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21 consumption
n ек. споживання; використання; витрата; ужиток; a споживний; споживчийвитрачання та використання кінцевих товарів (goods) і послуг (service¹) протягом певного періоду часу для задоволення будь-яких потреб═════════■═════════aggregate consumption сукупне споживання; annual consumption річне споживання; capital consumption амортизація основного капіталу; collective consumption суспільне споживання • колективне споживання • суспільне використання • колективне використання; contingent consumption plan умовний план споживання; current consumption поточне споживання; daily consumption побутове споживання • щоденне споживання; domestic consumption внутрішнє споживання • споживання всередині країни; energy consumption енерговитрати • споживання енергії; expected consumption передбачуване споживання; final consumption кінцеве споживання; fuel consumption споживання пального; government consumption державне споживання; home consumption внутрішнє споживання; household consumption особисте споживання • споживання домогосподарства; individual consumption особисте споживання; induced consumption похідне споживання; industrial consumption промислове споживання • виробниче споживання; internal consumption внутрішнє споживання; limited consumption обмежене споживання; local consumption місцеве споживання; manufacturing consumption споживання обробної промисловості; mass consumption широке споживання • масове споживання; metal consumption витрати металу • споживання металу; monthly consumption місячне споживання • щомісячне споживання; national consumption національне споживання; nominal consumption номінальне споживання; nonproductive consumption непродуктивне споживання; oil consumption споживання пального; optional consumption споживання товарів і послуг, які не є життєво необхідними; overall consumption загальний обсяг споживання; paying consumption платоспроможне споживання; per capita consumption споживання на душу населення; personal consumption особисте споживання; per unit consumption споживання на одиницю; power consumption витрати енергії • споживання енергії; private consumption особисте споживання • приватне споживання; production consumption виробниче споживання; productive consumption продуктивне споживання; public consumption споживання для задоволення суспільних потреб населення; rated consumption номінальне споживання • номінальні витрати; restricted consumption обмежене споживання; retail level consumption споживання, обчислене за кількістю продуктів, куплених вроздріб; social consumption суспільне споживання • громадське споживання; total consumption загальне споживання; under consumption недоспоживання; unproductive consumption непродуктивне споживання • невиробниче споживання; wasteful consumption марнотратне споживання; water consumption водоспоживання; world consumption світове споживання; yearly consumption річне споживання═════════□═════════consumption bundle споживчий набір; consumption by weight споживання за ваговим виміром; consumption efficiency ефективність у споживанні; consumption expansion зростання споживання; consumption financed on credit споживання, фінансоване в кредит; consumption function функція споживання; consumption in agriculture споживання в сільському господарстві; consumption in bulk масове споживання; consumption in industry споживання в промисловості; consumption in kind споживання в натурі; consumption needs споживчі потреби; consumption of goods споживання благ; consumption of labour power споживання робочої сили • витрата робочої сили; consumption of materials витрати матеріалів • споживання матеріалів; consumption on the spot споживання на місці; consumption plan план споживання • програма споживання • графік споживання • таблиця споживання; consumption possibility line лінія споживчих можливостей; consumption potential потенціал споживання; consumption priorities споживчі пріоритети; consumption program програма споживання • план споживання • графік споживання • таблиця споживання; consumption schedule графік споживання • таблиця споживання • програма споживання • план споживання; consumption purpose мета споживання; consumption ratio відносний показник споживання; consumption stage етап споживання; consumption trend тенденція споживання; efficiency in consumption ефективність у споживанні; goods of mass consumption товари масового споживання • товари масового вжитку; income-consumption curve крива дохід — споживання; nonrivality in consumption неконкурентність у споживанні; price-consumption curve крива ціна — споживання; per unit consumption of materials витрата матеріалів на одиницю виробу -
22 payment
1) платеж, плата, уплата, оплата; погашение (долга)2) взнос4) pl платежный оборот•- make payments "by the first run"There are various internet projects to provide B2B payments without bank intermediation. — Существуют различные проекты использования интернета для осуществления межфирменных платежей без посредничества банков.
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23 Economy
Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging.
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