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101 Chronology
15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence ofBrazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister. -
102 internal convertibility
фин. внутренняя конвертируемость, конвертируемость (валюты) для резидентов (возможность для резидентов страны обменивать национальную валюту на иностранную)Ant:See:
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внутренняя конвертируемость валюты: возможность для резидентов страны свободно обменивать национальную денежную единицу на иностранную валюту.* * *Англо-русский экономический словарь > internal convertibility
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103 system
система; комплекс• -
104 clean float
межд. эк., фин. свободное [чистое, независимое\] плавание (система плавающих валютных курсов, при которой курс валюты определяется рынком без вмешательства центрального банка и правительства)Syn:Ant:national currency, currency policy, joint float, fixed exchange rate, floating exchange rate, free floating exchange rate, floatingSee:national currency, currency policy, joint float, fixed exchange rate, floating exchange rate, free floating exchange rate, floating* * * -
105 international monetary system
межд. эк., фин. международная валютная система (совокупность формальных и неформальных правил и институтов, регулирующих и осуществляющих валютные и кредитные сделки между разными странами)Syn:See:Jamaica Agreement, International Monetary Fund, Bretton Woods System, European Monetary System, national currency, foreign currency, reserve currency, freely usable currency, hard currency, weak currency, currency convertibility, parallel circulation, floating exchange rate, double exchange rate, gold standard, gold exchange standard
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международная валютная система: совокупность международных валютных и кредитных отношений и форм их межгосударственного регулирования; в настоящее время не имеет четкого юридического оформления и характеризуется плавающими валютными курсами, отменой официальной цены золота, отсутствием жесткого регулирования; см. Bretton Woods System;Англо-русский экономический словарь > international monetary system
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106 payment
1) платеж, плата, уплата, оплата; погашение (долга)2) взнос4) pl платежный оборот•- make payments "by the first run"There are various internet projects to provide B2B payments without bank intermediation. — Существуют различные проекты использования интернета для осуществления межфирменных платежей без посредничества банков.
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107 international monetary system
межд. эк., фин. международная валютная система (совокупность международных валютных и кредитных отношений и форм их межгосударственного регулирования)Syn:See:The new English-Russian dictionary of financial markets > international monetary system
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108 dollarization
сущ.тж. dollarisation фин. долларизацияа) (использование доллара США во внутреннем денежном обращении других стран наряду с их национальными валютами)See:б) (валютный режим, при котором в качестве официальной денежной единицы помимо собственной национальной валюты используется какая-л. иностранная валюта (любая, необязательно доллар США); может рассматриваться как разновидность жестко фиксированного валютного курса)See:hard peg, national currency, parallel circulation, currency substitution, currency union, currency board
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долларизация: проникновение доллара США и др. твердых валют во внутреннее денежное обращение стран со слабыми неконвертируемыми валютами (особенно характерно для Восточной Европы); является признаком и одной из причин расстройства денежного обращения, характеризует бегство от национальной денежной единицы.* * * -
109 payment
n1) погашение (долга)2) взнос4) pl платежный оборот
- additional payment
- advance payment
- alimony payment
- allowance payment
- amortization payment
- annual payment
- annuity payment
- anticipated payment
- average payment
- back payment
- balloon payment
- benefit payment
- bi-annual payment
- bilateral payments
- bonus payment
- budgetary payments
- cash payment
- cash down payment
- cash payments in advance
- cashless payment
- cheque payment
- clearing payment
- collection payment
- commercial payments
- commission payment
- compensation payment
- compensatory payment
- compulsory payment
- consignment payments
- contractual payments
- contractual termination payments
- coupon payments
- credit payments
- cross-border payments
- currency payments
- current payments
