) = natural science museum

Ex. Her photographs of of interiors include libraries, natural science museums, spas, entrance foyers, and zoos.

* * *

* * *

museum.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 museum

\

museo de arte art museum

museo de cera wax museum

* * *

* * *

SM [gen] museum; [de pintura, escultura] museum, gallery

* * *

masculino (de pintura, escultura) museum, gallery; (arqueológico, de historia, etc) museum

- museo de cera

- museo de ciencias naturales

* * *

= museum, gallery.

Ex. In her previous vocation she served as Curator of History at the Rochester museum of Arts and Sciences and later as Assistant to the Director of Johns Hopkins University, Institute of History and Medicine.

Ex. A gallery is a room or building devoted to the exhibition of works of art.

----

* Consejo Internacional de Museos (ICOM) = International Council of Museums (ICOM).

* Consejo Internacional de Museos y Lugares de Interés (ICOMS) = International Council of Museums and Sites (ICOMOS).

* de gestión del museo = curatorial.

* director de museo = curator.

* exposición de museo = museum exhibit.

* informática aplicada a los museos = museum computing field.

* museo arqueológico = archaeological museum.

* museo de arte = art museum.

* museo de ciencias naturales = natural science museum.

* museo de historia natural = natural history museum.

* museo de las ciencias = science museum.

* museo naval = naval museum.

* museo tradicional = folk museum, folklore museum.

* museo viviente = living museum.

* sobre museos = museum-based.

* * *

masculino (de pintura, escultura) museum, gallery; (arqueológico, de historia, etc) museum

- museo de cera

- museo de ciencias naturales

* * *

* * *

(de pintura, escultura) museum, gallery; (de ciencias naturales, historia, etc) museum

su casa parece un museo, con cuadros por todos lados her house looks like an art gallery, there are pictures everywhere

museum of anthropology

museum of contemporary art

museum of modern art

wax museum, waxworks (pl)

natural science museum

* * *

◊ museo de cera wax museum, waxworks (pl);

* * *

museo nm

museo de arte moderno museum o gallery of modern art;

museo de cera waxworks, wax museum;

museo de la ciencia science museum;

museo de ciencias naturales natural science museum;

el Museo del Prado the Prado, = Spain's most important art gallery, in Madrid

* * *

m de ciencias, historia museum; de pintura art gallery

* * *

museo nm

: museum

* * *

museo n museum

museo de arte art gallery [pl. galleries]

1 science.

a ciencia cierta for certain

no se conoce a ciencia cierta el número de víctimas the number of victims isn't known for certain

ciencias económicas economics

ciencias exactas (singular) mathematics

ciencia ficción (singular) science fiction

ciencias de la información media studies

ciencias naturales natural sciences

ciencias ocultas occultism

ciencias políticas political science

ciencias sociales social sciences

2 learning, knowledge.

tener poca ciencia (informal) to be straightforward

por ciencia infusa (humorous) through divine inspiration

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (disciplina) science

2 (saber) knowledge, learning

\

saber algo a ciencia cierta figurado to know something for certain

ser un pozo de ciencia to be a well of knowledge

ciencia ficción science fiction

ciencia infusa intuition

ciencias empresariales business studies

ciencias exactas mathematics sing

ciencias naturales natural sciences

ciencias ocultas the occult sing

* * *

* * *

1) (=conocimiento) science

- saber algo a ciencia cierta

2) (=doctrina) science, sciences pl

3) pl ciencias (Educ) science sing, sciences

* * *

a) ( rama del saber) science; (saber, conocimiento) knowledge, learning

b) ciencias femenino plural (Educ) science

- ciencia ficción

- Ciencias Empresariales/de la Información

- ciencias ocultas

- Ciencias Políticas/de la Educación

* * *

= scholarship, science.

Ex. The most important of the functions of librarians is the collection, preservation and affording access to the materials of scholarship.

Ex. Thus we all agree that one component of a building is a roof (and not vice versa!), and that chemistry is a branch of science.

----

* academia de las ciencias = academy of sciences.

* a ciencia cierta = for sure, for certain.

* alfabetización en ciencias de la salud = health literacy.

* árbol de la ciencia, el = tree of knowledge, the.

* biblioteca de ciencias = science library.

* biblioteca de ciencias de la salud = health sciences library, health library.

* Biblioteca Nacional de Préstamo para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (NLL) = National Lending Library for Science and Technology (NLL).

* bibliotecario de ciencias de la salud = health librarian.

