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81 βάρβαρος
βάρβαρος, ον (onomatopoetic formation; Aeschyl., Hdt.+; loanw. in rabb. [Dalman, Gram.2 183, 185]) gener. pert. to what is foreign (esp. from the perspective of one who knows Greek and is familiar w. Hellenic culture; the components ‘foreign in language’ and ‘foreign in culture’ are ordinarily linked) ‘non-Hellenic’① w. focus on strangeness of language: pert. to using a language that is unintelligible to outsiders, foreign-speaking, of foreign tongue adj. or noun 1 Cor 14:11 (cp. Hdt. 2, 158; Aristoph., Av. 199 and its scholia [Ltzm. on 1 Cor 14:11]; Ovid, Tristia 5, 10, 37 barbarus hic ego sum, quia non intellegor ulli ‘I’m a barbarus here, because no one understands me’; Ps 113:1).② w. focus on non-Hellenic association: pert. to not speaking Greek or participating in Gk. cultureⓐ adj. not Hellenic πόλεις Ἑλληνίδας κ. βαρβάρους Dg 5:4.ⓑ subst. a non-Hellene, foreigner (the Engl. loanw. ‘barbarian’ is freq. used in a derogatory sense and is therefore inappropriate for rendering [as NRSV, REB et al.] the Gk. term when it appears without the negative contexts of some texts composed after the Persian wars, e.g. Demosth. 26, 17) contrasted w. Hellenes (the Neo-Platonist Amelius [III A.D.] calls the writer of John’s gospel a β.: Eus., PE 11, 19, 1) Ἕλληνες κ. βάρβαροι Ro 1:14 (cp. Ps.-Eur., Rhes. 404; Pla., Theaet. 175a; Chariton 6, 3, 7; SIG 360, 12 and 27; 867, 32; OGI 765, 16ff; IAndrosIsis p. 124, 31 ἐγὼ διαλέκτους Ἕλλησι καὶ βαρβάροις ἔταξα=125, 27 [but διετάξάμην]; Philo, Abr. 267; Jos., Ant. 4, 12; 8, 284 al.—The Romans refused to be classified as β.: Jüthner [s. Ἕλλην 1] p. 62; MPohlenz, Stoa II ’49, 139); cp. Col 3:11 (44th Ep. of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 354, 25]: there is no difference betw. people εἴτε βάρβαρος εἴτε καὶ Ἕλλην.—THermann, ThBl 9, 1930, 106f). Of the inhabitants of Malta, who apparently spoke in their native language Ac 28:2, 4 (here β. certainly without derogatory tone; indeed, Luke transforms the ‘foreigners’ into ‘Hellenes’ by noting their extraordinary hospitality παρεῖχον οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν φιλανθρωπίαν; cp. Warnecke, Romfahrt 111–18).—AEichhorn, βάρβαρος quid significaverit, diss. Leipz. 1904; HWerner, Barbarus: NJklA 41, 1918, 389–408; RAC I 1173–76; JAC 10, ’67, 251–96. S. Ἕλλην 1.—DELG. M-M. TW. Sv. -
82 λαός
λαός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom.+; ins; pap [here the pl. λαοί, Mayser 27; 29]; LXX, pseudepigr, Philo, Joseph., apolog.)① people, in a general senseⓑ a close gathering of people crowd Lk 1:21; 3:15, 18; 7:1; 20:1; Ac 3:12; 4:1f; 13:15; 21:30. πᾶς ὁ λ. the whole crowd, all the people (TestSim 6:4; Jos., Ant. 13, 201) Mt 27:25; Lk 8:47; 9:13; 18:43; 21:38; J 8:2; Ac 3:9, 11. Also ἅπας ὁ λ. (Jos., Ant. 7, 63; 211) Lk 3:21. ὁ λ. ἅπας (Jos., Ant. 6, 199; 8, 101) 19:48; GPt 8:28. λ. ἱκανός Ac 5:37 v.l. πᾶν τὸ πλῆθος τ. λαοῦ Lk 1:10; cp. Ac 21:36. πλῆθος πολὺ τοῦ λαοῦ a large crowd of people Lk 6:17; 23:27 (PsSol. 