-
41 SEED
erdë (germ. Note: a homophone means "person".) –ERÉD -
42 SINGULARITY
erdë (used in the sense "person as a whole", body and soul. Note: a homophone means "seed, germ".) –MR:216 -
43 SOW
\#rer- (cited as rerin "I sow", 1st person aorist), pa.t. rendë. SOWN FIELD resta (acre). –RED, VT46:11 cf. RED -
44 SPIRIT
fëa (= the spirit or "soul" of an incarnate, normally housed in a body; pl fëar is attested), ëala ("being"; pl. eälar is attested. Eälar are spirits whose natural state it is to exist without a physical body, e.g. Balrogs), súlë (Þ) (earlier [MET] thúlë, Þúlë) (maybe a more "impersonal" word for spirit), manu (= departed spirit; LT1:260 has mánë), fairë (= spirit in general, as opposed to matter, or a phantom or disembodied spirit, when seen as a pale shape. Pl. fairi is attested), vilissë (a "Qenya" word maybe not valid in LotR-style Quenya). A person's "spirit" meaning his or her general personality and attitude may be expressed by the word órë, in LotR defined as "heart, inner mind" (q.v.), cf. PM:337, where it is said that "there dwelt in her [Galadriel] the noble and generous spirit (órë) of the Vanyar". FIELD-SPIRIT Nermi (pl. Nermir is attested. The Nermir are "fays of the meads".) HOLY SPIRIT airefëa (other version: fairë aista; both versions are attested with the dative ending -n attached). SPIRIT-IMPULSE fëafelmë (impulses originating with the spirit, e.g. love, pity, anger, hate). –MR:349, 218, 165; cf. Silm:431; LotR:1157, MAN, MC:223, MR:349, GL:23, LT1:260, VT43:36-37, VT44:17, VT41:19 cf. 13 -
45 STOP
hauta- (take a rest, cease), pusta- (put a stop to, but also intr: cease), \#tap- (cited in the form tapë, 3rd person sg. aorist; misreading "tápe" with a long vowel in the Etymologies as printed in LR, see VT46:17. The pa.t. tampë is given) (block), STOP SHORT nuhta- (stunt, prevent from coming to completion, not allow to continue). FULL STOP ("in punctuation" – according to VT46:10, 33 a dot placed under a consonant to indicate that it is not followed by a vowel) putta, pusta; STOPPED CONSONANT (i.e. consonant with such an underposed dot) punta; STOPPER tampa –KHAW, PUS/VT46:10, 33, TAP/VT46:17, WJ:413 -
46 SWEET
lissë. Other sources use lissë as a noun "sweetness", and lissë is also used for the "grace" of God (specifically Erulissë or *"God-sweetness"). Another word glossed "sweet" is melda, but since it is also defined as "beloved" and "dear", this adjective may describe a "sweet" person rather than sweet taste. –Nam, RGEO:66, VT43:29, VT45:34 cf. MEL -
47 THAT
(1) (demonstrative): tana (an adjectival word, VT49:11; in one version of the language also tanya, as in tanya wendë "that maiden", MC:215-16). Also yana with meaning “the former” (e.g. *loa yana “that year” referring to a former year). Adj. OF THAT SORT taitë; IN THAT WAY tanen; THAT MATTER tama. Also see THIS regarding the word talumë “at this [or, that] time”. –TA, YA, VT49:11, 18 (2) (pronoun) ta, also translated “it”. (Notice that in some versions of the language, Tolkien wanted ta to be a plural pronoun “they, them” used of non-living things. See the various entries on ta in the Quenya-English wordlist.) Sa, normally translated “it”, is also defined as “that” in one source. IT IS THAT náto, IT IS NOT THAT uito. –VT49:11, TA, VT49:18, 28 (3) (relative pronoun "who, which, that"). According to VT47:21, the relative pronoun is ye with reference to a person (*i Elda ye tirnen "the Elf who/that I watched"), plural i (e.g. *Eldar i... "Elves that..."). The impersonal relative pronoun ("that = which") is ya (e.g. *i parma ya hirnen "the book that/which I found"), pl. presumably *yar (*i parmar yar... "the books that..."). This gives a system with great symmetry, but Tolkien also used i in a singular sense, in the sentence i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa "the One who is [or, that is] above all thrones", though i is indeed plural in i carir quettar ómainen "those who [or, those that] form words with voices". A relative pronoun ya *"which" is found in the "Arctic" sentence; a long variant yá also occurs in the corpus (VT43:27-28). Case-forms: The plural locative of ya is attested as yassen "in which" in Nam (sg. *yassë), the genitive and ablative forms of ye are attested as yëo and yello respectively in VT47:21, and the same source gives ion and illon as the corresponding plural forms. –VT47:21, WJ:391, UT:305, 317, Arct(4) (conjunction, as in "I know that you are here") i, cf. the sentence savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe Elessar really existed and that he was a king of Gondor” (VT49:27). In one version of early “Qenya”, this conjunction appeared as ne instead (PE14:54). -
