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multiple+processing

  • 81 registro

    m.
    1 registry (office) (oficina).
    registro civil registry (office)
    registro de comercio o mercantil business registry office
    registro de la propiedad land registry office
    registro de la propiedad industrial/intelectual trademark/copyright registry office
    2 registration.
    llevar el registro de algo to keep a record of something
    3 register (libro).
    registro parroquial parish register
    4 search, searching.
    efectuaron un registro domiciliario they searched his/her/etc home
    5 bookmark.
    6 record (computing).
    7 register (linguistics & music).
    8 inspection, inquisition, search.
    9 entry.
    10 damper.
    11 voice range, range.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: registrar.
    * * *
    1 (inspección) search, inspection
    2 (inscripción) registration, recording; (matriculación) enrolment (US enrollment), registration
    3 DERECHO (oficina) registry; (libro) register
    4 MÚSICA register (de órgano) stop
    5 INFORMÁTICA register
    6 TÉCNICA inspection hole
    \
    tocar todos los registros figurado to pull out all the stops
    registro civil births, marriages and deaths register 2 (oficina) registry office
    registro electoral electoral roll
    registro mercantil business register
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=acción) registration, recording
    2) (=libro) register; (Inform) record

    capacidad de registro — storage facility, recording capacity

    registro electoral — electoral register, electoral roll

    3) (=lista) list, record; (=apunte) note
    4) (=entrada) entry
    5) (=oficina) registry, record office

    registro civil — ≈ registry office, ≈ county clerk's office (EEUU)

    registro de la propiedad — (=oficina) land registry, land registry office

    6) (=búsqueda) search; (=inspección) inspection
    7) (Mús) (=grabación) recording
    8) (Mús) (=timbre) [de la voz] register; [del órgano] stop; [del piano] pedal
    9) (Téc) manhole
    10) (Ling) register
    11) (Dep) (=marca) personal best; (=récord) record
    12) [de reloj] regulator
    13) (Tip) register
    14) And, Cono Sur (=tienda) wholesale textiles store
    * * *
    1) ( libro) register; ( acción de anotar) registration; ( cosa anotada) record, entry
    2) ( por la policía) search
    3) ( de reloj) regulator
    4) (Mús)
    a) (de voz, instrumento) range
    b) ( pieza - de órgano) register, stop; (- de piano, clavicordio) pedal
    c) ( tono) register
    5) (Ling) register
    6) (Tec) ( abertura) inspection hatch; ( de agua) (Col) stopcock, shutoff valve (AmE)
    * * *
    1) ( libro) register; ( acción de anotar) registration; ( cosa anotada) record, entry
    2) ( por la policía) search
    3) ( de reloj) regulator
    4) (Mús)
    a) (de voz, instrumento) range
    b) ( pieza - de órgano) register, stop; (- de piano, clavicordio) pedal
    c) ( tono) register
    5) (Ling) register
    6) (Tec) ( abertura) inspection hatch; ( de agua) (Col) stopcock, shutoff valve (AmE)
    * * *
    registro1
    1 = rec (record), record, tuple, booking record.

    Ex: A record number is a commonly used key field, sometimes abbreviated as rec no.

