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41 Guilford Courthouse National Military Park
Музей в здании Гилфордского суда в г. Гринсборо, Северная Каролина, на месте сражения 15 марта 1781 [ Guilford Court House, Battle of], с которой началась военная кампания, приведшая к битве при Йорктауне [Yorktown, Battle of] и окончанию войны за независимость [ War of Independence]. Основан в 1917. Площадь 92,6 гаEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Guilford Courthouse National Military Park
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42 Kings Mountain National Military Park
Национальный военно-исторический заповедник "Кингс-Маунтин"Парк на севере штата Северная Каролина в честь победы американцев над британскими войсками 7 октября 1780 - сражения у Кингс-Маунтин [ King's Mountain, Battle of], в период Войны за Независимость [ War of Independence]. Создан в 1931. Площадь - 1597 га. На территории парка - тропа, которая проходит по историческим местам.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Kings Mountain National Military Park
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43 Introduction
Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.LAND AND PEOPLEThe Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into theAtlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)1864 4,287,000 first census1890 5,049,7001900 5,423,0001911 5,960,0001930 6,826,0001940 7,185,1431950 8,510,0001960 8,889,0001970 8,668,000* note decrease1980 9,833,0001991 9,862,5401996 9,934,1002006 10,642,8362010 10,710,000 (estimated) -
44 Tenth of June
An official Portuguese national holiday, called "Camões Day" or "Portugal Day" in official literature. It commemorates the death, on 10 June 1578, of Portugal's national epic poet, Luís de Camões, after the Moroccan disaster of the loss of King Sebastian and his army to Muslim forces in North Africa. The Tenth of June has become the principal national independence day of Portugal, a time when Portuguese in Portugal and in overseas Portuguese communities from New Bedford, Massachusetts, to Macau, China, to Caracas, Venezuela, celebrate national independence and history. This is a day also when traditionally various honors and awards for the year are conveyed by the national leaders in ceremonies and when citizens in parades mark this historic day. -
45 right
1. n1) право2) (the right) полит. правые•to abolish / to abrogate a right — отменять право
to achieve one's legitimate rights — добиваться осуществления своих законных прав
to be within one's rights in doing smth — быть вправе делать что-л.
to challenge smb's right — оспаривать чье-л. право
to champion smb's rights — отстаивать / защищать чьи-л. права, выступать в защиту чьих-л. прав
to come out in support of smb's rights — отстаивать / защищать чьи-л. права, выступать в защиту чьих-л. прав
to consolidate smb's rights — усиливать чьи-л. права
to contest smb's right — оспаривать чье-л. право
to curtail the rights — урезать кого-л. в правах, ограничивать чьи-л. права
to deprive smb of right — лишать кого-л. права, отказывать кому-л. в праве
to dispute smb's right — оспаривать чье-л. право
to enjoy a right to smth / to do smth — обладать / пользоваться правом, иметь право на что-л. / делать что-л.
to enshrine the right of citizenship in the constitution — записывать право гражданства в конституции
to exercise a right — использовать / осуществлять право, пользоваться правом
to forfeit one's right — утрачивать / лишаться своего права
to give / to grant smb a right — предоставлять кому-л. право
to have a right to smth / to do smth — обладать / пользоваться правом, иметь право на что-л. / делать что-л.
to implement a right — использовать / осуществлять право, пользоваться правом
to infringe smb's rights — ущемлять чьи-л. права
to maintain smb's rights — отстаивать / защищать чьи-л. права, выступать в защиту чьих-л. прав
to make new commitments to human rights — брать на себя новые обязательства в деле соблюдения прав человека
to promote respect for and observance of human rights — поощрять уважение и соблюдение прав человека
to reaffirm one's right — подтверждать свое право
to realize a right — использовать / осуществлять право; пользоваться правом
to relinquish / to renounce a right — отказываться от права
to reserve a right to do smth — оставлять / сохранять за собой право делать что-л.
