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101 естествознание
с.( естественные науки) (natural) science; ( естественная история) science; ( изучение явлений природы) natural history -
102 heredero por consanguinidad
• heir expectant• heir of the body• natural guardian• natural historyDiccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > heredero por consanguinidad
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103 естествознание
с.( естественные науки) (natural) science; ( естественная история) natural history -
104 естествоведение
ср.(natural) science, natural historyРусско-английский словарь по общей лексике > естествоведение
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105 естествознание
ср.(natural) science, natural history -
106 historie
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107 Jenner, Edward
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 17 May 1749 Berkeley, Gloucestershire, Englandd. 26 January 1823 Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England[br]English medical practitioner, pioneer of vaccination against smallpox.[br]In 1770, following a local surgical apprenticeship in Gloucestershire, he became a resident pupil in London under John Hunter. In 1773 he returned to Berkeley to practise, but he continued correspondence with Hunter on a variety of topics of natural history, including the study of earthworms and hibernation.From his apprentice days he had known of the country belief that an attack of cowpox would protect against smallpox. Soon after 1775 he had been in touch with Hunter, who gave him the celebrated advice to "trie the experiment". However, it was not until 14 May 1796 that he made the first vaccination from a case of cowpox. The practice of vaccination from mild cases of smallpox was already well established.He was unable to undertake further observations until 1798, when he published the results of twenty-two more cases. The procedure gained wide acceptance and in 1802 he received a parliamentary award of £10,000; the Royal Jennerian Society for the promotion of smallpox vaccination was founded in 1803. In 1806 he was awarded a further £20,000. He received his first degree, of MD, from Oxford in 1813.[br]BibliographyFurther ReadingCrookshank, 1889, Pathology and History of Vaccination.MG -
108 Marey, Etienne-Jules
[br]b. 5 March 1830 Beaune, Franced. 15 May 1904 Paris, France[br]French physiologist and pioneer of chronophotography.[br]At the age of 19 Marey went to Paris to study medicine, becoming particularly interested in the problems of the circulation of the blood. In an early communication to the Académie des Sciences he described a much improved device for recording the pulse, the sphygmograph, in which the beats were recorded on a smoked plate. Most of his subsequent work was concerned with methods of recording movement: to study the movement of the horse, he used pneumatic sensors on each hoof to record traces on a smoked drum; this device became known as the Marey recording tambour. His attempts to study the wing movements of a bird in flight in the same way met with limited success since the recording system interfered with free movement. Reading in 1878 of Muybridge's work in America using sequence photography to study animal movement, Marey considered the use of photography himself. In 1882 he developed an idea first used by the astronomer Janssen: a camera in which a series of exposures could be made on a circular photographic plate. Marey's "photographic gun" was rifle shaped and could expose twelve pictures in approximately one second on a circular plate. With this device he was able to study wing movements of birds in free flight. The camera was limited in that it could record only a small number of images, and in the summer of 1882 he developed a new camera, when the French government gave him a grant to set up a physiological research station on land provided by the Parisian authorities near the Porte d'Auteuil. The new design used a fixed plate, on which a series of images were recorded through a rotating shutter. Looking rather like the results provided by a modern stroboscope flash device, the images were partially superimposed if the subject was slow moving, or separated if it was fast. His human subjects were dressed all in white and moved against a black background. An alternative was to dress the subject in black, with highly reflective strips and points along limbs and at joints, to produce a graphic record of the relationships of the parts of the body during action. A one-second-sweep timing clock was included in the scene to enable the precise interval between exposures to be assessed. The fixed-plate cameras were used with considerable success, but the number of individual records on each plate was still limited. With the appearance of Eastman's Kodak roll-film camera in France in September 1888, Marey designed a new camera to use the long rolls of paper film. He described the new apparatus to the Académie des Sciences on 8 October 1888, and three weeks later showed a band of images taken with it at the rate of 20 per second. This camera and its subsequent improvements were the first true cinematographic cameras. The arrival of Eastman's celluloid film late in 1889 made Marey's camera even more practical, and for over a decade the Physiological Research Station made hundreds of sequence studies of animals and humans in motion, at rates of up to 100 pictures per second. Marey pioneered the scientific study of movement using film cameras, introducing techniques of time-lapse, frame-by-frame and slow-motion analysis, macro-and micro-cinematography, superimposed timing clocks, studies of airflow using smoke streams, and other methods still in use in the 1990s. Appointed Professor of Natural History at the Collège de France in 1870, he headed the Institut Marey founded in 1898 to continue these studies. After Marey's death in 1904, the research continued under the direction of his associate Lucien Bull, who developed many new techniques, notably ultra-high-speed cinematography.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsForeign member of the Royal Society 1898. President, Académie des Sciences 1895.Bibliography1860–1904, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris.1873, La Machine animale, Paris 1874, Animal Mechanism, London.1893, Die Chronophotographie, Berlin. 1894, Le Mouvement, Paris.1895, Movement, London.1899, La Chronophotographie, Paris.Further Reading1905, Travaux de l'Association de l'Institut Marey, Paris. Brian Coe, 1981, History of Movie Photography, London.——1992, Muybridge and the Chronophotographers, London. Jacques Deslandes, 1966, Histoire comparée du cinéma, Vol. I, Paris.See also: Demenÿ, GeorgesBC / MG -
109 грубо говоря
•The absorption coefficient for gamma rays passing through a metal is roughly (or approximately) proportional to the density of the material.