    Ex: A record is a complete unit of information about a person, item, product, book, patient, chemical, etc. and in a computer-held data base a record is all the information contained relating to a document.
    Ex: The model embodies a semantic synthesiser, which is based on an algorithm that maps the syntactic representation of a tuple or a record onto a semantic representation.
    Ex: Many libraries may also be involved in maintaining booking records of one type or another: in college libraries these often relate to instructional films hired during term.
    * base de datos de registros de catálogo = catalogue record database.
    * bloque funcional de relaciones entre registros = linking entry block.
    * cambio de registro = code switching.
    * campo de registro = field.
    * capturar registros = capture + records.
    * Cinta de Intercambio de Registros MARC = MARC Exchange Tape.
    * copiar registros = download + records, capture + records.
    * cualidad de lo que constituye ser un registro = recordness.
    * descargar registros = download + records.
    * deseleccionar un registro = unmark + record.
    * detección de registros duplicados = duplicate record detection.
    * directorio de un registro automatizado = directory.
    * eliminación de registros duplicados = duplicate elimination.
    * el registro modelo = record-of-record.
    * enriquecimiento de los registros = record(s) enhancement.
    * estructura del registro = record structure.
    * fichero de registro por documento = item record file.
    * fichero de registro por término = term record file.
    * fondo de registros bibliográficos = bibliographic pool, bibliographic record pool.
    * formato de registro = record format.
    * gestión de registros = record keeping [recordkeeping].
    * identificador de registro = record identifier.
    * incluir como registro de encabezamiento secundario = trace.
    * índice de registro por documento = item record index.
    * índice de registro por término = term record index.
    * longitud de registro = record length.
    * modificar un registro = amend + record.
    * pasar registros a disco = transfer + records + to disc.
    * Programa de Gestión de Registros y Archivos (RAMP) = Records and Archives Management Programme (RAMP).
    * registro administrativo = administrative record.
    * registro automatizado = machine-readable record.
    * registro bibliográfico = bibliographic record, document record, bibliographical record.
    * registro catalográfico = cataloguing record.
    * registro de autoridad archivística = archival authority record.
    * registro de catálogo colectivo = joint record, joint catalogue record.
    * registro de contabilidad = financial record.
    * registro de documento pedido = on-order record.
    * registro de ejemplar = copy record.
    * registro de encabezamiento secundario de materia = subject tracing.
    * registro de encabezamientos secundarios = tracing.
    * registro de entrada = accession record.
    * registro de identificación = cookie.
    * registro de longitud fija = fixed-length record.
    * registro de personal = personnel record.
    * registro de publicaciones seriadas = serials record.
    * registro electrónico = digital record, electronic record.
    * registro estructurado = structured record.
    * registro gráfico = graphic record.
    * registro informático = digital record.
    * registro lógico = logical record.
    * registro manuscrito = manuscript record.
    * registro MARC = MARC record.
    * registro matriz = master record.
    * registro notarial = notarial record.
    * registros demográficos = vital records.
    * registro seleccionado = marked record.
    * salvar registros = download + records.
    * seleccionar registros = mark + records.
    * separador de registro = record separator.
    * servicio de registros MARC, el = MARC service, the.
    * sistema de gestión de registros = record(s) system.
    * tamaño del registro = record size.
    * volcado de registros = derived cataloguing, copy cataloguing.

    registro2
    2 = register, register, registry, records centre.

    Ex: James's methods in dealing systematically with each codex are illustrated by comparing the Ecloga with the 1574/75 register of Mathew Parker's library at Corpus Christi, Cambridge.

    Ex: During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries printers got over the resulting difficulties by adding (usually adjacent to the colophon) a summary of the signatures called the register.
    Ex: Its aim is to provide a reliable registry of all world serial publications.
    Ex: This article describes the background to the setting up of the Archdiocese of Chicago's archives and records centre.
    * cuadrar el registro = make + register.
    * el registro de los registros = record-of-record.
    * fichero de registro de transacciones = log, service log, computer log, server log.
    * mantener registro de = keep + record of.
    * mantener un registro = keep + log.
    * mantener un registro de = keep + track of, record.
    * registro catastral = land registry office, land registry.
    * registro civil = registry office.
    * registro de actividades realizadas = logbook [log book].
    * registro de entrada = accessions register.
    * registro de grupo de términos de búsqueda relacionados = hedge book.
    * registro de las pantallas consultadas = screen log.
    * registro de operaciones realizadas = transaction log, transaction logging.
    * registro de salida de cartas = outward letterbook.
    * registro de transacciones = logsheet.
    * registro temporal de transacciones = time log.

    registro3
    3 = accessioning, stock recording, registration.

    Ex: Accessioning involves giving the item a unique number so that if it is lost the cost can be easily discovered.

    Ex: The stages of book preparation, known as processing, can be tabulated as follows: check of book with invoice; quick collation; accessioning or stock recording; classification; cataloguing; lettering on spine; labelling; final check of all processes before shelving.
    Ex: The borrower file is then searched to obtain a list of all those borrowers with registration dates before the cut-off date.
    * certificado de fecha de registro = time stamp [timestamp].
    * dar registro = accession.
    * fecha de registro = accession date, time stamp [timestamp].
    * ficha de número de registro = accessions card.
    * libro de registro = accessions register, accessions book, accessions ledger.
    * libro de registro de entrada y salida de cartas = letterbook [letter book].
    * máquina de registro de préstamos por medio de la fotografía = photocharger, photocharging machine.
    * número de registro = accession number, card number.
    * orden de registro = search warrant.
    * sistema de registro = recording system.

    registro4
    4 = manhole.

    Ex: It was found that someone had dumped a load of builders' rubble down a manhole blocking the sewer and causing havoc.

    * caja de registro eléctrico = wiring compartment.
    * pozo de registro = manhole.
    * tapa de registro = manhole cover.