* bibliotecario de las ciencias de la salud = health sciences librarian.

* centro de las ciencias = science centre.

* ciencia aplicada = applied science.

* Ciencia Cristiana, la = Christian Science.

* ciencia de la comunicación = communication science.

* ciencia de las zonas polares = polar science.

* ciencia del conocimiento = cognitive science.

* ciencia del libro = bookmanship.

* ciencia de los alimentos = food science.

* ciencia del suelo = soil science.

* ciencia experimental = hard sciences, the.

* ciencia ficción = science fiction, sci-fi.

* ciencia forense = forensic science.

* ciencia médica = medical science.

* ciencia militar = military science.

* ciencia mundial = world science.

* ciencias = science and technology.

* ciencias agrícolas = agricultural economics.

* ciencias biológicas = biological sciences.

* ciencias biomédicas = biomedical sciences.

* ciencias de la atmósfera = atmospheric sciences.

* ciencias de la computación = computer science, computational science.

* ciencias de la computación y tecnología informática = computer science and technology.

* ciencias de la construcción = building sciences.

* ciencias de la documentación = information science, library science.

* ciencias de la educación = educational science.

* ciencias de la navegación = nautical science.

* ciencias de la salud = health sciences.

* ciencias de las plantas = plant science(s).

* ciencias de la tierra = geosciences.

* ciencias de la tierra, las = earth sciences, the.

* ciencias de la vida = biosciences.

* ciencias de la vida, las = life sciences, the.

* ciencias del comportamiento = behavioural sciences.

* ciencias del espacio, las = space science(s), the.

* ciencias del mar = aquatic sciences.

* ciencias del mar, las = ocean sciences, the.

* ciencias de los materiales = materials sciences.

* ciencias domésticas = domestic science.

* ciencias duras, las = hard sciences, the.

* ciencias exactas, las = exact sciences, the, hard sciences, the.

* ciencias físicas = physical science.

* ciencias forestales = forestry.

* ciencias históricas = historical sciences.

* ciencias humanas = human science.

* ciencias naturales = natural sciences.

* ciencias navales = ship science.

* ciencias planetarias, las = planetary sciences, the.

* ciencias políticas = political science.

* ciencias puras = pure sciences.

* ciencias sobre la vida en el espacio = space life sciences.

* ciencias sociales = social sciences, soft sciences, the, social studies.

* ciencia virtual = e-science.

* ciencia y tecnología = sci-tech [scitech o sci/tech].

* Ciencia y Tecnología (C + T) = S & T (Science and Technology).

* ciencia y tecnología de los alimentos = food science and technology.

* ciencia y tecnología de los materiales = materials science and technology.

* científico de las ciencias de la tierra = geoscientist.

* conocer a ciencia cierta = know for + certain, know for + sure, know for + a fact.

* delegación de educación y ciencia = local education authority (LEA).

* enseñanza de las ciencias = science education.

* especialista en ciencias de la tierra = earth scientist.

* estudiante de ciencias de la educación = education student, student teacher.

* facultad de ciencias de la educación = teachers college, teacher training college.

* filosofía de la ciencia = philosophy of science.

* Fundación Nacional para las Ciencias (NSF) = National Science Foundation (NSF).

* humanidades y ciencias sociales = arts and social sciences.

* Indice de Citas de Ciencia (SCI) = Science Citation Index (SCI).

* Indice de Citas de las Ciencias Sociales (SSCI) = Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI).

* investigación en ciencias de la documentación = information science research.

* Licenciatura de Ciencias = M.Sc. (Master of Science).

* Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia = Department of Education and Science.

* mundo de la ciencia, el = world of science, the, scientific world, the.

* museo de ciencias naturales = natural science museum.

* museo de las ciencias = science museum.

* no es una ciencia exacta = not (exactly) rocket science.

* novela de ciencia ficción = science fiction novel.

* relacionado con las ciencias = science-related.

* revista de ciencia y tecnología = science and technology journal.

* saber a ciencia cierta = know for + certain, know for + sure, know for + a fact.

* saber a ciencia cierta que = know + for a fact that.

* ser una ciencia exacta = be an exact science.

* sistema de la ciencia, el = system of science, the.

* tecnología de la información para ciencias de la salud = health informatics.

