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61 medium
medium 1. средство; способ; 2. среда; 3. середина; среднийacid egg medium кислая яичная питательная средаacid medium кислая средаaffixative medium среда для наклеиванияagar medium агаровая средаagar overlay medium агаровое покрытиеartificial medium искусственная средаassay medium среда для количественного определенияbalanced nutrient medium сбалансированная по составу питательная средаbasal medium основная питательная средаbasal nutrient medium основная питательная средаbasic medium основная средаbile medium жёлчная средаblood culture medium кровяная питательная средаblood medium кровяная средаbrain culture medium мозговая питательная средаchemically undefined medium среда неопределённого химического составаcomplete medium питательная среда полного составаcomposition of medium состав средыconditioned medium кондиционированная средаconditioning of medium стандартизация средыcontrast medium контрастное веществоcontrolled medium регулируемая средаcounting medium питательная среда для подсчёта микроорганизмовculture medium культуральная средаCzapek's medium среда Чапека (для выращивания грибов)deficient medium неполноценная среда, недостаточная средаdefined medium синтетическая солевая средаdehydrated medium обезвоженная порошковая питательная средаdensity of medium плотность средыdiagnostic medium диагностическая средаdialyzed medium диализированная средаdifferential medium дифференциальная средаdilute medium разбавленная средаDorset egg medium яичная среда Дорсетаdouble-strength medium среда двойной концентрацииeagle's medium среда иглаegg (culture) medium яичная питательная средаembedding medium среда для заливкиEndo medium среда Эндоenriched medium обогащенная питательная средаenrichment medium обогатительная средаfeed medium питательная средаfermentation medium сбраживаемая средаfilter medium фильтрующий материалfinal-stage medium питательная среда конечной фазы ферментацииfluid medium жидкая средаfresh medium свежая средаgelatin medium желатиновая средаgermination medium среда для прорастанияglucose-malt-sprout medium глюкозная среда с солодовыми росткамиglucose-mineral medium содержащая глюкозу минеральная средаgrowth medium питательная среда, среда для выращиванияheterogeneous medium неоднородная питательная средаincubating medium инкубационная средаindustrial medium производственная питательная средаinfiltrating medium пропитывающая средаisotonic medium изотоническая средаliquid medium жидкая средаliver medium печёночная питательная средаmaintenance medium поддерживающая среда; физиологический растворminimal nutritional medium минимальная питательная средаmolten medium расплавленная средаnatural medium естественная средаnonfoaming medium непенящаяся питательная средаnormal-strength medium среда нормальной концентрацииnutrient medium питательная средаnutritional medium питательная средаplating medium среда для пластинчатых разводок, среда для чашек Петриpotato medium картофельная средаproduction medium производственная питательная средаready prepared medium готовая питательная средаrecovery medium среда для восстановленияreplacement medium замещающая средаselective medium элективная среда, избирательная средаsemidefined medium полусинтетическая средаsemisolid medium полужидкая средаsemisynthetic medium полусинтетическая средаserum-free medium бессывороточная средаsoil-water medium среда на почвенной вытяжкеsolid medium твёрдая средаsolified medium плотная питательная средаstarvation medium голодная средаsteeping medium среда для замачиванияsterile medium стерильная средаstock medium среда для исходной культурыsurrounding medium окружающая среда, окружающие условияsynthetic medium синтетическая средаtest medium контрольная (питательная) средаtissue culture medium питательная среда для культуры тканейvitamin-deficient medium среда с недостатком витаминовvitamin-free medium безвитаминная средаEnglish-Russian dictionary of biology and biotechnology > medium
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62 Brain
Among the higher mammals the great development of neocortex occurs.In each group of mammals there is a steady increase in the area of the association cortex from the most primitive to the evolutionarily most recent type; there is an increase in the number of neurons and their connections. The degree of consciousness of an organism is some function of neuronal cell number and connectivity, perhaps of neurons of a particular type in association cortex regions. This function is of a threshold type such that there is a significant quantitative break with the emergence of humans. Although the importance of language and the argument that it is genetically specified and unique to humans must be reconsidered in the light of the recent evidence as to the possibility of teaching chimpanzees, if not to speak, then to manipulate symbolic words and phrases, there are a number of unique human features which combine to make the transition not merely quantitative, but also qualitative. In particular these include the social, productive nature of human existence, and the range and extent of the human capacity to communicate. These features have made human history not so much one of biological but of social evolution, of continuous cultural transformation. (Rose, 1976, pp. 180-181)[S]ome particular property of higher primate and cetacean brains did not evolve until recently. But what was that property? I can suggest at least four possibilities...: (1) Never before was there a brain so massive; (2) Never before was there a brain with so large a ratio of brain to body mass; (3) Never before was there a brain with certain functional units (large frontal and temporal lobes, for example); (4) Never before was there a brain with so many neural connections or synapses.... Explanations 1, 2 and 4 argue that a quantitative change produced a qualitative change. It does not seem to me that a crisp choice among these four alternatives can be made at the present time, and I suspect that the truth will actually embrace most or all of these possibilities. (Sagan, 1978, pp. 107-109)The crucial change in the human brain in this million years or so has not been so much the increase in size by a factor of three, but the concentration of that increase in three or four main areas. The visual area has increased considerably, and, compared with the chimpanzee, the actual density of human brain cells is at least 50 percent greater. A second increase has taken place in the area of manipulation of the hand, which is natural since we are much more hand-driven animals than monkeys and apes. Another main increase has taken place in the temporal lobe, in which visual memory, integration, and speech all lie fairly close together. And the fourth great increase has taken place in the frontal lobes. Their function is extremely difficult to understand... ; but it is clear that they're largely responsible for the ability to initiate a task, to be attentive while it is being done, and to persevere with it. (Bronowski, 1978, pp. 23-24)The human brain works however it works. Wishing for it to work in some way as a shortcut to justifying some ethical principle undermines both the science and the ethics (for what happens to the principle if the scientific facts turn out to go the other way?). (Pinker, 1994, p. 427)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Brain
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