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1 Emissionsminderung
контроль за загрязнением
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
pollution control
Chemical and physical methods to lessen discharges of most pollutants; for carbon dioxide there is, at present, no economic or practical way to reduce the quantities discharged except by reduced fossil fuel usage. Most specific means for removing pollutants from emissions include flue-gas desulphurisation, fluidised combustion, catalytic converters and the redesign of equipment, such as furnace burners and car engines, to lessen the production of pollutants. (Source: BRACK)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
снижение выбросов
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
emission reduction
The act or process of limiting or restricting the discharge of pollutants or contaminants, such as by setting emission limits or by modifying the emission source. (Source: EEN)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Emissionsminderung
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2 Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]
Этот ток обозначают IZ
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]EN
(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]
ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]FR
courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:
- its insulation temperature rating;
- conductor electrical properties for current;
- frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
- ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
- ambient temperature.
Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.
The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.
In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.
Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.
The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.
For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.
Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.
When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:- Wires
- Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
- Fuses
- Circuit breakers
- All or nearly all components used
Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]
Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
DE
- Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
- Strombelastbarkeit, f
FR
- courant admissible, m
- courant permanent admissible, m
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
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3 Strombelastbarkeit, f
(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]
Этот ток обозначают IZ
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]EN
(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]
ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]FR
courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:
- its insulation temperature rating;
- conductor electrical properties for current;
- frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
- ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
- ambient temperature.
Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.
The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.
In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.
Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.
The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.
For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.
Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.
When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:- Wires
- Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
- Fuses
- Circuit breakers
- All or nearly all components used
Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]
Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
DE
- Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
- Strombelastbarkeit, f
FR
- courant admissible, m
- courant permanent admissible, m
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Strombelastbarkeit, f
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4 bestimmt
- {assertive} xác nhận, khẳng định, quả quyết, quyết đoán - {authoritative} có căn cứ đích xác, có am hiểu tường tận, có thể tin được, có thẩm quyền, hống hách, hách dịch, mệnh lệnh, có uy quyền, có quyền lực - {certain} chắc, chắc chắn, nào đó, đôi chút, chút ít - {confirmed} ăn sâu, thâm căn cố đế, thành cố tật, kinh niên - {decided} đã được giải quyết, đã được phân xử, đã được quyết định, kiên quyết, không do dự, dứt khoát, rõ rệt, không cãi được - {definite} xác đinh, định rõ, rõ ràng, hạn định - {determinate} xác định, đã quyết định - {determined} đã được xác định, đã được định rõ, nhất định, nhất quyết - {explicit} nói thẳng, hiện - {express} nói rõ, như hệt, như in, như tạc, nhằm mục đích đặc biệt, nhằm mục đích riêng biệt, nhanh, hoả tốc, tốc hành - {fixed} đứng yên, bất động, cố định, được bố trí trước - {given} đề ngày, nếu, đã quy định, đã cho, có xu hướng, quen thói - {particular} đặc biệt, đặc thù, cá biệt, riêng biệt, tường tận, tỉ mỉ, chi tiết, kỹ lưỡng, cặn kẽ, câu nệ đến từng chi tiết, khó tính, khảnh, cảnh vẻ - {peremptory} cưỡng bách, tối cần, thiết yếu, giáo điều, độc đoán, độc tài, võ đoán - {positive} xác thực, tích cực, tuyệt đối, hoàn toàn, hết sức,, dương, chứng, ở cấp nguyên, đặt ra, do người đặt ra - {precise} đúng, chính xác, kỹ tính, nghiêm ngặt, câu nệ - {pronounced} - {settled} ổn định, chín chắn, điềm tĩnh, không sôi nổi, đã giải quyết rồi, đã thanh toán rồi, đã định cư, đã có gia đình, đã có nơi có chốn, đã ổn định cuộc sống, bị chiếm làm thuộc địa - đã lắng, bị lắng - {special} - {specific} rành mạch, loài, đặc trưng, theo trọng lượng, theo số lượng, riêng - {sure} có thể tin cậy được, cẩn thận, thật, xác thật, tôi thừa nhận - {surely} không ngờ gì nữa, nhất định rồi - {to bound} giáp giới với, là biên giới của, vạch biên giới, quy định giới hạn cho, hạn chế, tiết chế, nảy bật lên, nhảy lên = bestimmt [für] {made [for]}+ = bestimmt [zu tun] {bound [to do]}+ = ganz bestimmt {absolutely; for a certainty; for sure; without fail}+ = ganz bestimmt! {definitely!; most decidedly!