* * *

a) ( rama del saber) science; (saber, conocimiento) knowledge, learning

b) ciencias femenino plural (Educ) science

- ciencia ficción

- Ciencias Empresariales/de la Información

- ciencias ocultas

- Ciencias Políticas/de la Educación

* * *

* * *

1 (rama del saber) science; (saber, conocimiento) knowledge, learning

los adelantos de la ciencia scientific advances, the advances of science

a ciencia cierta for sure, for certain

no tiene ninguna ciencia there's nothing difficult o complicated about it

2 ciencias fpl ( Educ) science

soil science

space science

science fiction

tiene la ciencia infusa ( iró); he has God-given intelligence ( iro)

fpl Education

fpl Media Studies

fpl Business Studies

fpl exact sciences

fpl natural science(s)

fpl occultism

fpl Political Science, Politics

* * *

a) ( rama del saber) science;

◊ ciencia ficción science fiction;

◊ ciencias sustantivo femenino plural (Educ) science;

* * *

♦ nf

1. [método, estudio] science;

la ciencia ya no puede hacer nada para salvar al enfermo science is unable to do anything more to help the patient;

la astronomía es la ciencia que estudia los cuerpos celestes astronomy is the science in which heavenly bodies are studied

ciencias biológicas life sciences;

ciencia del conocimiento cognitive science;

ciencias económicas economics [singular];

ciencias empresariales business studies;

ciencias exactas mathematics [singular];

ciencia ficción science fiction;

ciencias físicas physical sciences;

ciencias de la información media studies;

ciencias naturales natural sciences;

ciencias ocultas occultism;

ciencias políticas political science;

ciencias de la salud medical sciences;

ciencias sociales social sciences;

ciencias de la Tierra earth sciences

2. [sabiduría] learning, knowledge;

tener poca ciencia to be straightforward;

la cocina tiene poca ciencia, pero requiere mucho sentido común cooking doesn't require a lot of skill, but you do need to use common sense;

por ciencia infusa through divine inspiration

3. Educ

soy de ciencias I studied science

ciencias puras = secondary school course comprising science subjects only

♦ a ciencia cierta loc adv

for certain;

no se conoce a ciencia cierta el número de víctimas the number of victims isn't known for certain

* * *

1 science;

a ciencia cierta for certain, for sure;

ser un pozo de ciencia fam be a fount of knowledge

ciencias pl EDU science sg ;

ciencias (naturales) natural sciences

* * *

ciencia nf

1) : science

2) : learning, knowledge

a ciencia cierta : for a fact, for certain

* * *

ciencia n science

◊ museo de cera wax museum, waxworks (pl);

(n.) = science museum

Ex. The data derived from a study of randomly selected natural history and science museums and science centres indicated that the libraries in those institutions were not adequately funded.

* * *

1) ( film) nature

2) ( nauki) natural

* * *

( film) nature; ( nauki) natural; książka przyrodnicza nature book, book about nature; film przyrodniczy nature movie l. film l. documentary; muzeum przyrodnicze natural science(s) museum; nauki przyrodnicze natural science(s).

1 history (ciencia).

pasar a la historia to go down in history

historia antigua/universal ancient/world history

historia del arte art history

historia natural natural history

2 story.

una historia de amor/fantasmas a love/ghost story

es siempre la misma historia it's the same old story

3 story (informal) (excusa, enredo).

¡déjate de historias! that's enough of that!

no me vengas ahora con historias don't give me that!, you don't expect me to believe that, do you?

4 recorded history, written history.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: historiar.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (estudio) history

2 (narración) story, tale

3 figurado (cuento) story, take, excuse

\

¡déjate de historias! get to the point!, stop beating about the bush!

es la historia de siempre it's the same old story

ir con historias to tell stories

pasar a la historia to go down in history

tener una historia con alguien (lío) to have some trouble with somebody 2 (aventura) to have a fling with somebody

historia antigua ancient history

historia natural natural history

historia universal world history

* * *

1) history

2) story

3) tale

* * *

1) [de país, institución] history

- hacer historia

- picar en historia

- ser de historia

- tener historia

2) (=relato) story

3) (=enredo) story

4) (=excusa) [sobre algo pasado] excuse, story; [sobre algo presente o futuro] excuse

5) * (=lío) business *

6) * (=romance) fling *

* * *

1) (Hist) history

- historia antigua

- historia clínica

- historia natural

2) ( relato) story

3) (fam)

a) (cuento, excusa)

b) ( asunto)

c) ( lío amoroso) scene (colloq)

* * *

1) (Hist) history

- historia antigua

- historia clínica

- historia natural

2) ( relato) story

3) (fam)

a) (cuento, excusa)

b) ( asunto)

c) ( lío amoroso) scene (colloq)

* * *

historia¹

¹ = history, chronology.

historia²

² = story, story book [storybook], tale, yarn, account.

