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1 jet
دَفْقَة \ jet: a stream of liquid or gas that is forced out of a small hole or pipe: A sudden jet of water came from the burst pipe. Modern aircraft are driven forward by a continuous jet of hot gas from each engine. \ طَائِرة نَفَّاثة \ jet: a jet-propelled aircraft. \ نَفْثَة \ jet: a stream of liquid or gas that is forced out of a small hole or pipe: A sudden jet of water came from the burst pipe. Modern aircraft are driven forward by a continuous jet of hot gas from each engine. -
2 на
gv (guide vanes)
(направляющий аппарат, входной, компрессоров)
на (направляющий аппарат, статорные лопатки) — stater blades
- аэродром (о посадке) — at aerodrome
то land at the aerodrome of destination.
- аэодроме (о нахождении ла) — on aerodrome
- взлете — on /during/ take-off, when taking off, when taken off
- впп (останавливаться на...) — (stop) on runway
- курсе — on heading
- линии заданного пути — on track /course/
- маяк (no направлению) — to /inbound/ beacon
- посадке — on /during/ landing
- самолете (об оборудовании) — on /in/ aircraft
navigational aids in a modern aircraft. navigational aids used on boeing 727 а/с.
- рабочем месте (о члене экипажа) — at station
- угол (о перемещении) — through angle
- угол (о положении) — to angle
- (50) фт. над заданной высотой — at (50) feet above desired altitude
- хранении — in storageРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > на
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3 высшего класса
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > высшего класса
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4 высшего класса
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > высшего класса
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5 دفقة
دَفْقَة \ jet: a stream of liquid or gas that is forced out of a small hole or pipe: A sudden jet of water came from the burst pipe. Modern aircraft are driven forward by a continuous jet of hot gas from each engine. -
6 نفثة
نَفْثَة \ jet: a stream of liquid or gas that is forced out of a small hole or pipe: A sudden jet of water came from the burst pipe. Modern aircraft are driven forward by a continuous jet of hot gas from each engine. -
7 de Havilland, Sir Geoffrey
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 27 July 1882 High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, Englandd. 21 May 1965 Stanmore, Middlesex, England[br]English designer of some eighty aircraft from 1909 onwards.[br]Geoffrey de Havilland started experimenting with aircraft and engines of his own design in 1908. In the following year, with the help of his friend Frank Hearle, he built and flew his first aircraft; it crashed on its first flight. The second aircraft used the same engine and made its first flight on 10 September 1910, and enabled de Havilland to teach himself to fly. From 1910 to 1914 he was employed at Farnborough, where in 1912 the Royal Aircraft Factory was established. As Chief Designer and Chief Test Pilot he was responsible for the BE 2, which was the first British military aircraft to land in France in 1914.In May 1914 de Havilland went to work for George Holt Thomas, whose Aircraft Manufacturing Company Ltd (Airco) of Hendon was expanding to design and build aircraft of its own design. However, because de Havilland was a member of the Royal Flying Corps Reserve, he had to report for duty when war broke out in August. His value as a designer was recognized and he was transferred back to Airco, where he designed eight aircraft in four years. Of these, the DH 2, DH 4, DH 5, DH 6 and DH 9 were produced in large numbers, and a modified DH 4A operated the first British cross- Channel air service in 1919.On 25 September 1920 de Havilland founded his own company, the De Havilland Aircraft Company Ltd, at Stag Lane near Edgware, London. During the 1920s and 1930s de Havilland concentrated on civil aircraft and produced the very successful Moth series of small biplanes and monoplanes, as well as the Dragon, Dragon Rapide, Albatross and Flamingo airliners. In 1930 a new site was acquired at Hatfield, Hertfordshire, and by 1934 a modern factory with a large airfield had been established. His Comet racer won the England-Australia air race in 1934 using de Havilland engines. By this time the company had established very successful engine and propeller divisions. The Comet used a wooden stressed-skin construction which de Havilland developed and used for one of the outstanding aircraft of the Second World War: the Mosquito. The de Havilland Engine Company started work on jet engines in 1941 and their Goblin engine powered the Vampire jet fighter first flown by Geoffrey de Havilland Jr in 1943. Unfortunately, Geoffrey Jr and his brother John were both killed in flying accidents. The Comet jet airliner first flew in 1949 and the Trident in 1962, although by 1959 the De Havilland Company had been absorbed into Hawker Siddeley Aviation.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnight Bachelor 1944. Order of Merit 1962. CBE 1934. Air Force Cross 1919. (A full list is contained in R.M.Clarkson's paper (see below)).Bibliography1961, Sky Fever, London; repub. 1979, Shrewsbury (autobiography).Further ReadingR.M.Clarkson, 1967, "Geoffrey de Havilland 1882–1965", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (February) (a concise account of de Havilland, his achievements and honours).C.M.Sharp, 1960, D.H.—An Outline of de Havilland History, London (mostly a history of the company).A.J.Jackson, 1962, De Havilland Aircraft since 1915, London.JDSBiographical history of technology > de Havilland, Sir Geoffrey
