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1 BE
Quenya uses forms of ná as the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns “in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another” (VT49:28). It may also denote a position, as in tanomë nauvan “I will be there” (VT49:19). PE17:68 mentions návë “being” as a “general infinitive” form; the gloss would suggest that návë may also be regarded as a gerund. Present tense ná “is” (Nam), pl. nar or nár ”are" (PE15:36, VT49:27, 30), dual nát (VT49:30). Also attested with various pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë “you (sg.) are” (polite and familiar, respectively), nás “it is”, násë “(s)he is”, nalmë “we are” (VT49:27, 30). Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps intended as aorist forms (nain “I am”, naityë/nailyë “you are”); VT49:30 however lists aorist forms with no intruding i (nanyë *“I am”, nalyë *”thou art”, ná “is”, nassë *”(s)he is”, nalmë *“we are”, nar “are”). Pa.t. nánë or né “was”, pl. náner/nér and dual nét “were” (VT49:6, 10, 27, 30). According to VT49:31, né “was” cannot receive pronominal endings (though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29), and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you were”, anes “(s)he/it was” (VT49:28). Future tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34, VT49:19; alternative form uva only in VT49:30) Perfect anaië “has been” (VT49:27, first written as anáyë). The form na may be used as imperative (na airë "be holy", VT43:14, alcar...na Erun "glory...be to God", VT44:34); this imperative na is apparently incorporated in the word nai "be it that" (misleading translation "maybe" in LotR). This nai can be combined with a verb to express a hope that something will happen (Nam: nai hiruvalyë Valimar, “may you find Valimar”) or if the verb is in the present rather than the future tense, that it is already happening (VT49:39: nai Eru lye mánata “God bless you” or *”may God be blessing you”). According to PE17:58, imperative na is short for á na with the imperative particle included. – Ná "is" appears with a short vowel (na) in some sources, but writers should probably maintain the long vowel to avoid confusion with the imperative na (and with the wholly distinct preposition na "to"). The short form na- may however be usual before pronominal suffixes. By one interpretation, na with a short vowel represents the aorist (VT49:27). – The word ëa is variously translated "is", "exists", "it is", "let it be". It has a more absolute meaning than ná, with reference to existence rather than being a mere copula. It may also be used (with prepositional phrases) to denote a position: i ëa han ëa “[our Father] who is beyond [the universe of] Eä” (VT43:12-14), i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa “the One who is above all thrones” (UT:305). The pa.t. of this verb is engë, VT43:38, perfect engië or rarely éyë, future euva, VT49:29. – Fíriel's Song contains a word ye "is" (compare VT46:22), but its status in LotR-style Quenya is uncertain. – NOT BE, NOT DO: Also attested is the negative copula uin and umin "I do not, am not" (1st pers. aorist), pa.t. úmë. According to VT49:29, forms like ui “it is not”, uin(yë) “I am not”, uil(yë) *“you are not”, *uis *”(s)he is not” and uilmë *”we are not” are cited in a document dating from about 1968, though some of this was struck out. The monosyllable ú is used for “was not” in one text. The negation lá can be inflected for time “when verb is not expressed”. Tense-forms given: (aorist) lanyë “I do not, am not”; the other forms are cited without pronominal suffixes: present laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva, imperative ala, alá. MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN. –VT49:27-34, Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:34/An Introduction to Elvish:5, VT42:34,Silm:21/391, FS, UGU/UMU, VT49:13 -
2 HE, HIM