* * *

A ( Hist) history

historia de la literatura/música history of literature/music

clase/libro de historia history class/book

este tapiz tiene una larga historia this tapestry has a long history

el robo más espectacular de la historia de este país the most spectacular robbery in this country's history

la historia se repite history repeats itself

dejar algo/a algn para la historia ( Chi fam): dejó el auto para la historia he wrecked the car, he totalled the car ( AmE colloq), he wrote the car off ( BrE colloq)

lo dejaron para la historia con tanto golpe they knocked the living daylights out of him ( colloq)

hacer historia to make history

un concierto que hará historia a concert which will go down in o make history

pasar a la historia (por ser importante) to go down in history

(perder actualidad) ( fam): aquello ya pasó a la historia that's all history now ( colloq)

pasará a la historia como un gran político he will go down in history as a great statesman

una fecha que pasará a la historia a date that will go down in history

ancient history

( AmL) medical history

modern history

natural history

Biblical history

world history

B (relato) story

el libro cuenta la historia de su vida the book tells the story of his life

mira, no me cuentes la historia de tu vida ( fam); look, I don't want to hear your whole life story ( colloq)

me contó toda la historia de su familia he told me his whole family history

me contó toda la historia she told me the whole story

es una historia larga de contar it's a long story

una historia de amor a love story

C ( fam)

(cuento, excusa): ahora me viene con la historia de que le robaron la cartera now he's come up with this story o tale about his wallet being stolen

no me vengas con historias don't give me any of your stories

déjate de historias y dime por qué no viniste ayer stop making excuses and tell me why you didn't come yesterday

ya estoy harta de escuchar siempre la misma historia I'm fed up with hearing the same old excuse o story time and again ( colloq)

(asunto): alguien se quejó de no sé qué historias somebody complained about something or other ( colloq)

estuvo metido en una historia de drogas he was mixed up in some business o something to do with drugs ( colloq)

3 (lío amoroso) scene ( colloq)

tuvo una historia con una inglesa he had a scene with an English girl

* * *

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

◊ historia antigua ancient history;

◊ aquello ya pasó a la historia that's ancient history now (colloq)

◊ la historia de su vida the story of his life

◊ me vino con la historia de que … he came up with this story o tale about …;

* * *

historia nf

1. [ciencia] history;

un profesor/libro de historia a history teacher/book;

historia de la ciencia/literatura history of science/literature;

he comprado una historia de Grecia I've bought a history of Greece;

ha sido la mayor catástrofe de la historia it was the worst disaster in history;

hacer historia to make history;

pasar a la historia: una victoria que pasará a la historia a victory that will go down in history;

el cine mudo ya pasó a la historia silent movies are now a thing of the past

historia del arte art history;

historia contemporánea = modern history since the French Revolution;

historia económica economic history;

historia medieval medieval history;

historia moderna = history of the period between 1492 and the French Revolution;

historia natural natural history;

historia oral oral history;

historia política political history;

historia sagrada biblical history;

historia universal world history

2. [narración] story;

una historia de amor/fantasmas a love/ghost story;

una historia real a true story;

nos contó varias historias de su viaje a Rusia she told us several stories about her trip to Russia;

es siempre la misma historia it's the same old story;

es una historia larga de contar it's a long story

3. Fam [excusa, enredo] story;

¡déjate de historias! that's enough of that!;

no me vengas ahora con historias don't give me that!, you don't expect me to believe that, do you?

4. Fam [asunto]

está metido en una historia muy turbia he's involved in a very shady business;

está metido en una historia de drogas he's mixed up in something to do with drugs

5. Fam [amorosa] fling;

tener una historia con alguien to have a fling with sb

6. historia clínica medical o case history

* * *

1 history;

pasar a la historia go down in history

2 ( cuento) story;

una historia de drogas fam some drugs business;

déjate de historias fam stop making excuses

* * *

historia nf

1) : history

2) narración, relato: story

* * *

historia n

1. (asignatura) history

2. (relato) story [pl. stories]

3. (excusa) excuse

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

[br]

[br]

Cayley was born into a well-to-do Yorkshire family living at Brompton Hall. He was encouraged to study mathematics, navigation and mechanics, particularly by his mother. In 1792 he succeeded to the baronetcy and took over the daunting task of revitalizing the run-down family estate.