to restore one's rights — восстанавливать свои права
to stand up for smb's rights — отстаивать / защищать чьи-л. права, выступать в защиту чьих-л. прав
to strengthen smb's rights — усиливать чьи-л. права
to suppress smb's right — подавлять чьи-л. права
to uphold the right — поддерживать чье-л. право
to vindicate smb's rights — отстаивать / защищать чьи-л. права, выступать в защиту чьих-л. прав
- abortion rightto violate smb's rights — нарушать / ущемлять чьи-л. права
- abridgment of rights
- abuse of rights
- advocates of human rights
- assault on smb's rights
- basic rights
- belligerent rights
- campaigner for human rights
- capitulations rights
- center right
- champion of human rights
- civic rights
- civil rights
- commitment to human rights
- confirmation right
- constitutional right
- contractual rights
- country's record on human rights - cultural rights
- curtailment of rights
- declaration of rights
- declaration on rights
- defendant's right to silence
- democratic rights
- deprivation of rights
- disregard for human rights
- disregard of human rights
- drift to the right in the government
- drift to the right
- economic rights
- electoral right
- entry rights to a country
- equal rights
- essential right
- European Court of Human Rights
- exclusive rights
- explicit recognition of a country's right to exist
- fishing right
- flagrant violation of rights
- flagrant violations of rights
- frustration of rights
- full right
- fundamental rights
- gay rights
- guaranteed right
- honorable right
- human rights
- hypocrisy over human rights
- immutable right
- implementation of rights
- improved human rights
- inalienable right
- individual rights
- infringement of smb's rights
- infringements of smb's rights
- inherent right
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- invasion of smb's rights
- irrevocable right
- lack of rights
- lacking rights
- land right
- landing right
- lawful right
- legal right
- legitimate right
- minority rights
- monopoly right
- moral-political right
- national rights
- nation's right to self-determination
- navigation right
- negotiating right - oil exploration right
- on the political right
- overflying right
- parental rights
- people's basic rights
- personal rights
- political rights
- port right
- postures about human rights
- preferential right
- procedural rights
- proprietary right
- protection of rights
- realization of rights
- recognition of rights
- religious right
- respect for rights
- respect of rights
- restoration of rights to smb
- restoration of smb's rights
- right of abode
- right of accession
- right of appeal
- right of assembly
- right of association
- right of asylum
- right of authorship
- right of conscience
- right of defense
- right of entry to a country
- right of freedom of thought, conscience and religion
- right of impeachment of the President
- right of inheritance
- right of innocent passage
- right of learning
- right of nations / peoples of self-determination
- right of nations / peoples to self-determination
- right of navigation
- right of passage
- right of peoples to determine their own destiny
- right of peoples to order their own destinies
- right of possession
- right of property
- right of publication
- right of recourse
- right of reply
- right of secession
- right of self-defense
- right of settlement
- right of sovereignty
- right of the defendant to remain silence
- right of veto
- right of visit
- right of workers to strike - right to assembly
- right to associate in public organizations
- right to choose one's own destiny
- right to demonstrate
- right to education
- right to elect and be elected
- right to emigrate
- right to equality before the law
- right to exist
- right to fly a maritime flag
- right to form and to join trade unions
- right to free choice of employment
- right to free education
- right to free medical services
- right to free speech
- right to freedom of conscience
- right to freedom of opinion and expression
- right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- right to freedom of religion
- right to freedom of thought
- right to health protection
- right to housing
- right to independence
- right to inherit
- right to juridical equality
- right to keep and bear arms
- right to know
- right to labor
- right to life, liberty and security of person
- right to maintenance
- right to marry and to found a family
- right to material security in old age, sickness and disability
- right to national autonomy
- right to national independence and sovereignty
- right to one's own convictions
- right to own property
- right to privacy
- right to residence
- right to rest and leisure
- right to rest
- right to run the country
- right to sail
- right to secede
- right to security of person
- right to self-rule
- right to silence
- right to sit the case before the court
- right to social insurance
- right to speedy trial
- right to study in the native language
- right to take part in government
- right to take part in the management and administration of state and public affairs
- right to territorial integrity
- right to trial by jury
- right to vote
- right to work
- rights don't come without responsibilities
- rights of a man
- rights of minorities
- rights of national minorities
- rights of small states
- rights of the child
- rights of trade unions
- sacred right
- SDR
- social rights
- socio-political rights
- sole right
- sovereign right
- special drawing rights - swing to the right in the government
- swing to the right
- tensions on human rights
- territorial rights
- theoretical right to secede from a country
- trade union rights
- transit right
- treaty rights
- unconditional right
- undisputed right
- unequal rights - veto right
- vital rights
- voting right
- waiver of a right
- with a right to vote
- without a right to vote 2. a1) правый, правильный2) полит. ( часто Right) правый•- far right -
46 respect