    * * *
    A (libro) register; (acción de anotar) registration; (cosa anotada) record, entry
    Compuestos:
    (libro) register of births, marriages and deaths; (oficina) registry, registry office ( BrE)
    (libro) land register; (oficina) land registration office, land registry ( BrE)
    patent office
    patent office
    ( Chi) electoral roll o register
    parish register
    orden de registro search warrant
    Compuesto:
    la policía ha efectuado 300 registros domiciliarios the police have carried out searches on 300 houses
    C (de un reloj) regulator
    D ( Mús)
    1 (de una voz, un instrumento) range
    2 (pieza — de un órgano) register, stop; (— de un piano, clavicordio) pedal
    3 (tono) register
    E ( Ling) register
    F ( Tec)
    1 (abertura) inspection hatch
    2 ( Col) (de agua) stopcock, shutoff valve ( AmE)
    G ( Arg) driver's license ( AmE), driving licence ( BrE)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo registrar: ( conjugate registrar)

    registro es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    registró es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    registrar    
    registro
    registrar ( conjugate registrar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹nacimiento/defunción/patente› to register

    b) ‹sonido/temperatura› to record;

    ‹ temblor› to register
    2 ‹equipaje/lugar/persona› to search;

    3 (Méx) ‹ carta› to register
    registrarse verbo pronominal ( inscribirse) to register;
    ( en hotel) to register, check in
    registro sustantivo masculino
    1 ( libro) register;
    ( acción de anotar) registration;
    ( cosa anotada) record, entry;

    2 ( por la policía) search;

    registrar verbo transitivo
    1 (la policía una casa, a una persona, etc) to search
    2 (un nacimiento, una firma, marca) to register
    3 (información, datos, etc) to include
    4 (una imagen, un sonido) to record
    5 (una acción, un fenómeno) to record, register
    registro sustantivo masculino
    1 (inspección policial, etc) search
    2 (de nacimientos, firmas, marcas) register
    3 (oficina) registry office
    4 Mús register
    ' registro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alta
    - inscribir
    - inscribirse
    - inscripción
    - constancia
    - notaría
    - orden
    - partida
    English:
    case book
    - check in
    - patent office
    - range
    - recording
    - register
    - registrar
    - registry
    - registry office
    - search
    - search warrant
    - stop
    - thorough
    - warrant
    - driver's license
    - electoral
    - man
    - record
    - strike
    * * *
    1. [oficina] registry (office)
    registro catastral land register;
    registro civil registry (office);
    registro de comercio trade register office;
    registro mercantil trade register office;
    registro de la propiedad land records office, Br land registry office;
    registro de la propiedad industrial trademark registry office;
    registro de la propiedad intelectual copyright registry office
    2. [libro] register;
    inscribir a alguien en el registro civil to register sb in the register of births, marriages and deaths
    Com registro de caja cash book;
    registro parroquial parish register
    3. [inscripción] registration;
    llevar el registro de algo to keep a record of sth
    4. [inspección] search;
    una orden de registro a search warrant;
    procedieron al registro de la fábrica they carried out a search of the factory;
    efectuaron un registro domiciliario they searched his/her/ etc home
    5. [de libro] bookmark
    6. Informát [en base de datos] record
    7. Ling register
    8. Mús [notas] register
    9. Mús [en órgano] stop, register;
    Fig
    tocar todos los registros to pull out all the stops
    10. Tec [abertura] inspection hatch
    11. Tec [llave] stopcock
    * * *
    m
    1 ( archivo) register
    2 de casa search
    3
    :
    tocar todos los registros fig fam pull out all the stops fam
    * * *
    1) : register
    2) : registration
    3) : registry, record office
    4) : range (of a voice or musical instrument)
    5) : search
    * * *
    1. (examen) search
    2. (inscripción) registration
    3. (libro) register

    Spanish-English dictionary > registro

  • 82 многостаночная обработка

    multimachine machining, multimachine operation, multiple-machine processing

    Русско-английский исловарь по машиностроению и автоматизации производства > многостаночная обработка

  • 83 Mehrfachwaferbearbeitung

    Mehrfachwaferbearbeitung f ME multiple wafer processing

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch der Elektrotechnik und Elektronik > Mehrfachwaferbearbeitung

  • 84 monipalveliminen verkko

    automatic data processing
    • multiple-server network

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > monipalveliminen verkko

  • 85 tietojen yhdistäminen useista lähteistä

    automatic data processing
    • consolidation of data from multiple sources

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > tietojen yhdistäminen useista lähteistä

  • 86 компоновать

    Процесс объединения данных, полученных из многих источников, в базу данных и создания основы для последующей обработки.
    Примечание. На этапе компоновки осуществляется проверка данных и обеспечивается исправление выявленных ошибок и устранение обнаруженных пропусков.
    A process of merging data from multiple sources into a database and establishing a baseline for subsequent processing.
    Note.— The assemble phase includes checking the data and ensuring that detected errors and omissions are rectified.
    (AN 15)
    Official definition added to AN 15 by Amdt 29 (1997) and modified by Amdt 33 (25/11/2004).