The first aeronautical device made by Cayley was a copy of the toy helicopter invented by the Frenchmen Launoy and Bienvenu in 1784. Cayley's version, made in 1796, convinced him that a machine could "rise in the air by mechanical means", as he later wrote. He studied the aerodynamics of flight and broke away from the unsuccessful ornithopters of his predecessors. In 1799 he scratched two sketches on a silver disc: one side of the disc showed the aerodynamic force on a wing resolved into lift and drag, and on the other side he illustrated his idea for a fixed-wing aeroplane; this disc is preserved in the Science Museum in London. In 1804 he tested a small wing on the end of a whirling arm to measure its lifting power. This led to the world's first model glider, which consisted of a simple kite (the wing) mounted on a pole with an adjustable cruciform tail. A full-size glider followed in 1809 and this flew successfully unmanned. By 1809 Cayley had also investigated the lifting properties of cambered wings and produced a low-drag aerofoil section. His aim was to produce a powered aeroplane, but no suitable engines were available. Steam-engines were too heavy, but he experimented with a gunpowder motor and invented the hot-air engine in 1807. He published details of some of his aeronautical researches in 1809–10 and in 1816 he wrote a paper on airships. Then for a period of some twenty-five years he was so busy with other activities that he largely neglected his aeronautical researches. It was not until 1843, at the age of 70, that he really had time to pursue his quest for flight. The Mechanics' Magazine of 8 April 1843 published drawings of "Sir George Cayley's Aerial Carriage", which consisted of a helicopter design with four circular lifting rotors—which could be adjusted to become wings—and two pusher propellers. In 1849 he built a full-size triplane glider which lifted a boy off the ground for a brief hop. Then in 1852 he proposed a monoplane glider which could be launched from a balloon. Late in 1853 Cayley built his "new flyer", another monoplane glider, which carried his coachman as a reluctant passenger across a dale at Brompton, Cayley became involved in public affairs and was MP for Scarborough in 1832. He also took a leading part in local scientific activities and was co-founder of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1831 and of the Regent Street Polytechnic Institution in 1838.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology, Photography, film and optics

[br]

[br]

[br]

He was the son of a basketmaker, Philip Tonisz Leeuwenhoek, and Grietje Jacobsdr van den Berch, a brewer's daughter. After the death of his father in 1637, his mother married the painter Jacob Jansz Molijn. He went to school at Warmond and, later to an uncle who was Sheriff of Benthuizen. In 1648 he went to Amsterdam, where he was placed in a linen-draper's shop owned by William Davidson, a Scottish merchant. In 1652 or 1653 he moved back to Delft, where in 1654 he married the daughter of a cloth-merchant, Barbara de Mey. They had five children, only one of whom survived (born 22 September 1656). At about this time he bought a house and shop in the Hippolytus buurt and set up in business as a draper and haberdasher. His wife died in 1666 and in 1671 he married Cornelia Swalmius, a Reformed Church minister's daughter. Lacking self-confidence and not knowing Latin, the scientific language of the day, he was reluctant to publish the results of his investigations into a multitude of natural objects. His observations were made with single-lens microscopes made by himself. (He made at least 387 microscopes with magnifications of between 30x and 266x.) Among the subjects he studied were the optic nerve of a cow, textile fibres, plant seeds, a spark from a tinderbox, the anatomy of mites and insects' blood corpuscles, semen and spermatozoa. It was the physician Reinier de Graaf who put him in touch with the Royal Society in London, with whom he corresponded for fifty years from 1673. One of his last letters, in 1723, to the Royal Society was about the histology of the rare disease of the diaphragm that he had studied in sheep and oxen and from which he died. In public service he was a chamberlain to the sheriffs of Delft, a surveyor and a wine-gauger, offices which together gave him an income of about 800 florins a year. Leeuwenhoek never wrote a book, but collections were published in Latin and in Dutch from his scientific letters, which numbered more than 250.

[br]

1) Радио: FM-99.5, Battle Creek, Michigan

2) Музеи: Wildlife Fisheries & Parks Museum of Natural Science

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Civil engineering

[br]

[br]

[br]

Albert received a sound education in the arts and sciences, carefully designed to fit him for a role as consort to the future Queen Victoria. After their marriage in 1840, Albert threw himself into the task of establishing his position as, eventually, Prince Consort and uncrowned king of England. By his undoubted intellectual gifts, unrelenting hard work and moral rectitude, Albert moulded the British constitutional monarchy into the form it retains to this day. The purchase in 1845 of the Osborne estate in the Isle of Wight provided not only the growing royal family with a comfortable retreat from London and public life, but Albert with full scope for his abilities as architect and planner. With Thomas Cubitt, the eminent engineer and contractor, Albert erected at Osborne one of the most remarkable buildings of the nineteenth century. He went on to design the house and estate at Balmoral in Scotland, another notable creation.

