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61 Edison, Thomas Alva
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USAd. 18 October 1931 Glenmont[br]American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.[br]He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.Further ReadingM.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.IMcN -
62 a
achieve a smooth landingдостигать плавной посадкиact as a pilot authorityдопуск к работе в качестве пилотаact as a pilot-in-commandвыполнять функции командира корабляarc of a pathдуга траекторииassess a heightоценивать высотуat a speed ofна скоростиavoid a delayизбегать задержкиbeat a shorter partустанавливать кратчайший путьbook a seatбронировать местоbreak a contactнарушать контактbreak a minimum ceilingвыходить из облачностиbreak out a cloud baseпробивать облачностьcamber of a profileкривизна профиляcarry out a circuit of the aerodromeвыполнять круг полета над аэродромомcarry out a landingвыполнять посадкуchange to a flight planуточнение плана полетаchart a courseпрокладывать на карте маршрутclosing a flight planзакрытие плана полетаcome to a complete stopполностью останавливаться(о воздушном судне) composition of a crewсостав экипажаconserve a batteryэкономить заряд батареиconstitute a hazardсоздавать опасностьcouple with a glandсоединять шарниромcreate a collision hazardсоздавать опасность столкновенияdazzle a pilotослеплять пилотаdeploy a spoilerвыпускать интерцепторdeploy a thrust reverserвключать реверс тягиderive a templateразрабатывать шаблонdetermine air in a systemустанавливать наличие воздушной пробки в системеdisclose a defectобнаруживать дефектdisconcert a pilotдезориентировать пилотаdowngrade a category toснижать категориюdrain a batteryразряжать батареюdrive a propellerвращать воздушный винтdue to a mechanical failureвследствие отказа механизмаextend a spoilerвыпускать интерцепторfly a gear downлетать с выпущенным шассиfly a gear upлетать с убранным шассиfly a simulatorлетать на тренажереfly at a low levelлетать в режиме бреющего полетаfoam a runwayпокрывать ВПП пенойgrant a visaвыдавать визуincrease a camber of the profileувеличивать кривизну профиляindication of a requestобозначение запросаingest a foreign matterзасасывать посторонний предметin the event of a mishapв случае происшествияintroduce a correctionвводить поправкуissue a couponзаполнять купонissue a forecastвыпускать информацию о прогнозеissue a licenseвыдавать свидетельствоjustify a delay commerciallyзадерживать рейс с коммерчески оправданными целямиlatch a propellerставить воздушный винт на упорleave a parking areaвыруливать с места стоянкиmaintenance Aтехническое обслуживаниеmake a climbвыполнять набор высотыmake a complaint against the companyподавать жалобу на компаниюmake a connectionобеспечивать стыковкуmake a requestделать запросmake a turnвыполнять разворотmount a podмонтировать гондолуobtain a clearanceполучать разрешениеpermit a pilot to operateдопускать пилота к полетамplot a courseпрокладывать маршрутportion of a flightотрезок полетаportion of a runwayучасток ВППprepare a forecastподготавливать прогнозprevent a failureпредупреждать отказpull a wiperпротаскивать проводread out a bearingотсчитывать пеленгrepresentative of a carrierпредставитель перевозчикаreservation of a seatбронирование местаretract a spoilerубирать интерцепторselect a templateвыбирать шаблонspin a gyro rotorвращать ротор гироскопаstow a thrust reverserвыключать реверс тягиsubmission of a flight planпредставление плана полетаsubmit a claimпредъявлять требованиеsurcharge for a stopoverдоплата за дополнительную остановкуtake a missed-approach procedureуходить на второй круг по заданной схемеtest a fuel nozzleпроливать топливную форсункуunbend a washer tongueотгибать усик шайбы -
63 off
/ɔ:f/ * phó từ - tắt =is the lamp off?+ đèn đã tắt chưa? - đi, đi rồi =they are off+ họ đã đi rồi =off with you+ đi đi, cút đi - ra khỏi, đứt, rời =to cut something off+ cắt cái gì rời hẳn ra =one of the wheels flew off+ một bánh xe long hẳn ra =to take one's clothes off+ cởi quần áo ra - xa cách =the town is ten kilometers off+ thành phố cách đây 10 kilômét = Tet is not far off+ sắp đến tết rồi - hẳn, hết =to finish off a piece of work+ làm xong hẳn một công việc =to pay off one's debts+ trả hết nợ - thôi =to declare off somebody's service+ tuyên bố thôi không cần sự giúp đỡ của ai =to leave off work+ nghỉ việc - nổi bật =the picture is set off by the frame+ cái khung làm nổi bật bức tranh =to show off+ khoe mẽ !to be badly off - nghèo !to be well off !to be comfortably off - phong lưu, sung túc !off and on - lúc lúc, chốc chốc, chập chờn lúc có lúc không =it rained off and on+ trời chốc chốc lại mưa !right off - (xem) right !straight off - (xem) straight * giới từ - khỏi, cách, rời =the cover has come off the book+ cái bìa tuột khỏi quyển sách =to drive the enemy off the seas+ đuổi quân thù ra khỏi mặt biển =the island is off the coast+ đảo cách xa bờ =to take a matter off somoene's hands+ đỡ một việc cho ai =a street off Hue street+ một phố khỏi phố Huế !to be off colour - (xem) colour !to be off duty - (xem) duty !to be off liquor - nhịn rượu, bỏ rượu !to be off the mark - trượt, không trúng; (nghĩa bóng) lạc đề !off the map - (xem) map !to be off one's feed - (xem) feed !to be off one's games - (xem) game !to be off one's head - (xem) head !to be off the point - (xem) point !to be off smoking - nhịn thuốc lá, bỏ thuốc lá !to play off 5 - chơi chấp năm * tính từ - phải, bên phải (xe, ngựa) =to mount a horse on the off side+ lên ngựa bên phải - xa, cách, ngoài, bên kia =to be on the off side of the wall+ ở phía bên kia tường - mặt sau, mặt trái tờ giấy - mỏng manh =an off chance+ cơ hội mỏng manh - ôi, ươn =the meat is a bit off+ thịt hơi ôi - ốm, mệt =he is rather off today+ hôm nay anh ta hơi mệt - nhàn rỗi, nghỉ, vãn =an off season+ mùa đã vãn =an off day+ ngày nghỉ =off time+ thời gian nhàn rỗi - phụ, nhỏ, hẻm =an off streets+ phố hẻm =an off issue+ vấn đề phụ * danh từ - (thể dục,thể thao) cú đánh về bên phải (crikê) * ngoại động từ - (thông tục) tỏ ý bỏ, tỏ ý thôi (cuộc đàm phán, sự thoả thuận, công cuộc) - rút lui thôi không đàm phán với (ai), rút lui lời cam kết với ai * thán từ - cút đi! Xéo
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