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8 Douglas, Donald Wills
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 6 April 1892 Brooklyn, New York, USAd. 1 February 1981 Palm Springs, California, USA[br]American aircraft designer best known for bis outstanding airliner', the DC-3.[br]In 1912 Donald Douglas went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to study aeronautical engineering. After graduating in this relatively new subject he joined the Glenn L.Martin Company as Chief Engineer. In 1920 he founded the Davis-Douglas Company in California to build an aircraft capable of flying across America non-stop: unfortunately, the Cloudster failed to achieve its target. Douglas reorganized the company in 1921 as the Douglas Company (later it became the Douglas Aircraft Company). In 1924 a team of US Army personnel made the first round-the-world flight in specially designed Douglas World Cruisers, a feat which boosted Douglas's reputation considerably. This reputation was further enhanced by his airliner, designed in 1935, that revolutionized air travel: the Douglas Commercial 3, or DC-3, of which some 13,000 were built. A series of piston-engined airliners followed, culminating in the DC-7. Meanwhile, in the military field, Douglas aircraft played a major part in the Second World War. In the jet age Douglas continued to produce a wide range of successful civil and military aircraft, and the company also moved into the rocket and guided missile business. In 1966 Donald W. Douglas was still Chairman of the company, with Donald W.Douglas Jr as President. In 1967 the company merged with the McDonnell Aircraft Company to become the giant McDonnell Douglas Corporation.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Daniel Guggenheim Medal 1939.Bibliography1935, "The development and reliability of the modern multi-engined airliner", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, London (lecture).Further ReadingB.Yenne, 1985, McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants, London (pays some attention to both Douglas and McDonnell, but also covers the history of the companies and the aircraft they produced).René J.Francillon, 1979, McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920, London; 1988, 2nd edn (a comprehensive history of the company's aircraft).JDS -
9 Dunne, John William
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 2 December 1875 Co. Kildare, Irelandd. 24 August 1949 Oxfordshire, England[br]Irish inventor who pioneered tailless aircraft designed to be inherently stable.[br]After serving in the British Army during the Boer War. Dunne returned home convinced that aeroplanes would be more suitable than balloons for reconnaissance work. He built models to test his ideas for a tailless design based on the winged seed of a Javanese climbing plant. In 1906 Dunne joined the staff of the Balloon Factory at Farnborough, where the Superintendent, Colonel J.E.Capper, was also interested in manned kites and aeroplanes. Since 1904 the colourful American "Colonel" S.F. Cody had been experimenting at Farnborough with manned kites, and in 1908 his "British Army Dirigible No. 1" made the first powered flight in Britain. Dunne's first swept-wing tailless glider was ready to fly in the spring of 1907, but it was deemed to be a military secret and flying it at Farnborough would be too public. Dunne, Colonel Capper and a team of army engineers took the glider to a remote site at Blair Atholl in Scotland for its test flights. It was not a great success, although it attracted snoopers, with the result that it was camouflaged. Powered versions made short hops in 1908, but then the War Office withdrew its support. Dunne and his associates set up a syndicate to continue the development of a new tailless aeroplane, the D 5; this was built by Short Brothers (see Short, Hugh Oswald) and flew successfully in 1910. It had combined elevators and ailerons on the wing tips (or elevons as they are now called when fitted to modern delta-winged aircraft). In 1913 an improved version of the D 5 was demonstrated in France, where the pilot left his cockpit and walked along the wing in flight. Dunne had proved his point and designed a stable aircraft, but his health was suffering and he retired. During the First World War, however, it was soon learned that military aircraft needed to be manoeuvrable rather than stable.[br]Bibliography1913, "The theory of the Dunne aeroplane", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (April).After he left aviation, Dunne became well known for his writings on the nature of the universe and the interpretation of dreams. His best known-work was An ExperimentWith Time (1927; and reprints).Further ReadingP.B.Walker, 1971, Early Aviation at Farnborough, Vol. I, London; 1974, Vol. II (provides a detailed account of Dunne's early work; Vol. II is the more relevant).P.Lewis, 1962, British Air craft 1809–1914, London (for details of Dunne's aircraft).JDS -
10 современный
1. coeval2. up to data3. updated4. currentсовременное положение; текущий момент — current situation
современные фасоны; последняя мода — current fashions
5. neoteric6. nowaday7. nowaday's8. present9. present-day10. state-of-the-art11. today's12. up-to-date13. modern; present-day; up-to-date14. contemporaneous15. contemporary16. up to dateсовременное общество устроено так, что женщины вовлекаются в трудовую деятельность — modern society is geared to get women into jobs
Синонимический ряд:нынешний (прил.) нынешний; теперешний -
11 современный
•One modern-day solution to these problems involves...