- cyclic interest payment
- debt service payment
- deductible alimony payment
- deferred payment
- delayed payment
- demurrage payment
- direct payment
- direct bonus payment
- direct financial payment
- dividend payment
- dividend payments on equity issues
- down payment
- due payment
- early bird payment
- easy payments
- electronic payments for goods and services
- encouragement payment
- end-of-year payment
- entitlement payment
- excess payment
- exchange payments
- excise payment
- ex gratia payment
- extended payment
- external payments
- extra payment
- facilitation payments
- final payment
- financial payment
- first payment
- fixed payments
- fixed-rate payment
- foreign payment
- franked payments
- freight payment
- full payment
- golden parachute payment
- guarantee payment
- guaranteed payment
- hire payments from leasing of movable property
- housing and communal utilities payments
- immediate payment
- incentive payment
- inclusive payment
- incoming payments
- initial payment
- installment payment
- insufficient payment
- insurance payment
- interest payment
- interim payment
- intermediate payment
- internal payments
- international payments
- irregular payments
- job work payment
- late payment
- lease payment
- licence fee payment
- lump-sum payment
- minimum payment
- monetary payment
- monthly payment
- multilateral payments
- mutual payments
- net payment
- noncash payment
- noncommercial payment
- nontax payment
- obligatory payment
- one-off payment
- one-time payment
- onward payment
- other payments
- outstanding payment
- overdue payment
- overtime payment
- paperless payment
- partial payment
- past due payment
- patent licence payments
- payroll payment
- pension payment
- periodical payments
- preferential payment
- premium payment
- pressing payment
- previous payment
- principal payment
- progress payments
- prolonged payment
- prompt payment
- proportionate payments
- public welfare payments
- punctual payment
- quarter payment
- quarterly payment
- recovering payment
- redundancy payment
- rental payment
- requited payment
- royalty payment
- semi-annual payment
- seniority benefits payment
- separation payment
- settlement payments
- severance payment
- short payment
- sight payment
- single payment
- sinking fund payment
- social payments
- social security payments
- stop payment
- stopped payment
- subsequent payment
- subsidy payment
- successive payments
- sundry payments
- superannuation payments
- supplementary payment
- tax payment
- taxable payments
- terminal payment
- threshold payment
- time payment
- timely payment
- token payment
- transfer payments
- unpaid payment
- unreimbursed payment
- up-front payment
- wage payment
- warranty payment
- weekly payment
- welfare payment
- wrongful payments
- yearly payment
- payment after delivery
- payment against a bank guarantee
- payment against delivery of documents
- payment against dock receipt
- payment against documents
- payment against drafts
- payment against an invoice
- payment against a L/C
- payment against indebtedness
- payment against payment documents
- payment against presentation of documents
- payment against shipping documents
- payment against statement
- payment ahead of schedule
- payment ahead of time
- payment as per tariff
- payment at destination
- payment at sight
- payment before delivery
- payment by acceptance
- payment by cable transfers
- payment by cash
- payment in cash
- payment by cheque
- payment by deliveries of products
- payment by drafts
- payment by the hour
- payment in installments
- payment by installments
- payment by the job
- payment by a L/C
- payment by money transfers
- payment by the piece
- payment by postal transfers
- payment by remittance
- payment by results
- payment by the time
- payment by transfers
- payment for auditing services
- payment for breakage
- payment for carriage of goods
- payment for collection
- payments for credits
- payment for deliveries
- payment for documents
- payment for goods
- payment for honour
- payment for services
- payment for shipments
- payment for technical documentation
- payment forward
- payment for work
- payment from abroad
- payment in advance
- payment in and out of the current account
- payment in anticipation
- payment in arrears
- payment in cash
- payment in clearing currency
- payment in dollars
- payment in due course
- payment in favour of smb
- payment in foreign currency
- payment in full
- payment in gold
- payment in kind
- payment in lieu of vacation
- payment in local currency
- payment in national currency
- payment in part
- payments in settlement
- payment in specie
- payment into an account
- payment into the bank
- payment in total
- payment of an account