(personal 3rd sg. pronoun): As a pronominal suffix, the entire 3rd person singular “he, she, it” is expressed by the ending -s, e.g. caris *“(s)he/it does” (VT49:16, 48). Sometimes a verb with no pronominal ending whatsoever implies a subject “he, she, it”, e.g. nornë “he ran” (PE17:58), fírië “she has breathed forth” (MR:250), tinë “it glints” (TIN). A distinctly masculine ending -ro does occur in early material (antaváro “he will give”, LR:63), but was apparently abandoned by Tolkien. The ending -s may also appear in the “rare” longer form -së (VT49:51, descended from older -sse, VT49:20), perhaps distinctly personal (cf. násë “he [or she] is” vs. nás “it is”, VT49:27, 30). The ending -s is also attested in object position, e.g. melinyes “I love him” (VT49:21; this could also mean *”I love her” or *”I love it”). “He/she” (or even “it”, when some living thing is concerned) does have a distinct form when it appears as an independent pronoun: se (VT49:37), also with a long vowel (sé, VT49:51) when stressed. (Contrast the use of sa for “it” with reference to non-living things.) The independent form may also appear in object position: melin sé, “I love him [/her]” (VT49:21). Case endings may be added, e.g. allative sena or senna “at him [/her]”, “to him/her” (VT49:14, 45-46); se also appears suffixed to a preposition in the word ósë *”with him/her” (VT43:29). A distinct pronoun hé can be used for “he/she” = “the other”, as in a sentence like “I love him (sé) but not him (hé).” Genitive HIS/HER (or ITS, of a living thing) would normally appear as the ending -rya, e.g. coarya “his house” (WJ:369), máryat “her hands” (Nam), the latter with a dual ending following -rya. “His/her” as an independent word could be *senya (compare ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, nin “for me”). – Reflexive pronoun, see HIMSELF. –VT49:16, 51, VT43:29, VT49:15, LotR:1008
См. также в других словарях:
nase — nase … Dictionnaire des rimes
Nase — Nase: Die germ. Bezeichnungen des Geruchsorgans mhd. nase, ahd. nasa, niederl. neus, engl. nose, schwed. näsa beruhen mit der unter ↑ Nüster behandelten Bildung auf idg. *nas »Nase«, ursprünglich wahrscheinlich »Nasenloch« (beachte z. B. aind.… … Das Herkunftswörterbuch
Nase — Sf std. (8. Jh.), mhd. nase, ahd. nasa, mndd. nese, nase, mndl. nose, neuse, nuese Stammwort. Aus g. * nas(ō) f. Nase , auch in anord. no̧s, ae. n(e)osu, afr. nose. Aus ig. * nas (der Ansatz von a ist etwas unbequem, wird aber durch das Indische… … Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen sprache
Nase — Nase, der hervorragende Theil des Geruchorganes, das sich aber mit seinen Knochen und Höhlen tiefer in den Schädel erstreckt. Der in zwei Hälften getheilte, hinten in den Schlund sich öffnende, und mit den in den Knochen des Stirnbeins und… … Damen Conversations Lexikon
Nase [3] — Nase, eine vorspringende Spitze beim gotischen Maßwerk (Fig. 1); auch ein Vorsprung an Gesimsprofilen, der das Wasser abtropfen läßt (daher Wassernase, Fig. 2); endlich auch der an der Unterseite der Dachziegel befindliche Ansatz, mit dem die… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Nase — [Basiswortschatz (Rating 1 1500)] Bsp.: • Er hat eine rote Nase. Trinkt er zu viel? • Er ist krank. Seine Nase ist kalt und rot … Deutsch Wörterbuch
Nase [1] — Nase, 1) (Nasus, Nares), der unter der Stirn zwischen den Augenhöhlen, den Wangen u. über dem Munde hervorragende Gesichtstheil; umfaßt sämmtliche, zu Bildung des Geruchsorgans sich vereinende Kopftheile. In dieser Hinsicht unterscheidet man… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Nase — Nase, in der Baukunst und Technik immer etwas Vorstehendes. Bei Gesimsen werden Wassernasen von verschiedenen Formen angebracht. Sie sollen verhindern, daß das Regenwasser an den Gebäudeteilen herunterläuft, und es nötigen, abzutropfen. Im… … Lexikon der gesamten Technik
Nase — (nasus), das Organ des Geruchsinnes. Man unterscheidet die äußere N. u. die N.nhöhle. Die äußere N. hat eine feste Grundlage, von oben her die N.nknochen, abwärts gegen die Spitze die N.nknorpel; besteht aus der N.nwurzel, unterhalb der Stirne,… … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
Nase [2] — Nase, eine Art Weißfisch … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Nase [3] — Nase, Felsecke auf dem Vorgebirge des Beatenbergs im Thunersee (Schweiz) … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