    Русско-английский словарь международной организации гражданской авиации > компоновать

  • 87 multi-disciplinary machine

    Англо-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > multi-disciplinary machine

  • 88 Flax Scutching

    Bale
    Two cwt. of scutched flax enclosed in a bessian bag. The unit of flax for despatch to the spinner.
    Blades, Tapered - A turbine scutching machine in which the scutching blades are tapered in width in the first third of each compartment in contradistinction to the usual parallel sided blades. Blades, Tapered and Coned - A turbine scutching machine in which the blades are tapered and at the same time the first third of each scutching rotor is coned. Bunch - The aggregate of pieces which is tied up with two or more ties preparatory to baling. Conditioning - The operation of adding moisture to or abstracting moisture from straw to put it in the optimum condition for scutching. Decortication - The term sometimes applied to the scutching of unretted straw in contradistinction to retted straw. Handles - See Scutching Wheel or Handles. Piece - The small handful which is the unit of scutched flax. Scutching - The mechanical operation of separating the fibre from the woody part of the de-seeded or retted flax straw. Scutching, Automatic - See Scutching, machine or turbine or automatic. Scutching, Hand - The operation of scutching as carried out on a Belgian or Irish scutching wheel. Scutching, Machine, or Turbine, or Automatic - The operation of scutching flax entirely mechanically. Scutching Machine, Monoblade - Similar in principle to a turbine machine, but each compartment has a single steel blade on one shaft in place of multiple blades on two shafts. Scutching Machine, Turbine - A scutching outfit consisting generally of (a) prebreaking rollers to crimp the centre of the straw (b) a set of fluted breaking rollers to crimp the ends of the straw (c) a conveyor to hold the straw during processing; (d) a root end compartment where intersecting steel blades scutch the root end and middle of the flax; (e) a top end compartment where similar blades scutch the middle and top end of the flax; (f) a delivery bar where the scutched flax is piled up for removal. Scutching Wheel, or Handles - The machine on which hand scutching is done. It consists of an upright wooden or metal stock in a notch of which the broken flax straw is held and is there operated on by a number of wooden blades mounted equidistantly on a central shaft. Scutching Wheel, Belgian - A scutch wheel which usually has 12 light blades of walnut. Scutching Wheel Irish - A scutch wheel which usually has 6 blades, much heavier than those in the Belgian wheel. Strick (v.) - To divide straw from the breakers into suitable pieces and to level the ends before hand scutching.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Flax Scutching

  • 89 Ducos du Hauron, Arthur-Louis

    [br]
    b. 1837 Langon, Bordeaux, France
    d. 19 August 1920 Agen, France
    [br]
    French scientist and pioneer of colour photography.
    [br]
    The son of a tax collector, Ducos du Hauron began researches into colour photography soon after the publication of Clerk Maxwell's experiment in 1861. In a communication sent in 1862 for presentation at the Académie des Sciences, but which was never read, he outlined a number of methods for photography of colours. Subsequently, in his book Les Couleurs en photographie, published in 1869, he outlined most of the principles of additive and subtractive colour photography that were later actually used. He covered additive processes, developed from Clerk Maxwell's demonstrations, and subtractive processes which could yield prints. At the time, the photographic materials available prevented the processes from being employed effectively. The design of his Chromoscope, in which transparent reflectors could be used to superimpose three additive images, was sound, however, and formed the basis of a number of later devices. He also proposed an additive system based on the use of a screen of fine red, yellow and blue lines, through which the photograph was taken and viewed. The lines blended additively when seen from a certain distance. Many years later, in 1907, Ducos du Hauron was to use this principle in an early commercial screen-plate process, Omnicolore. With his brother Alcide, he published a further work in 1878, Photographie des Couleurs, which described some more-practical subtractive processes. A few prints made at this time still survive and they are remarkably good for the period. In a French patent of 1895 he described yet another method for colour photography. His "polyfolium chromodialytique" involved a multiple-layer package of separate red-, green-and blue-sensitive materials and filters, which with a single exposure would analyse the scene in terms of the three primary colours. The individual layers would be separated for subsequent processing and printing. In a refined form, this is the principle behind modern colour films. In 1891 he patented and demonstrated the anaglyph method of stereoscopy, using superimposed red and green left and right eye images viewed through green and red filters. Ducos du Hauron's remarkable achievement was to propose theories of virtually all the basic methods of colour photography at a time when photographic materials were not adequate for the purpose of proving them correct. For his work on colour photography he was awarded the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society in 1900, but despite his major contributions to colour photography he remained in poverty for much of his later life.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    B.Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London. J.S.Friedman, 1944, History of Colour Photography, Boston. E.J.Wall, 1925, The History of Three-Colour Photography, Boston. See also Cros, Charles.
    BC

    Biographical history of technology > Ducos du Hauron, Arthur-Louis

  • 90 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

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