- payment of an advance
- payment of an amount
- payment of arrears
- payment of arrears of interest
- payment of an award
- payment of the balance
- payment of a bill
- payment of a bonus
- payment of charges
- payment of charter hire
- payment of a cheque
- payment of claims
- payment of a collection
- payment of a commission
- payment of compensation
- payment of costs
- payment of coupon yield
- payment of customs duties
- payment of damages
- payment of a debt
- payment of demurrage
- payment of a deposit
- payment of dismissal wage
- payment of dispatch
- payment of dividends
- payment of a draft
- payment of dues
- payment of a duty
- payment of expenses
- payment of fees
- payment of a fine
- payment of freight
- payment of gains obtained
- payment of a guarantee sum
- payment of hospital expenses
- payment of an indemnity
- payment of the initial fee
- payment of insurance indemnity
- payment of insurance premium
- payment of interest
- payment of interest on coupons
- payment of interest on deposits
- payment of an invoice
- payment of a margin
- payment of medical expenses
- payment of money
- payment of a note
- payment of past-due interest
- payment of the penalty
- payment of a premium
- payment of principal
- payment of principal and interest
- payment of profits
- payment of property taxes
- payment of remuneration
- payment of restitution
- payment of retention money
- payment of royalty
- payment of salary
- payment of a sum
- payment of taxes
- payment of transportation charges
- payment of unemployment benefits
- payment of wages
- payment on account
- payment on cheque
- payment on a clearing basis
- payment on a collection basis
- payment on a deferred basis
- payment on delivery
- payment on demand
- payment on dividends
- payment on due date
- payment on an invoice
- payment on mortgages
- payment on an open account
- payment on open account billing
- payments on orders
- payment on presentation
- payment on request
- payment on the spot
- payment supra protest
- payment through a bank
- payment through clearing
- payment to the state budget
- payments under a contract
- payments under loans
- failing payment
- in payment
- payment received
- accelerate payment
- accept as payment
- adjust payments
- anticipate payment
- apply for payment
- approve payment
- arrange payment
- authorize payment
- be behind with one's payments
- cease payments
- claim payment
- collect payment
- complete payments
- default on mortgage payments
- defer payment
- delay payment
- demand payment
- do payment
- effect payment
- enforce payment
- exempt from payment
- expedite payment
- fix payment
- forgo payment of a dividend
- forward payment
- fulfil payment
- guarantee payment
- hold up payment
- impose payment
- make payment
- make a cash payment
- miss interest and dividend payments
- negotiate payment of fees
- outlaw payment of bribes
- pass for payment
- postpone payment
- present for payment
- press for payment
- process payment
- prolong payment
- put off payment
- receive payment
- refuse payment
- release from payment
- remit payment
- request payment
- require payment
- reschedule pledged payments
- restructure payments
- resume payments
- secure payment
- settle payments
- speed up payment
- spread payments
- stop payments
- stretch out payments
- suspend payments
- transact payment
- transfer payment
- waive dividend payments
- withhold paymentEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > payment
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110 intervention
сущ.1) общ. вмешательство; интервенция (любое вмешательство в устоявшийся порядок вещей, процесс)See:2) эк. интервенция (осуществление сделок на рынке с целью повлиять на рыночную цену или ожидания участников рынка; может осуществляться на товарном или валютном рынке; как правило, осуществляется государством)the government's intervention in the foreign exchange market — правительственная интервенция на валютном рынке
See:currency intervention, intervention currency, intervention price, intervention rates, national currency, exchange rate, central bank, intervention rates, lean against the wind, managed currency, dirty float3) гос. упр. вмешательство (вмешательство государства в экономику страны путем регулирование рынков и деятельности предприятий, ограничения внешней торговли, национализации и т. п.)See:4) пол. вмешательство, интервенция (вмешательство, в т. ч. вооруженное, одного государства во внутренние дела другого государства)The Minister of Foreign Affairs said the President's remarks were an intervention in the domestic affairs of his country. — Министр иностранных дел заявил, что замечания президента являются вмешательством во внутренние дела его страны.