8:2 λαοῦ πολλοῦ; TestJud 3:1 λ. πολύς).② the mass of a community as distinguished from special interest groups (OGI 90, 12 [II B.C. priests, civil officials, and soldiers]) peopleⓐ in contrast to their leaders Mt 26:5; Mk 11:18 v.l., 32 v.l.; 14:2; Lk 19:48; 20:6, 19, 26; 23:13; Ac 2:47; 4:17, 21; 5:26; 6:12; 12:4.ⓑ in contrast to Pharisees and legal experts Lk 7:29.ⓒ in contrast to priests Hb 2:17; 5:3; 7:5, 27 (a Christian congregation in liturgical response Just., A I, 65, 3 al.).—RMeyer, Der ˓Am hā-˒Āreṣ, Judaica 3, ’47, 169–99.③ a body of people with common cultural bonds and ties to a specific territory, people-group, people as nation (w. φυλή, ἔθνος, γλῶσσα; cp. Da 3:4) Rv 5:9; 13:7; 14:6. Pl. (a Sibylline oracle in Appian, Maced. 2; En 10:21; PsSol 5:11; 17:30 λαοὶ τῶν ἐθνῶν; Just., A I, 49, 1) 7:9; 10:11; 11:9; 17:15.—Lk 2:31. Of a monstrous animal θηρίον δυνάμενον λαοὺς διαφθεῖραι a beast capable of destroying (whole) peoples Hv 4, 2, 3.④ people of God, peopleⓐ of the people of Israel ὁ λαός (s. also Jewish inscriptions in SIG 1247; GKittel, TLZ 69, ’44, 13; En 20:5; PsSol 17:20; ParJer 2:2 [throughout w. art.]; Just.; Mel., P.; Iren., Orig., Did.—λαός of the native Egyptian population since III B.C. at least: UWilcken on UPZ 110, 100f) Ac 3:23; 7:17; 28:17; 2 Pt 2:1; AcPl Ha 8, 19. Without the art. (Sir 46:7; Wsd 18:13; PsSol [throughout, exc. 17:20]) Jd 5; οὗτος ὁ λ. Mt 15:8; Mk 7:6 (both Is 29:13); Lk 21:23; B 9:3; 10:2; πᾶς ὁ λ. (ParJer 5:17) Lk 2:10 all the people (prob., as the involvement of the shepherds suggests, without cultic restrictions, namely to ‘everyone’); B 12:8. πᾶς ὁ λ. Ἰσραήλ Ac 4:10. οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς τοῦ λ. Mt 2:4; 26:47; 27:1; οἱ πρεσβύτεροι τοῦ λ. 21:23; τὸ πρεσβυτέριον τοῦ λ. Lk 22:66; οἱ ἄρχοντες τοῦ λ. Ac 4:8; B 9:3; PEg2, 6; οἱ πρῶτοι τοῦ λ. Lk 19:47. Opp. τὰ ἔθνη the nations, non-Israelites (gentiles) (s. ἔθνος 2 and cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 67 §283 the contrast τὰ ἔθνη … τὴν Ἰταλίαν) Ac 26:17, 23; Ro 15:10 (Dt 32:43).—W. a gen. that denotes the possessor ([τοῦ] θεοῦ, αὐτοῦ, μοῦ etc.; cp. TestJud 25:3; ParJer 3:15; ApcrEzk P 1 verso 3; Jos., Ant. 10, 12; Just., D. 110, 4): λ. τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 1:68; Hb 11:25. ὁ λαός μου Ac 7:34 (Ex 3:7). Rv 18:4 (pl. verb with λαός in sing. as Περὶ ὕψους 23, 2 after a poet λαὸς … κελάδησαν).—Lk 7:16. λ. σου Ἰσραήλ Lk 2:32. ὁ λ. μου ὁ Ἰσραήλ Mt 2:6. ὁ λ. Ἰσραήλ B 16:5 (cp. ὁ λ. τῶν Ἰουδαίων Orig., C. Cels. 2, 1, 6). Pl. of the tribes of Israel (Jos., C. Ap. 2, 159, unless the pl. here means ‘the people’, as Hes., Op. 763f πολλοὶ λαοί; Aristoph., Equ. 163, Ran. 216; 677 πολὺν λαῶν ὄχλον; Callim., Epigr. 