•An up-to-date textbook...
•Present-day processes of mineral accumulation are extremely slow.
•Present views are outlined below.
•Contemporary crystal rectifiers resemble what is...
•Cycle temperatures greater than 2300°R have not been found to be practical because of limitations of the present high-temperature materials and present turbine-blade cooling techniques.
•Present-day merchant vessels...
•Present-day (or Modern) amphibians are highly specialized animals.
•Current engines...
•Today's aircraft...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > современный
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12 défense
défense [defɑ̃s]feminine nounb. ( = protection) protectiond. (Law) defence (Brit), defense (US) ; ( = avocat) counsel for the defence (Brit), defense attorney (US)• qu'avez-vous à dire pour votre défense ? what have you to say in your defence?e. ( = interdiction) « défense d'entrer » "no entrance"• « danger: défense d'entrer » "danger - keep out"• « défense de fumer/stationner » "no smoking/parking"• « défense d'afficher » "stick no bills"f. [d'éléphant, sanglier] tusk* * *defɑ̃s1) ( interdiction)‘défense de pêcher/fumer’ — ‘no fishing/smoking’
‘défense d'entrer’ — ‘no entry’
‘défense de toucher’ — ‘(please) do not touch’
2) ( contre un agresseur) gén, Armée, Sport defence [BrE] ( contre against); (moyens, ouvrages)défenses — defences [BrE]
courir à la défense de quelqu'un — to leap to somebody's defence [BrE]
pour sa défense, elle a dit que... — in her defence [BrE], she said that...
le budget de la défense (nationale) — the defence [BrE] budget
sans défense — ( faible) helpless; ( sans protection) unprotected
prendre la défense de quelqu'un/quelque chose — to stand up for somebody/something
3) Médecine, Psychologie defence [BrE]les défenses de l'organisme — the body's defences [BrE]
4) Zoologie (d'éléphant, de sanglier, morse) tusk* * *defɑ̃s nf1) (pour se protéger) MILITAIRE defence Grande-Bretagne defense USAministre de la défense — Minister of Defence Grande-Bretagne Defence Secretary
2) (pour protéger) defence Grande-Bretagne defense USAprendre la défense de qn — to stand up for sb, to back sb up
3) SPORT defence Grande-Bretagne defense USA4) (interdiction) prohibition"défense de fumer " — "no smoking ", "smoking prohibited"
5) [éléphant] tusk* * *défense nf1 ( interdiction) ‘défense de pêcher/nager/fumer’ ‘no fishing/swimming/smoking’; ‘défense d'entrer’ ‘no entry’; ‘défense de toucher’ ‘(please) do not touch’; défense d'en parler devant lui don't mention it in front of him; ils sont sortis malgré la défense qui leur en avait été faite they went out although they had been forbidden to do so;2 ( contre un agresseur) gén, Mil defenceGB (contre against); (moyens, ouvrages) défenses defencesGB; courir à la défense de qn to leap to sb's defenceGB; le budget de la défense (nationale) the defenceGB budget; ligne/moyens de défense line/means of defenceGB; position/armes de défense defensive position/weapons; assurer la défense du territoire to defend the country; sans défense ( faible) defencelessGB, helpless; ( sans protection) unprotected; ⇒ légitime;3 ( protection) protection; la défense de l'environnement the protection of the environment; la défense du patrimoine/de la langue française the preservation of the national heritage/of the French language; association pour la défense des consommateurs/droits de l'homme/libertés consumer rights/human rights/civil liberties organization; faire grève pour la défense de l'emploi to strike against job cuts; prendre la défense de qn/qch to stand up for sb/sth;4 ( résistance) Sport defenceGB; opposer une défense énergique to put up a stubborn defenceGB ou resistance; jouer en défense Sport to