See:
* * *
интервенция (вмешательство): 1) валютная интервенция: купля-продажа центральным банком валюты для воздействия на курс национальной денежной единицы; валютные интервенции финансируются за счет резервов, заимствований у МВФ и центральных банков, выпуска облигаций в иностранной валюте, денежной эмиссии (для продажи на инвалюту); см. non-sterilized interventions; 2) любое вмешательство в устоявшийся порядок вещей, процесс.* * *участие центральных банков в процессе регулирования цен на рынке валют;. интервенция . Глоссарий финансовых и биржевых терминов .* * *операция насильственного вмешательства, которую проводит государственный орган, банк и т. д. в целях регулирования и восстановления соотношения между спросом и предложением на рынке страхования-----Финансы/Кредит/Валютаэкономическое воздействие центрального банка страны на валютный рынок, осуществляемое путем проникновения в сферу деятельности, вложения и размещения в ней собственных денежных средств -
111 convertibility
nобратимость, конвертируемость (валюты, ценных бумаг)
- currency convertibility
- external convertibility
- full convertibility
- internal convertibility
- limited convertibility
- partial convertibility
- restricted convertibility
- convertibility of currency
- convertibility of national currency into hard currencyEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > convertibility
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112 intervention
сущ.1) общ. вмешательство; интервенция (любое вмешательство в устоявшийся порядок вещей, процесс)See:2)а) эк. интервенция (осуществление сделок на рынке с целью повлиять на рыночную цену или ожидания участников рынка)the government's intervention in the foreign exchange markets — правительственная интервенция на мировых валютных рынках
б) фин. (валютная) интервенция, интервенция на валютном рыке (купля-продажа центральным банком валюты для воздействия на курс национальной валюты)Syn:See:national currency, exchange rate, central bank, intervention rates, lean against the wind, managed currency, dirty floatв) эк. (товарная) интервенция (купля-продажа крупной партии товара органом, регулирующим экономику или ее отрасль, для воздействия на цену товара)3) гос. упр. вмешательство ( государства в экономику страны)4) пол. вмешательство, интервенция (вмешательство, в т. ч. вооруженное, одного или группы государств во внутренние дела другого государства)The Minister of Foreign Affairs said the President's remarks were an intervention in the domestic affairs of his country. — Министр иностранных дел заявил, что замечания президента являются вмешательством во внутренние дела его страны.
The new English-Russian dictionary of financial markets > intervention
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113 peseta
сущ.мн. pesetas эк., ист. песетаа) (национальная валюта Испании до введения евро в 2002 г.; также использовалась в качестве денежной единицы в Андорре; 1 песета равнялась 100 сентимо; международный стандартный код — ESP)See:б) (денежная единица Экваториальной Гвинеи до введения экуеле в 1975 г.; 1 песета равнялась 100 сентимо)See:* * *Финансы/Кредит/Валютаденежная единица Испании см. ESP -
114 East Caribbean dollar
сокр. EC dollar эк. восточно-карибский доллар (денежная единица государств и территорий, входящих в группы Наветренных и Подветренных островов: Антигуа и Барбуды, Гренады, Доминики, Сент-Винсента и Гренадин, Сент-Китса и Невиса, Сент-Люсии, Ангильи, Монтсеррата; 1 восточно-карибский доллар = 100 центов; международный стандартный код — XCD)Syn:See:cent, dollar 2) Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, Eastern Caribbean Currency Union, Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, national currency, common currency
* * *
восточно-карибский доллар: денежная единица государств и территорий, входящих в архипелаги Наветренных и Подветренных островов (Гренада, Доминика, Антигуа и Барбуда и др.); введен в 1965 г.* * * -
115 Euro
['jʊərəʊ] noun Euro, der* * ** * *[ˈjʊərəʊ, AM ˈjʊroʊ]n Euro m30 \euros 30 Eurointroduction of the \euro Einführung f des Eurostransition [or changeover] to the \euro Übergang m zum Eurofixing [of] the conversion rate of the \euro Festsetzung f des Euro-Wertes\euro coins and notes Euro-Münzen und -Banknotenphase of dual pricing in national currency and \euro Phase f der doppelten Preisauszeichnung in nationalen Währungseinheiten und in Eurolaw on the introduction of the \euro Euro-Einführungsgesetz nt* * *['jUərəʊ]n(= currency) Euro m* * ** * *['jʊərəʊ] noun Euro, der -
116 euro
['jʊərəʊ] noun Euro, der* * ** * *[ˈjʊərəʊ, AM ˈjʊroʊ]n Euro m30 \euros 30 Eurointroduction of the \euro Einführung f des Eurostransition [or changeover] to the \euro Übergang m zum Eurofixing [of] the conversion rate of the \euro Festsetzung f des Euro-Wertes\euro coins and notes Euro-Münzen und -Banknotenphase of dual pricing in national currency and \euro Phase f der doppelten Preisauszeichnung in nationalen Währungseinheiten und in Eurolaw on the introduction of the \euro Euro-Einführungsgesetz nt* * *['jUərəʊ]n(= currency) Euro m* * ** * *['jʊərəʊ] noun Euro, der -