1) повага, шана; поважання; стосунок2) дотримуватися ( чогось), не порушувати, поважати (в т. ч. права, обов'язки тощо); мати стосунок, стосуватися•respect for the rights, honor and dignity of citizens — = respect for the rights, honour and dignity of citizens повага до прав, честі і гідності громадян
respect for the rights, honour and dignity of citizens — = respect for the rights, honor and dignity of citizens
- respect for human rightsrespect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of a country — поважати суверенітет і територіальну цілісність країни
- respect for individual rights
- respect for law
- respect for national dignity
- respect human rights
- respect oneself
- respect the law
- respect the neutrality -
47 fight
1) бійка; бій; боротьба2) битися; виборювати; захищати ( в суді)•- fight against crimefight for national independence — 1) боротьба за національну незалежність 2) виборювати національну незалежність
- fight against lawlessness
- fight against organized crime
- fight against terrorism
- fight against unearned incomes
- fight back
- fight back an assaulter
- fight crime
- fight for client
- fight for defence
- fight for defense
- fight for equal rights
- fight for freedom
- fight for independence
- fight for pay
- fight for power
- fight for the rights of client
- fight in defence
- fight in defense
- fight in public
- fight injustice
- fight organized crime
- fight terrorism
- fight the good fight
- fight the war to a finish
- fight with serious crimes -
48 gain
1) виграш- gained•- gain a majority vote
- gain a right
- gain access
- gain access to personal data
- gain admission
- gain admittance
- gain all vote
- gain confidence
- gain entry
- gain equal rights
- gain freedom
- gain independence
- gain inheritance
- gain judicial experience
- gain legal experience
- gain liberty
- gain national independence
- gain prestige
- gain release
- gain reputation
- gain sufficient evidence
- gain the family inheritance
- gain votes -
49 win
1) виграш, перемога2) вигравати ( справу тощо); отримувати перемогу; завойовувати; здобувати, досягати, отримувати, набувати, заручатися•- win a court case
- win a seat in the legislature
- win a suit
- win a term
- win a vote of confidence
- win an action
- win an appeal
- win approval
- win authority
- win by a landslide
- win debates
- win freedom
- win independence
- win indictment
- win national independence
- win one's case
- win parliamentary elections
- win passage of a law
- win power
- win presidential elections
- win smb.'s freedom
- win support
- win the presidency
- win to one's side -
50 right
In1) право; привилегия- confer on smb. special rights- give a state the right to perform certain acts on the territory of another state- prejudice smb.'s rights- reserve the right to do smth.- reserve to oneself the right to do smth.2) правильность, справедливость3) обыкн. pl действительные факты, истинное положение вещей•IIправая партия, правые, консерваторыправый, реакционный -
51 cause
1. n1) (общее) дело2) причина, основание; повод3) юр. судебное дело, судебный процесс•to harm the cause of peace — наносить ущерб / вред делу мира
to sell out one's cause — предавать свое дело
- cause of national liberationto serve a cause — служить какому-л. делу
- causes of war
- committed to the liberal cause
- economic causes
- efficient cause
- formal cause
- internal cause
- just cause
- legitimate cause
- lost cause
- national cause
- noble cause
- primary cause
- prime cause
- probable cause
- remote cause of smth
- social cause 2. vвызывать; порождать; быть причиной, быть поводомto cause turmoil — вызывать смятение / сумятицу
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52 defense
n1) оборона; защита2) pl укрепления; оборонительные сооружения; система обороны; комплекс оборонительных мероприятий3) юр. защита ( обвиняемого)4) юр. защита ( сторона в процессе)•to bolster one's defenses — укреплять свою обороноспособность
to cut a country's defenses to the bone — сокращать вооруженные силы и вооружения страны до минимума
to deflect the spending in defense into civilian economy — перераспределять средства, предназначенные на военные расходы, на нужды гражданской экономики
to give a passionate defense of one's view — горячо отстаивать свои взгляды
to maintain the country's defenses at a proper level — поддерживать обороноспособность страны на должном уровне
to rally to smb's defense — сплачиваться для поддержки кого-л.
to rise in defense of one's national independence — вставать на защиту своей национальной независимости
to spring to smb's defense — поспешить к кому-л. на выручку, ринуться к кому-л. на помощь
to strengthen the defense potential / capability of the state — укреплять обороноспособность государства
- aggressive defenseto upgrade one's defenses — укреплять свою обороноспособность
- air defense
- anti-aircraft defense
- anti-missile defense
- anti-submarine defense
- area defense
- blind defense
- civil defense
- collective defense
- conventional defense
- counsel for the defense
- defense of the accused
- external defense
- improvement in nuclear defenses
- in defense of peace
- individual defense
- integrated defense
- line of defense
- national defense
- nuclear defense
- rival defenses
- space-based missile defenses
- strategic defense
- stubborn defense -
53 loss
втрата (прав, майна, посади тощо); загибель; збитки; пропажа; програшloss of a highly classified document — = loss of a highly sensitive document втрата документа, що становить державну таємницю
loss of a highly sensitive document — = loss of a highly classified document
loss of documents containing a state secret — втрата документів, що містять державну таємницю
- loss after taxloss of earnings resulting from an injury at work — втрата джерела прибутку внаслідок виробничої травми
- loss assessment
- loss before tax
- loss burden
- loss claim
- loss indemnity
- loss insurance
- loss leader clause
- loss of a document
- loss of citizenship
- loss of consciousness