48 THEIR
may be expressed as the ending -lta (also -ltya) added to nouns (VT49:16), e.g. *aldalta or *aldaltya = “their tree”. – In some sources, Tolkien instead gives the ending as -nta (nassentar pl. “their true-being[s]”, PE17:174) or -ntya (called an “archaic” form in VT49:17), just as he hesitated between -ltë and -ntë as the ending for “they” (VT49:17; see THEY). In “colloquial Quenya”, the ending -rya could also be used for the plural pronoun “their” (símaryassen “in their imaginations”, VT49:16), because it was felt to contain the plural ending -r, but in “correct” written Quenya -rya was rather the ending for “his, her, its” (VT49:17). – According to VT49:17, the vowel -i- is inserted before the ending -lta/-ltya or -nta/-ntya when it is added to a stem ending in a consonant (but the evidence concerning connecting vowels before pronominal endings is rather diverse). – All these words for “their” are plural; the ending for dual “their” (describing something owned by two persons) is given in VT49:16 as -sta, but this clashes with a similar ending belonging to the second rather than the third person. The corresponding ending for “they” was (according to VT49:51) changed from -stë to -ttë, seemingly implying *-tta as the ending for dual “their”: hence e.g. *aldatta, “the tree of the two of them”. – No independent words for “their, theirs” are attested. Analogy may point to *tenya (plural) and *túnya or *tunya (dual), based on (attested) ten and (unattested) *tún as the dative forms of the pronouns te, tú “they” (plural and dual, repectively). Compare such attested forms as ninya “my” and menya “our” vs. the dative pronouns nin “for me”, men “for us”. -
49 THORN
necel, in earlier material also nassë (spike), though the latter word also means “person” or “true-being” or even “(s)he is”, leaving necel a less ambiguous alternative. –PE17:55, NAS -
50 THOU
(singular 2nd person pronoun, distinct from plural “you” – the Quenya forms here discussed are not archaic like English “thou”, but simply express singular “you”). Quenya makes a distinction between a formal or polite “thou” and an intimate or familiar “thou”, the latter being reserved for use between close friends, family members, and lovers (VT49:51, 52). The formal pronoun normally appears as the ending -lyë or (if shortened) -l that is added to verbs, e.g. hiruvalyë “thou shalt find ” (Nam), caril or carilyë *“thou dost” or *“you (sg.) do” (VT49:16). The short form in -l may be the more usual, though the long form -lye- must be used if a second pronominal ending denoting the object of the verb is to be added (e.g. *cenuvalyes “thou shalt see it”, with the ending -s “it” appended). The ending -lyë may also be added to prepositions (aselyë “with thee”, VT43:29). The independent pronoun is lye, with a long vowel (lyé, VT49:51) when stressed. This pronoun can also appear in object position (English “thee”), e.g. nai Eru lye mánata, by Tolkien translated “God bless you” (VT49:39). Case endings may be added, e.g. allative lyenna *“upon thee” (VT49:40, 41). There is also elyë “thou, even thou” (Nam, RGEO:67) as an emphatic pronoun (Nam); apparently this can also receive case endings. Such independent pronouns may also be used in copula-less constructions, e.g. aistana elyë "blessed [art] thou" (VT43:30). – The intimate or familiar pronoun is similar in form, only with t instead of l. The pronominal ending is thus -tyë, as in carityë “thou dost, you (sg.) do” (VT49:16). It is uncertain whether -tyë has a short form -t (the existence of a short form is explicitly denied in VT49:51, but -t is listed in VT49:48). At one conceptual stage Tolkien mentioned such an ending that could be added to imperatives (hecat “get thee gone”, WJ:364), but he may have dropped it because it clashed with -t as a dual ending on verbs. The independent pronoun is tye, with a long vowel when stressed (tyé, VT49:51); presumably there also exists an emphatic pronoun *etyë (still unattested). Like lye, the pronoun tye may also appear in object position (ar inyë, yonya, tye-méla “and I too, my son, love thee”, LR:61); we must also assume that tye (and emphatic *etyë) can receive case endings. – Genitive forms, see THY. -
51 TIE
(vb.) \#nut- (cited in source as nutin "I tie", 1st person aorist) –NUT -
52 WANT
\#mer- (cited in the form merë, evidently the 3rd person aorist; pa.t. given as mernë) (wish, desire) –MER -
53 WED