47; Isyllus E 1 [IG IV, 950=Coll. Alex. p. 133, 37=D 1 in Diehl2 II, 6 p. 115, s. Anth LG] θεὸν ἀείσατε, λαοί = ἐνναέται Ἐπιδαύρου [inhabitants of Epidaurus]; Diod S 1, 45, 1; 3, 45, 6 διὰ τὴν τῶν λαῶν ἀπειρίαν=because of the inexperience of the people; 4, 67, 6; 5, 7, 6; 5, 48, 1 συναγαγεῖν τ. λαοὺς σποράδην οἰκοῦντας=gather the people who live in scattered places; 5, 59, 5 al.; Orphica 34, 10 Q.; Herm. Wr. 1, 27; PRev 42, 17 [258 B.C.] γραφέτωσαν οἱ λαοί=the people are to submit a written statement; Jos., Ant. 18, 352; Just., A I, 47, 1 al; Ath.; Basilius, epistle 92, 2 ln. 44 [=MPG XXXII 481a] οἱ λαοί; Theophanes, Chron. 172, 7 de Boor ἀπέθανον λαοὶ πολλοί) Ac 4:25 (Ps 2:1), 27; Ro 15:11 (Ps 116:1).ⓑ of Christians Ac 15:14; 18:10; Ro 9:25 (Hos 2:25); Hb 4:9; 1 Pt 2:10; Rv 18:4 (Jer 28:45 SAQ); 1 Cl 59:4; 2 Cl 2:3; B 13:1ff. Prepared by Christ B 3:6; cp. Hs 5, 5, 2. Protected by angels 5, 5, 3; specif. entrusted to Michael 8, 3, 3; cp. 8, 1, 2.—Also in pl. (s. 3 end) λαοὶ αὐτοῦ Rv 21:3; cp. Hs 8, 3, 2.—λ. εἰς περιποίησιν a people (made God’s) own possession 1 Pt 2:9. Also λ. περιούσιος (Ex 19:5) Tit 2:14; 1 Cl 64. λ. κατεσκευασμένος a people made ready Lk 1:17. λ. καινός B 5:7; 7:5.—OKern, ARW 30, ’33, 205–17; EKäsemann, D. wandernde Gottesvolk ’39; N Dahl, D. Volk Gottes: E. Untersuchg. z. Kirchenbewusstsein des Urchristent. ’41; HSahlin, D. Messias u. d. Gottesvolk ’45; AOepke, D. neue Gottesvolk ’50; CVandersleyen, Le mot λαός dans la langue des papyrus: Chronique d’ Égypte 48, ’73, 339–49; OMontevecchi, PapBrux XIX (in Actes du XVe Congrès International de Papyrologie ’78–79), pp. 51–67.—B. 1313; 1315. Schmidt, Syn. IV 570–75. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv. S. also LfgrE s.v. col. 1634 (lit.). -
83 ביראי
בֵּירַאי, בֵּירַיי, בֵּירַי,f. (denom. of בַּיִר, בְּאֵר) 1) watering station, esp. in Palestine for Temple pilgrims.Pl. בֵּירָאוֹח, בֵּירָייוֹת, בֵּירָיוֹת. Erub.II, 1; a. fr. Y. ib. 20b top לביריי׳ ולא לבירות (read לבירייות ולא לבורות) for watering stations but not for cisterns; v. Bab. ib. 18a. 2) pr. n. pl. Berai or Beri; a) in Galilee. Yeb.83b. B. Mets.84b בני בירי the inhabitants of B. (Ms. M. בני בר מריון). Y.Pes.IV, 30d top. Y.Shebi.VI, 36c top ביריי רבתא (a border-town); (v., however, Hildesh. Beitr. z. Geogr. p. 2 1).b) B. or Be-B. in Babylon, native place of Ulla, R. Dostai, a. oth. Ab. Zar.40a. Erub.56a מולייתא דבי ב׳וכ׳ the ascents between Berai a. Narash. Sot.10a בי בארי. Erub.45a בירי. Ḥull.127a ביברי דנרש, read בי בירי ונרש. -
84 ביריי