}+ = bestimmt sein für {to be intended for; to be meant for}+ = ich tue es bestimmt {I am bound to do it}+ = bestimmt werden von {to be determined by}+ = etwas bestimmt wissen {to be positive about something}+ = sie will es bestimmt gehört haben {she insists on having heard it}+ -
5 Pflanzenbefall
инвазия посевов сельскохозяйственных культур
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
infestation of crops
Invasion of crop by parasites. Among vertebrate animals, many crop pests are mammals, especially in the order of rodents and birds. Among invertebrates, certain species of gastropods and a large number of roundworms from the class of nematodes harm crops. The most varied and numerous species of crop pests are arthropods-insects, arachnids and some species of millipedes and crustaceans. Diseases vary from viral, bacterial, and nutritional to fungal, environmental and non-specific. The FAO has estimated that annual worldwide losses done by plant pests and diseases amount to approximately 20-25% of the potential worldwide yield of food crops. (Source: RRDA / WPR)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Pflanzenbefall
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6 Steuer
налог
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]
налог
Обязательный, индивидуально безвозмездный платеж, взимаемый с организаций и физических лиц в форме отчуждения принадлежащих им на праве собственности, хозяйственного ведения или оперативного управления денежных средств в целях финансового обеспечения деятельности государства и (или) муниципальных образований. Совокупность налогов, сборов, пошлин и других платежей, взимаемых в установленном порядке, образует основу налоговой системы. См. также Налоги, Налоговая система.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]EN
tax
An amount of money demanded by a government for its support or for specific facilities or services, most frequently levied upon income, property or sales. (Source: RHW)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Steuer
См. также в других словарях:
specific — [[t]spɪsɪ̱fɪk[/t]] ♦♦ 1) ADJ GRADED: ADJ n You use specific to refer to a particular fixed area, problem, or subject. Massage may help to increase blood flow to specific areas of the body... There are several specific problems to be dealt with … English dictionary
Specific impulse — (usually abbreviated I sp) is a way to describe the efficiency of rocket and jet engines. It represents the impulse (change in momentum) per unit of propellant. The higher the specific impulse, the less propellant is needed to gain a given amount … Wikipedia
Specific performance — is an order of a court which requires a party to perform a specific act, usually what is stated in a contract. It is an alternative to award/ for awarding damages, and is classed as an equitable remedy commonly used in the form of injunctive… … Wikipedia
Specific heat capacity — Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit quantity of a substance by a certain temperature interval. The term originated primarily through the work … Wikipedia
Specific thrust — is a term used in Gas Turbine Engineering to show the relative bulk of a jet engine (e.g. turbojet, turbofan, etc) and is defined as the ratio: net thrust/total intake airflow. Low specific thrust enginesA modern civil turbofan has a low specific … Wikipedia
specific performance — see performance Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Merriam Webster. 1996. specific performance … Law dictionary
specific gravity — specific gravity, adj. Physics. the ratio of the density of any substance to the density of some other substance taken as standard, water being the standard for liquids and solids, and hydrogen or air being the standard for gases. Also called… … Universalium
Specific fuel consumption (thrust) — Specific fuel consumption, often shortened to SFC, or TSFC is an engineering term that is used to describe the fuel efficiency of an engine design with respect to thrust output. It allows the efficiency of different sized engines to be directly… … Wikipedia
Most Haunted Live! — The Most Haunted Live! title/logo, which is sometimes altered to reflect the theme of the event. Format Reality Created by Yvette Fielding Karl Beattie … Wikipedia
Most Serene Republic — (Republica Serenissima in Latin) is a title attached to the following countries: Republic of Venice (English: the Most Serene Republic of Venice; Venetian: Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta), city state that existed from 697 to 1797 based in the city… … Wikipedia
Specific growth rate — is defined as the increase in cell mass per unit cell mass per unit time. For example, grams cells (g) per gram cells (g) per hour: (g•g 1•h 1). The specific growth rate is commonly given by the symbol, µ (mu), and the most common units are in… … Wikipedia