play in defenceGB;5 Physiol, Psych defenceGB; les défenses de l'organisme the body's defencesGB; les défenses immunitaires the immune system;6 (justification, plaidoyer) gén, Jur defenceGB; pour sa défense, elle a dit que… in her defenceGB, she said that…; assurer la défense d'un accusé Jur to conduct the case for the defenceGB;7 Jur ( partie défendante) defenceGB; ( defenseur) defenceGB; l'avocat de la défense counsel for the defenceGB, defense attorney US; la parole est à la défense (the counsel for) the defenceGB may now speak;8 Zool (d'éléphant, de sanglier, morse) tusk;9 la Défense commercial and residential district in Paris.défense passive civil defenceGB.ⓘ La Défense The area immediately to the north-west of Paris, developed as a modern business and residential area from the 1960s to the 1980s. Its biggest attraction is the Grande arche de la Défense, an enormous archway erected in 1989 to mark the bicentenary of the Revolution. It is also an architectural throwback to the Arc de Triomphe which, together with the Obélisque in the Place de la Concorde, can be seen from the vantage point of the steps leading up to the Grande arche itself.[defɑ̃s] nom féminin1. [interdiction] prohibition‘défense d'entrer’ ‘no admittance ou entry’‘danger, défense d'entrer’ ‘danger, keep out’‘défense d'afficher’ ‘stick no bills’‘défense de fumer’ ‘no smoking’‘défense de déposer des ordures’ ‘no dumping’2. [protection] defencepour la défense des institutions in order to defend ou to safeguard the institutions[moyen de protection] defence3. [dans un débat] defenceprendre la défense de quelqu'un/quelque chose to stand up for ou to defend somebody/something7. SPORT————————défenses nom féminin pluriel————————de défense locution adjectivale————————pour ma défense locution adverbiale,pour sa défense etc. locution adverbialein my/his etc. defenceje dirai pour ma défense que... I will say in my (own) defence that...————————sans défense locution adjectivaleDéfense nom propre féminin -
13 piloto
adj.pilot.piso piloto show flatproyecto piloto pilot projectf. & m.1 pilot.piloto comercial airline pilotpiloto de pruebas test pilot2 pilot light.3 rear light.4 bus driver.m.tail light (light) (de coche).piloto automático automatic pilotpres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: pilotar.* * *2 (luz - de un aparato) pilot light; (- de un vehículo) rear light► adjetivo1 (proyecto, programa) pilot, test\piloto automático automatic pilotpiloto de aviación air pilotpiloto de carreras racing driver* * *noun mf.pilot, driver* * *1. SMF1) (Aer) pilot2) [de coche] driver, racing driver; [de moto] riderpiloto de pruebas — (Aut) test driver
3) (Náut) navigator, navigation officer4) (=guía) guide; [en exploración] pathfinder2. SM1) (=aparato)2) (=luz) pilot, pilot light; (Aut) tail light, rear lightpiloto de niebla — fog light, fog lamp
3.ADJ INV pilot antes de sprograma piloto — pilot programme o (EEUU) program
* * *masculino y femenino2) piloto masculinoa) ( luz de un aparato) pilot light; ( llama de un calentador) pilot lightb) (CS) ( impermeable) raincoat3) (como adj inv) <programa/producto> pilot (before n)* * *masculino y femenino2) piloto masculinoa) ( luz de un aparato) pilot light; ( llama de un calentador) pilot lightb) (CS) ( impermeable) raincoat3) (como adj inv) <programa/producto> pilot (before n)* * *piloto11 = pilot, airman [airmen, -pl.], aviator.Ex: Most children can easily see that they need to read if they want to know what it is like to be a sportsman, a nurse, a burglar, a pilot, a patient in a hospital = La mayoría de los niños pueden ver fácilmente que necesitan leer si quieren conocer lo que significa ser deportista, enfermero, ladrón, piloto, paciente de hospital.