בֵּירַאי, בֵּירַיי, בֵּירַי,f. (denom. of בַּיִר, בְּאֵר) 1) watering station, esp. in Palestine for Temple pilgrims.Pl. בֵּירָאוֹח, בֵּירָייוֹת, בֵּירָיוֹת. Erub.II, 1; a. fr. Y. ib. 20b top לביריי׳ ולא לבירות (read לבירייות ולא לבורות) for watering stations but not for cisterns; v. Bab. ib. 18a. 2) pr. n. pl. Berai or Beri; a) in Galilee. Yeb.83b. B. Mets.84b בני בירי the inhabitants of B. (Ms. M. בני בר מריון). Y.Pes.IV, 30d top. Y.Shebi.VI, 36c top ביריי רבתא (a border-town); (v., however, Hildesh. Beitr. z. Geogr. p. 2 1).b) B. or Be-B. in Babylon, native place of Ulla, R. Dostai, a. oth. Ab. Zar.40a. Erub.56a מולייתא דבי ב׳וכ׳ the ascents between Berai a. Narash. Sot.10a בי בארי. Erub.45a בירי. Ḥull.127a ביברי דנרש, read בי בירי ונרש. -
85 בֵּירַאי
בֵּירַאי, בֵּירַיי, בֵּירַי,f. (denom. of בַּיִר, בְּאֵר) 1) watering station, esp. in Palestine for Temple pilgrims.Pl. בֵּירָאוֹח, בֵּירָייוֹת, בֵּירָיוֹת. Erub.II, 1; a. fr. Y. ib. 20b top לביריי׳ ולא לבירות (read לבירייות ולא לבורות) for watering stations but not for cisterns; v. Bab. ib. 18a. 2) pr. n. pl. Berai or Beri; a) in Galilee. Yeb.83b. B. Mets.84b בני בירי the inhabitants of B. (Ms. M. בני בר מריון). Y.Pes.IV, 30d top. Y.Shebi.VI, 36c top ביריי רבתא (a border-town); (v., however, Hildesh. Beitr. z. Geogr. p. 2 1).b) B. or Be-B. in Babylon, native place of Ulla, R. Dostai, a. oth. Ab. Zar.40a. Erub.56a מולייתא דבי ב׳וכ׳ the ascents between Berai a. Narash. Sot.10a בי בארי. Erub.45a בירי. Ḥull.127a ביברי דנרש, read בי בירי ונרש. -
86 בֵּירַיי
בֵּירַאי, בֵּירַיי, בֵּירַי,f. (denom. of בַּיִר, בְּאֵר) 1) watering station, esp. in Palestine for Temple pilgrims.Pl. בֵּירָאוֹח, בֵּירָייוֹת, בֵּירָיוֹת. Erub.II, 1; a. fr. Y. ib. 20b top לביריי׳ ולא לבירות (read לבירייות ולא לבורות) for watering stations but not for cisterns; v. Bab. ib. 18a. 2) pr. n. pl. Berai or Beri; a) in Galilee. Yeb.83b. B. Mets.84b בני בירי the inhabitants of B. (Ms. M. בני בר מריון). Y.Pes.IV, 30d top. Y.Shebi.VI, 36c top ביריי רבתא (a border-town); (v., however, Hildesh. Beitr. z. Geogr. p. 2 1).b) B. or Be-B. in Babylon, native place of Ulla, R. Dostai, a. oth. Ab. Zar.40a. Erub.56a מולייתא דבי ב׳וכ׳ the ascents between Berai a. Narash. Sot.10a בי בארי. Erub.45a בירי. Ḥull.127a ביברי דנרש, read בי בירי ונרש. -
87 בֵּירַי
בֵּירַאי, בֵּירַיי, בֵּירַי,f. (denom. of בַּיִר, בְּאֵר) 1) watering station, esp. in Palestine for Temple pilgrims.Pl. בֵּירָאוֹח, בֵּירָייוֹת, בֵּירָיוֹת. Erub.II, 1; a. fr. Y. ib. 20b top לביריי׳ ולא לבירות (read לבירייות ולא לבורות) for watering stations but not for cisterns; v. Bab. ib. 18a. 2) pr. n. pl. Berai or Beri; a) in Galilee. Yeb.83b. B. Mets.84b בני בירי the inhabitants of B. (Ms. M. בני בר מריון). Y.Pes.IV, 30d top. Y.Shebi.VI, 36c top ביריי רבתא (a border-town); (v., however, Hildesh. Beitr. z. Geogr. p. 2 1).b) B. or Be-B. in Babylon, native place of Ulla, R. Dostai, a. oth. Ab. Zar.40a. Erub.56a מולייתא דבי ב׳וכ׳ the ascents between Berai a. Narash. Sot.10a בי בארי. Erub.45a בירי. Ḥull.127a ביברי דנרש, read בי בירי ונרש.
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