- loss of consortium
- loss of creditworthiness
- loss of earning capacity
- loss of earnings
- loss of effect
- loss of faculty
- loss of goodwill
- loss of liberty
- loss of life
- loss of memory
- loss of morale
- loss of national independence
- loss of office
- loss of political rights
- loss of power
- loss of profit
- loss of reputation
- loss of right
- loss of rights as a citizen
- loss of rights by delay
- loss of secrecy
- loss of time
- loss of trust
- loss of votes
- loss of wages
- loss suffered -
54 preserve
1) мисливський ( або рибальський) заповідник2) зберігати, оберігати; охороняти; охороняти від бракон'єрів•- preserve a rightpreserve the confidentiality of the client's affairs — зберігати у таємниці відомості, повідомлені клієнтом ( про адвоката)
- preserve democracy
- preserve dignity
- preserve national independence
- preserve neutrality
- preserve secrecy
- preserve the status quo -
55 struggle
1) боротьба2) боротися, битися; виборювати•struggle against corruption in law enforcement agencies — 1) боротьба з корупцією у правоохоронних органах 2) боротися з корупцією у правоохоронних органах
struggle against corruption in the system of government service — = struggle against corruption in the system of state service 1) боротьба з корупцією у системі державної служби 2) боротися з корупцією у системі державної служби
struggle against corruption in the system of state service — = struggle against corruption in the system of government service
struggle against manifestations of chauvinism — 1) боротьба проти проявів шовінізму 2) боротися проти проявів шовінізму
struggle against money laundering — 1) боротьба проти відмивання брудних грошей 2) боротися проти відмивання брудних грошей
struggle against organized crime — 1) боротьба з організованою злочинністю 2) боротися з організованою злочинністю
- struggle against lawlessnessstruggle for national independence — 1) боротьба за національну незалежність 2) боротися за національну незалежність, виборювати національну незалежність
- struggle for freedom
- struggle for legitimate rights
- struggle for power
- struggle for statehood
- struggle for supremacy -
56 wage
1) заробітна плата ( робітника)2) платити заробітну плату; наймати на роботу; вести ( війну тощо), проводити ( кампанію); боротися ( за щось)•- wage agreement
- wage arrears
- wage base
- wage bill
- wage bill tax
- wage ceiling
- wage claim
- wage conditions
- wage control
- wage cut
- wage deduction
- wage determination
- wage discrimination
- wage disparity
- wage dispute
- wage-earner
- wage-earner household
- wage execution
- wage floor
- wage freeze
- wage-freeze
- wage incentive
- wage labor
- wage labour
- wage package
- wage payment
- wage-price control
- wage rate
- wage-restraint
- wage scale
- wage settlement
- wage tax
- wage tribunal
- wage war
- wages act
- wages bandit
- wages fund
- wages law -
57 UNIP
militante nationaliste politieke partij gedurende de 1950-er jaren opgericht en direct nadat Zambië in 1964 onafhankelijk werd de dominante politieke partij werdUNIP (United National Independence Party) -
58 accession
n- accession to national independence досягнення національної незалежності- accession of new members поповнення (організації) новими членами- accession to the throne вступ на престол- accession to a treaty приєднання до договору- instruments of accession документи/ акти про приєднання- procedure of accession процедура приєднання- to be open for accession бути відкритим для приєднання (про договір) -
59 accession
n1) (полное) присоединение (к договору и т.п.)2) вступление (в должность, во владение и т.п.)3) юр. приращение (собственности)• -
60 Language
By 2009, the Portuguese language was spoken by more than 210 million people and the number of Portuguese-speakers exceeded the number of French-speakers in the world. Seven countries have Portuguese as the official language, Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde Islands, Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe Islands, Angola, and Mozambique. Overseas Portuguese, who number 4 million, reside in another two dozen countries and continue to speak Portuguese. There are distinct differences between Brazilian and Continental (Portugal) Portuguese in spelling, pronunciation, syntax, and grammar, but both versions comprise the same language.Next to Rumanian, Portuguese is the closest of the Romance languages to old Latin. Like Gallician, to which it is intimately linked as a colanguage, Portuguese is an outgrowth of Latin as spoken in ancient Hispanica. It began to appear as a distinct language separate from Latin and Castilian in the ninth century, and historic Portuguese made its full appearance during the 12th and 13th centuries. Major changes in the language came under the influence of Castilian in the ninth and 16th centuries, and there was a Castilianization of Portuguese culture during the 1580-1640 era of Spanish rule of Portugal and its empire.The cultural aspects of Portugal reasserting her sovereignty and restoring national independence was a reaction against Castile and Castilianization. In language, this meant that Portugal opened itself to foreign, but non-Hispanic influences. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, French culture and French language became major influences enriching the Portuguese language. In international politics, there continued the impact of the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, a connection that has been less cultural than political and economic. For all the centuries of English influence in Portugal since the late 14th century, it is interesting how little cultural influence occurred, at least until recently, and how relatively few words from English have entered the language. With the globalization of English, this began to change in the late 20th century, but there remain many more loan words from Arabic, French, and Italian.
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