verya-; the verb is intransitive and the person wedded appears in the allative (veryanen senna *”I married him/her”, compare English “get married to”). The word verya- also means “dare”, but since this is transitive and would always be followed by a direct object, the two verbs can be distinguished. – Transitive verta- means “to give in marriage” or “to take as husband or wife” (to oneself). In an earlier source, Tolkien gave the verb “to wed” as vesta-. Noun WEDDING veryanwë (going with verya- and verta-); in an earlier source, Tolkien gave this word as vestalë. Veryanwë is also attested with pronominal suffixes: veryanwesta, genitive veryanwesto “(of) your wedding”, with a dual form of “your”; also veryanweldo with a plural “your”. –VT49:45, BES, WED -
54 WISH
(vb) \#mer- (cited in the form merë, evidently the 3rd person aorist; pa.t. given as mernë) (desire); WISH TO GO TO A PLACE mína- (desire to go in some direction, make for it, have some end in view). –MER, VT39:11 -
55 YOUNG
nessa, vinya, cana; YOUTH nésë (Þ), nessë, vírië, vínë, laito/laisi (vigour, new life). Note: all of these words seem to mean "youth" as an abstract; for "youth" = "young person", see YOUNGSTER. YOUNG OR SMALL WOMAN, see GIRL. YOUTHFUL nessima –NETH, VT46:22, VT47:26, LR:25, GL:37, LT1:267 -
56 YOURSELF
(or "thyself", reflexive pronoun) immo (a general sg. reflexive pronoun, covering English "myself, him/herself, yourself"). Also specific 2nd person forms: intyë (apparently familiar), imlë (apparently formal). Plural YOURSELVES indë (a form imde is also listed, but may be intended as the older form that yielded indë) –VT47:37 -
57 YOUTH
(abstract), see YOUNG; for “youth = young person”, the word glossed YOUNGSTER (q.v.) may be used
См. также в других словарях:
Person Centred Planning — Person Centered Planning(PCP) is a process designed to assist someone to make plans for their future. It is used most often as a life planning model to enable individuals with disabilities or otherwise requiring support to increase their personal … Wikipedia
Person-to-person lending — (also known as peer to peer lending, peer to peer investing, and social lending; abbreviated frequently as P2P lending) is a certain breed of financial transaction (primarily lending and borrowing, though other more complicated transactions can… … Wikipedia
person — per·son n 1: natural person 2: the body of a human being; also: the body and clothing of a human being had drugs on his person 3: one (as a human being or corporation) that is recognized by law as the subject of rights and duties see also … Law dictionary
Person — • Discusses (1) the definition of person , especially with reference to the doctrine of the Incarnation; and (2) the use of the word persona and its Greek equivalents in connection with the Trinitarian disputes. Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin… … Catholic encyclopedia
Person — Per son, n. [OE. persone, persoun, person, parson, OF. persone, F. personne, L. persona a mask (used by actors), a personage, part, a person, fr. personare to sound through; per + sonare to sound. See {Per }, and cf. {Parson}.] 1. A character or… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Person-centered therapy — Intervention MeSH D009629 … Wikipedia
person — per‧son [ˈpɜːsn ǁ ˈpɜːr ] also ˌlegal ˈperson noun persons PLURALFORM [countable] LAW a person or group of people who have certain rights and duties: • In Scotland, a firm is a legal person distinct from the partners of the firm. ˌartificial… … Financial and business terms
Person-centered psychotherapy — Person Centered Therapy (PCT), also known as Client centered therapy or Rogerian Psychotherapy, was developed by the humanist psychologist Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s. The basic elements of Rogerian therapy involve showing congruence… … Wikipedia
Person (Begriffsklärung) — Person steht für Person, soziale Rolle Person ist Familienname von Christian Person (Amtsschösser) (1594–1655), kursächsischer Beamter Christian Person (Torwart) (* 1980), deutscher Fußball Torwart Chuck Person (* 1964), US amerikanischer… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Person-fit analysis — is a technique for determining if the person s results on a given test are valid.The purpose of a person fit analysis is to detect item score vectors that are unlikely given a hypothesized test theory model such as item response theory, or… … Wikipedia
Person of Interest — Titre original Person of Interest Genre Série Dramatique, d action, d espionnage, thriller Créateur(s) Jonathan Nolan Production Athena Wickham Margo Lulick Producteurs exécutifs … Wikipédia en Français