Ex: This is foundation dedicate to preserving the history of America's first black military airmen.Ex: This female aviator is considered to represent a 'missing link' in the story of American feminism.* cabina del piloto = aircraft cockpit.* piloto automático = automatic pilot.* piloto de ala delta = hang glider.* piloto de avión de caza = fighter pilot.* piloto de avión de combate = fighter pilot.* piloto de caza = fighter pilot.* piloto de combate = fighter pilot.piloto22 = pilot light, light.Ex: The problem with pilot lights is that they waste a lot of gas and that's why most modern appliances do not have them.
Ex: Examination reveals positions on the cards where the light passes through all the cards in a stack.* ballena piloto = pilot whale.* casa piloto = show home, show house.* ensayo piloto = pilot trial.* estudio piloto = pilot study.* llama piloto = pilot light.* luz piloto = pilot light.* pez piloto = pilot fish.* piloto de aviso = warning light.* piloto de emergencia = emergency warning light.* piso piloto = show home.* programa piloto = pilot program(me).* Programa Piloto sobre Discos Opticos = Optical Disc Pilot Program.* proyecto piloto = pilot project, trial project, pilot scheme.* * *A1 ( Aviac) pilot2 ( Náut) pilotCompuestos:● piloto acrobático/piloto acrobáticamasculine and feminine stunt pilotmasculine automatic pilotracing driversuicide pilotB1 (luz — de un aparato eléctrico) pilot light; (— de un coche) rear light; (llama de un aparato a gas) pilot light2 (Arg, Chi) (impermeable) raincoat* * *
Del verbo pilotar: ( conjugate pilotar)
piloto es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
pilotó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
pilotar
piloto
pilotar ( conjugate pilotar) verbo transitivo
‹ barco› to pilot, steer;
‹ coche› to drive;
‹ moto› to ride
piloto sustantivo masculino y femenino
1 (Aviac, Náut) pilot;
( de coche) driver;
( de moto) rider;
piloto de pruebas ( de avión) test pilot;
( de coche) test driver;
( de moto) test rider
2◊ piloto sustantivo masculino
3 ( como adj inv) ‹programa/producto› pilot ( before n)
pilotar verbo transitivo
1 (un avión) to pilot, fly
2 (un coche) to drive
3 (una moto) to ride
4 (una nave) to pilot, steer
piloto
I mf
1 (de un avión, una nave) pilot
2 (de un coche) driver
3 (de una moto) rider
II m (luz) pilot lamp, light
III adjetivo pilot
un piso piloto, a show flat
' piloto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
piso
- chivato
- correr
- encender
- experiencia
- llama
- prender
English:
ambition
- automatic pilot
- cockpit
- commercial pilot
- copilot
- driver
- entrust
- pilot
- pilot programme
- pilot series
- pilot study
- racing
- tail-light
- test pilot
- warning light
- woman
- fighter
- flying
- odds
- test
* * *♦ nmf1. [de avión] pilotpiloto comercial airline pilot;piloto de pruebas test pilot2. [de automóvil, moto] driverpiloto de carreras racing driver;piloto de pruebas test driver;piloto de rallys rally driver3. [de barco] pilot♦ nm1. [luz] [de coche] tail light;[de aparato] pilot light;se ha encendido el piloto de la gasolina the fuel warning light has come on3. [llama] pilot light4. Arg, Chile [impermeable] raincoat♦ adj invpilot;casa piloto show house;programa piloto pilot (programme);proyecto piloto pilot project* * *I m/f1 AVIA, MAR pilot2 AUTO driverII m EL pilot light* * *piloto nm1) : pilot, driver2) : pilot light* * *piloto n1. (de avión) pilot2. (de coche) driver -
14 современный
Современный - present day, current; modern (новый); state-of-the-art, state of the artSince present day collectors tend to be rectangular rather than square, it is relevant to generate the correlation of [...] to rectangular plates.United Technologies incorporated state-of-the-art aircraft engine technology into the basic engine.The figure illustrates the frame location in a state of the art high bypass ratio turbofan engine.—современный уровень техники в области... основан наРусско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > современный
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15 усовершенствованный
1. modern2. enhanced3. modernizated4. modernized5. updated6. advanced7. souped-up8. improved; perfectedРусско-английский большой базовый словарь > усовершенствованный
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16 bank
I [bæŋk]1. nounكومه كَوْمَة تُرابThe child climbed the bank to pick flowers.