•Broadly (or Roughly) speaking, the world's consumption of energy for industrial purposes is now doubling approximately once per decade.
•Loosely, ecology can be described as scientific natural history.
•As a rough guide weak acids may be regarded as...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > грубо говоря
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110 АМЕИ
Abbreviation: AMNH (Американский музей естественной истории - American Museum of Natural History) -
111 Американский музей естественной истории
Museums: American Museum Of Natural HistoryУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Американский музей естественной истории
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112 Лондонское общество естественной истории
General subject: London Natural History SocietyУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Лондонское общество естественной истории
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113 Чикагский музей естественной истории
General subject: Chicago Natural History Museum (США)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Чикагский музей естественной истории
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114 анамнез Витэ
Immunology: natural history -
115 естественная динамика
Immunology: natural history (напр. инфекционного процесса)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > естественная динамика
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116 естественный ход развития
1) General subject: natural history (организма, болезни), the course of nature2) Psychology: developmental sequenceУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > естественный ход развития
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117 краеведческий
1) General subject: regional natural history (museum)2) Makarov: regional -
118 музей естественной истории (им.) Филда (Чикаго)
General subject: Field Museum of Natural HistoryУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > музей естественной истории (им.) Филда (Чикаго)
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119 музей естествознания
Museums: natural history museumУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > музей естествознания
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120 природа приливной зоны
Marine science: intertidal natural historyУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > природа приливной зоны
См. также в других словарях:
Natural History — or (in Latin) Naturalis Historia is the scientific study of plants or animals.Natural History may also refer to:In science and medicine: * Natural History (Pliny) , Naturalis Historia , a 1st century work by Pliny the Elder * Natural History… … Wikipedia
Natural history — Natural Nat u*ral (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr. L. naturalis, fr. natura. See {Nature}.] 1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing; belonging to native character; according to nature; essential;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
natural history — Natural Nat u*ral (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr. L. naturalis, fr. natura. See {Nature}.] 1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing; belonging to native character; according to nature; essential;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Natural History — Beschreibung Fachzeitschrift Fachgebiet Naturwissenschaften Sprache Englisch … Deutsch Wikipedia
Natural history — History His to*ry, n.; pl. {Histories}. [L. historia, Gr. istori a history, information, inquiry, fr. istwr, istwr, knowing, learned, from the root of ? to know; akin to E. wit. See {Wit}, and cf. {Story}.] [1913 Webster] 1. A learning or knowing … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
natural history — n [U] the study of plants, animals, and minerals ▪ the Natural History Museum … Dictionary of contemporary English
natural history — n the natural development of something (as an organism or disease) over a period of time <increasing knowledge of the natural histories of tumors (H. S. N. Greene)> … Medical dictionary
natural history — noun uncount the study of living things and their natural environments … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
natural history — ► NOUN ▪ the scientific study of animals or plants, especially as concerned with observation rather than experiment … English terms dictionary
natural history — n. the study of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology, and other subjects dealing with the physical world, esp. in a popular, nontechnical manner … English World dictionary
Natural history — For other uses, see Natural history (disambiguation). Naturalist redirects here. For other uses, see Naturalist (disambiguation). Tables of natural history, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia Natural history is the scientific research of p … Wikipedia