117 devaluation
ек. девальвація; знеціненнязниження за офіційним рішенням уряду курсу обміну національної валюти стосовно іншої; ♦ девальвація — це захід для усунення дефіциту платіжних балансів (balance of payments) країни за рахунок стимуляції експорту (export) і стримання імпорту (import), тобто для створення фінансової перешкоди імпортованим товарам і послугам═════════■═════════competitive devaluation конкурентна девальвація; currency devaluation девальвація валюти; differential devaluation диференційна девальвація; dollar devaluation девальвація долара; impending devaluation загрозлива девальвація • неминуча девальвація • передбачувана девальвація═════════□═════════devaluation of currency девальвація валюти; devaluation of national currency девальвація національної валютиdevaluation:: revaluation═════════◇═════════девальвація < лат. префікс de — відокремлення, позбавлення, відсутність і valvo — маю вартість (ЕСУМ 2:19; СІС:191)* * *девальвація ( результат свідомого рішення); знецінення ( падіння ринкової вартості) -
118 settlement
n1) расчет; расплата; покрытие, погашение (долга)2) бирж. ликвидация сделки3) урегулирование, разрешение (спора)
- agreed settlement in court
- amicable settlement
- amicable settlement of a claim
- annual settlement
- cash settlement
- claim settlement
- clearing settlement
- consent settlement
- contract settlements
- currency settlements
- daily settlement
- end month settlement
- estate settlement
- exchange settlements
- final settlement
- fortnightly settlement
- full settlement
- interest settlement
- international settlements
- judicial settlement
- land settlement
- loss settlement
- lump-sum settlement
- mid-month settlement
- midyear settlement
- monthly settlement
- multilateral settlements
- mutual settlements
- negotiated settlement
- noncash settlement
- out-of-court settlement
- overall settlement
- partial settlement
- prompt settlement
- quarterly settlement
- rolling settlement
- same day settlement
- skip day settlement
- special settlement
- speedy settlement
- stock exchange settlement
- trade settlement
- transfer settlement
- wage settlement
- yearly settlement
- settlement at the end of month
- settlement for transactions
- settlement in cash
- settlement in foreign currency
- settlement in full
- settlement in national currency
- settlement in total
- settlement of accounts
- settlement of arrears
- settlement of average
- settlement of a balance
- settlement of a bill
- settlement of books
- settlement of a cheque
- settlement of a claim
- settlement of costs
- settlement of a debt
- settlement of debt obligations
- settlement of demurrage
- settlement of differences
- settlement of a dispute
- settlement of an invoice
- settlement of losses
- settlement of a note
- settlement of payments
- settlement of a problem
- settlement of proceedings
- settlements on a bilateral basis
- settlements on a multilateral basis
- settlement with creditors
- in settlement
- in final settlement
- in full settlement
- arrange settlement
- buy for the settlement
- effect settlement
- negotiate a settlement
- reach settlement
- sell for the settlementEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > settlement
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119 unit
n1) единица; целое
- accountability unit
- accounting unit
- auxiliary unit
- basic unit
- business unit
- capital units
- capitalization unit
- consumer unit
- contract units
- conventional unit
- cost unit
- currency unit
- dairy unit
- defective unit
- depreciation unit
- economic unit
- equivalent unit
- evaluation unit
- factory unit
- family farm unit
- fixed assets unit
- functional unit
- housing unit
- international units
- local unit
- measurement unit
- metric unit
- monetary unit
- money unit
- national currency unit
- nonprofit making unit
- offshore banking unit
- operating unit
- payment unit
- physical unit
- pricing unit
- product unit
- production unit
- prototype unit
- registration unit
- remote service unit
- replacement unit
- retirement unit
- sales unit
- sample unit
- sampling unit
- self-financing unit
- service unit
- SI units
- standard unit
- statistical unit
- stock-keeping unit
- structural unit
- support unit
- test unit
- time unit
- trading unit
- transport unit
- transportation unit
- work unit
- workday unit
- unit in service
- unit of account
- unit of charge
- unit of currency
- unit of equipment
- unit of inventory
- unit of measure
- unit of measurement
- unit of output
- unit of production
- unit of quantity
- unit of trading
- unit of value
- unit of weight
- per unit -
120 settlement
1) расчет; расплата; покрытие, погашение (долга)2) бирж. ликвидация сделки3) урегулирование, разрешение (спора)•
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