2) the ground at the edge of a river, lake etc:ضفة ضِفَّة النَّهْرThe river overflowed its banks.
3) a raised area of sand under the sea:رُكام، مُنْحَدَر في قاعِ النَّهْرa sand-bank.
2. verb1) ( often with up) to form into a bank or banks:يَتَراكَم، يتكوّمThe earth was banked up against the wall of the house.
2) to tilt (an aircraft etc) while turning:يُميل الطّائِرة جانبا II [bæŋk]The plane banked steeply.
1. noun1) a place where money is lent or exchanged, or put for safety and/or to acquire interest:مَصْرَف، بَنْكI must go to the bank today.
2) a place for storing other valuable material:بَنْك، مُستَوْدَعA blood bank.
2. verbto put into a bank:يودِعُ في البَنْك III [bæŋk] nounHe banks his wages every week.
صَف مَفاتيحThe modern pilot has banks of instruments.
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17 оснащать
equip
самолет оснащен современным пилотажно-навигацнонным оборудованием. — the aircraft is equipped with modern flight-navigation system.Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > оснащать
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18 Fuller, Richard Buckminster
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 12 July 1895 Milton, Massachusetts, USAd. 1 July 1983 Los Angeles, California, USA[br]American engineer, designer and inventor noted particularly for his creation of the geodesic dome.[br]After naval service during the First World War, Fuller worked for some time in the building industry with his father, who was an architect. In 1927 he became interested in trying to solve social problems by providing good, low-cost housing for an expanding population. Utilizing modern techniques applicable in other industries, such as the design of aircraft and ships, he produced his "Dymaxion House", which was transportable and cheap. This was followed in 1946 by his aluminium, stressed-skin, prefabricated house. The geodesic dome is the structural concept for which Fuller is particularly known. It was patented in 1954 and 300,000 were built over a thirty-year period. He had envisaged the dome being utilized on smaller or larger, simple or complex patterns for a wide variety of needs such as enclosing a covered area for a house, a botanical garden, an exhibition pavilion, a factory, a weather station or, indeed, an entire city. A famous example that he designed was that for the US pavilion at Expo '67 in Montreal. A geodesic dome is generally spherical in form, the chief structural elements of which are interconnected in a geodesic pattern, i.e. one in which the lines connecting two points are the shortest possible. The structure is composed of slender, lightweight struts (usually of aluminium) arranged in geometrical patterns, with the metal skeleton covered by a light, plastic material. Inside the dome, all the space is usable and the climate is controllable. Fuller wrote and lectured widely on his patented invention, explaining the importance of structural research particularly in relation to world needs.[br]Bibliography1975, Synergetics: Exploration on the Geometry of Thinking, Macmillan.1973, with R.W.Marks, The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller, New York: Reprint Anchor.Further ReadingM.Pawley, 1990, Buckminster Fuller, Trefoil Books.DYBiographical history of technology > Fuller, Richard Buckminster
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19 Lanchester, Frederick William
[br]b. 28 October 1868 Lewisham, London, Englandd. 8 March 1946 Birmingham, England[br]English designer and builder of the first all-British motor car.[br]The fourth of eight children of an architect, he spent his childhood in Hove and attended a private preparatory school, from where, aged 14, he went to the Hartley Institution (the forerunner of Southampton University). He was then granted a scholarship to the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and also studied practical engineering at Finsbury Technical College, London. He worked first for a draughtsman and pseudo-patent agent, and was then appointed Assistant Works Manager of the Forward Gas Engine Company of Birmingham, with sixty men and a salary of £1 per week. He was then aged 21. His younger brother, George, was apprenticed to the same company. In 1889 and 1890 he invented a pendulum governor and an engine starter which earned him royalties. He built a flat-bottomed river craft with a stern paddle-wheel and a vertical single-cylinder engine with a wick carburettor of his own design. From 1892 he performed a number of garden experiments on model gliders relating to problems of lift and drag, which led him to postulate vortices from the wingtips trailing behind, much of his work lying behind the theory of modern aerodynamics. The need to develop a light engine for aircraft led him to car design.In February 1896 his first experimental car took the road. It had a torsionally rigid chassis, a perfectly balanced and almost noiseless engine, dynamically stable steering, epicyclic gear for low speed and reverse with direct drive for high speed. It turned out to be underpowered and was