Albert applied his abilities as architect and planner in the promotion of such public works as the London sewer system and, in practical form, the design of cottages for workers, such as those in south London, as well as those on the royal estates. Albert's other main contribution to technology was as educationist in a broad sense. In 1847, he was elected Chancellor of Cambridge University. He was appalled at the low standards and narrow curriculum prevailing there and at Oxford. He was no mere figurehead, but took a close and active interest in the University's affairs. With his powerful influence behind them, the reforming fellows were able to force measures to raise standards and widen the curriculum to take account, in particular, of the rapid progress in the natural sciences. Albert was instrumental in ending the lethargy of centuries and laying the foundations of the modern British university system.

In 1847 the Prince became Secretary of the Royal Society of Arts. With Henry Cole, the noted administrator who shared Albert's concern for the arts, he promoted a series of exhibitions under the auspices of the Society. From these grew the idea of a great exhibition of the products of the decorative and industrial arts. It was Albert who decided that its scope should be international. As Chairman of the organizing committee, by sheer hard work he drove the project through to a triumphant conclusion. The success of the Exhibition earned it a handsome profit for which Albert had found a use even before it closed. The proceeds went towards the purchase of a site in South Kensington, for which he drew up a grand scheme for a complex of museums and colleges for the education of the people in the sciences and the arts. This largely came to fruition and South Kensington today is a fitting memorial to the Prince Consort's wisdom and concern for the public good.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Metallurgy, Public utilities, Telecommunications

[br]

[br]

[br]

Born Carl Wilhelm, he attended craft schools in Lübeck and Magdeburg, followed by an intensive course in natural science at Göttingen as a pupil of Weber. At the age of 19 Siemens travelled to England and sold an electroplating process developed by his brother Werner Siemens to Richard Elkington, who was already established in the plating business. From 1843 to 1844 he obtained practical experience in the Magdeburg works of Count Stolburg. He settled in England in 1844 and later assumed British nationality, but maintained close contact with his brother Werner, who in 1847 had co-founded the firm Siemens \& Halske in Berlin to manufacture telegraphic equipment. William began to develop his regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery and in 1856 his brother Frederick (1826–1904) took out a British patent for heat regeneration, by which hot waste gases were passed through a honeycomb of fire-bricks. When they became hot, the gases were switched to a second mass of fire-bricks and incoming air and fuel gas were led through the hot bricks. By alternating the two gas flows, high temperatures could be reached and considerable fuel economies achieved. By 1861 the two brothers had incorporated producer gas fuel, made by gasifying low-grade coal.

Heat regeneration was first applied in ironmaking by Cowper in 1857 for heating the air blast in blast furnaces. The first regenerative furnace was set up in Birmingham in 1860 for glassmaking. The first such furnace for making steel was developed in France by Pierre Martin and his father, Emile, in 1863. Siemens found British steelmakers reluctant to adopt the principle so in 1866 he rented a small works in Birmingham to develop his open-hearth steelmaking furnace, which he patented the following year. The process gradually made headway; as well as achieving high temperatures and saving fuel, it was slower than Bessemer's process, permitting greater control over the content of the steel. By 1900 the tonnage of open-hearth steel exceeded that produced by the Bessemer process.

In 1872 Siemens played a major part in founding the Society of Telegraph Engineers (from which the Institution of Electrical Engineers evolved), serving as its first President. He became President for the second time in 1878. He built a cable works at Charlton, London, where the cable could be loaded directly into the holds of ships moored on the Thames. In 1873, together with William Froude, a British shipbuilder, he designed the Faraday, the first specialized vessel for Atlantic cable laying. The successful laying of a cable from Europe to the United States was completed in 1875, and a further five transatlantic cables were laid by the Faraday over the following decade.

The Siemens factory in Charlton also supplied equipment for some of the earliest electric-lighting installations in London, including the British Museum in 1879 and the Savoy Theatre in 1882, the first theatre in Britain to be fully illuminated by electricity. The pioneer electric-tramway system of 1883 at Portrush, Northern Ireland, was an opportunity for the Siemens company to demonstrate its equipment.

[br]