therefore redesigned. Two years later an 8 hp, two-cylinder flat twin appeared which retained the principle of balancing by reverse rotation, had new Lanchester valve-gear and a new method of ignition based on a magneto generator. For the first time a worm and wheel replaced chain-drive or bevel-gear transmission. Lanchester also designed the machinery to make it. The car was capable of about 18 mph (29 km/h): future cars of his travelled at twice that speed. From 1899 to 1904 cars were produced for sale by the Lanchester Engine Company, which was formed in 1898. The company had to make every component except the tyres. Lanchester gave up the managership but remained as Chief Designer, and he remained in this post until 1914.In 1907–8 his two-volume treatise Aerial Flight was published; it included consideration of skin friction, boundary-layer theory and the theory of stability. In 1909 he was appointed to the Government's Committee for Aeronautics and also became a consultant to the Daimler Company. At the age of 51 he married Dorothea Cooper. He remained a consultant to Daimler and worked also for Wolseley and Beardmore until 1929 when he started Lanchester Laboratories, working on sound reproduction. He also wrote books on relativity and on the theory of dimensions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS.Bibliographybht=1907–8, Aerial Flight, 2 vols.Further ReadingP.W.Kingsford, 1966, F.W.Lanchester, Automobile Engineer.E.G.Semler (ed.), 1966, The Great Masters. Engineering Heritage, Vol. II, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Heinemann.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Lanchester, Frederick William
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20 Oberth, Hermann Julius
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 25 June 1894 Nagyszeben, Transylvania (now Sibiu, Romania)d. 29 December 1989 Nuremberg, Germany[br]Austro-Hungarian lecturer who is usually regarded, with Robert Goddard, as one of the "fathers" of modern astronautics.[br]The son of a physician, Oberth originally studied medicine in Munich, but his education was interrupted by the First World War and service in the Austro-Hungarian Army. Wounded, he passed the time by studying astronautics. He apparently simulated weightlessness and worked out the design for a long-range liquid-propelled rocket, but his ideas were rejected by the War Office; after the war he submitted them as a dissertation for a PhD at Heidelberg University, but this was also rejected. Consequently, in 1923, whilst still an unknown mathematics teacher, he published his ideas at his own expense in the book The Rocket into Interplanetary Space. These included a description of how rockets could achieve a sufficient velocity to escape the gravitational field of the earth. As a result he gained international prestige almost overnight and learned of the work of Robert Goddard and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. After correspondence with the Goddard and Tsiolkovsky, Oberth published a further work in 1929, The Road to Space Travel, in which he acknowledged the priority of Goddard's and Tsiolkovski's calculations relating to space travel; he went on to anticipate by more than thirty years the development of electric and ionic propulsion and to propose the use of giant mirrors to control the weather. For this he was awarded the annual Hirsch Prize of 10,000 francs. From 1925 to 1938 he taught at a college in Mediasch, Transylvania, where he carried out experiments with petroleum and liquid-air rockets. He then obtained a lecturing post at Vienna Technical University, moving two years later to Dresden University and becoming a German citizen. In 1941 he became assistant to the German rocket engineer Werner von Braun at the rocket development centre at Peenemünde, and in 1943 he began work on solid propellants. After the Second World War he spent a year in Switzerland as a consultant, then in 1950 he moved to Italy to develop solid-propellant anti-aircraft rockets for the Italian Navy. Five years later he moved to the USA to carry out advanced rocket research for the US Army at Huntsville, Alabama, and in 1958 he retired to Feucht, near Nuremberg, Germany, where he wrote his autobiography.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFrench Astronautical Society REP-Hirsch Prize 1929. German Society for Space Research Medal 1950. Diesel German Inventors Medal 1954. American Astronautical Society Award 1955. German Federal Republic Award 1961. Institute of Aviation and Astronautics Medal 1969.Bibliography1923, Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen; repub. 1934 as The Rocket into Interplanetary Space (autobiography).1929, Wege zur Raumschiffahrt [Road to Space Travel].1959, Stoff und Leben [Material and Life].Further ReadingR.Spangenburg and D.Moser, 1990, Space People from A to Z, New York: Facts on File. H.Wulforst, 1991, The Rocketmakers: The Dreamers who made Spaceflight a Reality, New York: Crown Publishers.KF / IMcN
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